Chakanga chiripo, ndicho chichazovapo;
uye zvakaitwa zvichaitwa.
hapana chitsva pasi pezuva.
Bhuku raMuparidzi 1:9
Uchenjeri husingagumi huri mu epigraph hunoshanda kune inenge chero indasitiri, kusanganisira iyo inokurumidza kuchinja seIT. Muchokwadi, zvinozoitika kuti vazhinji vevanoziva vari kungotanga kutaurwa nezvavo kubva pane zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa makumi akati wandei emakore apfuura uye zvakatobudirira (kana zvisina kudaro zvakabudirira) zvakashandiswa mumidziyo yevatengi kana muB2B sphere. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune inoratidzika kunge nyowani-yakareruka maitiro senge nharembozha uye inotakurika yekuchengetedza midhiya, iyo yatichakurukura zvakadzama muzvinyorwa zvanhasi.
Iwe haufanirwe kutarisa kure kune mienzaniso. Tora nharembozha dzakafanana. Kana iwe uchifunga kuti yekutanga "smart" mudziyo yakanga isina kiibhodhi zvachose yaive iPhone, iyo yakaonekwa chete muna 2007, saka iwe uri kukanganisa zvakanyanya. Pfungwa yekugadzira chaiyo smartphone, kubatanidza chishandiso chekukurukurirana uye kugona kwePDA mune imwe nyaya, haisi yeApple, asi yeBM, uye yekutanga mudziyo wakadai wakaunzwa kune veruzhinji munaNovember 23. , 1992 sechikamu cheCOMDEX kuratidzwa kwezvakabudirira muindastiri yekufonera, yakaitirwa muLas Vegas, uye ichi chishamiso chehunyanzvi chakapinda mukugadzirwa kwemazhinji kare mu1994.
IBM Simon Personal Communicator - yekutanga yepasiredhi yekubata-skrini smartphone
Iyo IBM Simon yekutaura pachezvake ndiyo yaive yekutanga mbozhanhare yaive isina kiibhodhi, uye ruzivo rwakaiswa chete uchishandisa yekubata sikirini. Panguva imwecheteyo, gadget yakabatanidza kushanda kwemurongi, zvichiita kuti iwe utumire uye ugamuchire fax, pamwe nekushanda ne-e-mail. Kana zvichidikanwa, IBM Simon inogona kubatanidzwa kune komputa yega yekuchinjana data kana kushandisa semodemu ine kuita kwe2400 bps. Nenzira, kuisa ruzivo rwemavara kwakaitwa nenzira ine hungwaru: muridzi aive nesarudzo pakati pekadiki QWERTY keyboard, iyo, yakapihwa saizi yekuratidzira ye4,7 inches uye resolution ye160x293 pixels, yakanga isiri nyore kushandisa, uye. iyo PredictaKey akangwara mubatsiri. Iyo yekupedzisira yaingoratidza mavara matanhatu anotevera, ayo, maererano nekufanotaura kwegorgorithm, anogona kushandiswa nemukana mukuru.
Iyo yakanakisa epithet inogona kushandiswa kuratidza iyo IBM Simon iri "pamberi penguva yayo," iyo yakazosarudza iyo yakazara fiasco yechigadzirwa ichi pamusika. Kune rimwe divi, panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina matekinoroji aikwanisa kuita kuti mutauriri aite nyore: vanhu vashoma vangada kutakura mudziyo unoyera 200x64x38 mm uye uremu 623 gramu (uye pamwe chete nechiteshi chekuchaja - anopfuura 1 kg). Bhatiri yakagara 1 awa chete mukutaura mode uye 12 maawa mune yekumira mode. Kune rimwe divi, mutengo ndeiyi: $899 ine kondirakiti kubva kune cellular opareta BellSouth, iyo yave yepamutemo shamwari yeIBM muUSA, uye inodarika $1000 isina iyo. Uyewo, usakanganwa nezvemukana (kana kuti kunyange kudiwa) kutenga yakawanda capacious bhatiri - "chete" nokuda $78.
Kuenzanisa kwekuona kweBM Simon, mafoni emazuva ano uye fir cone
Nezvekunze kuchengetedza zvishandiso, zvinhu zvakare hazvisi nyore. Zvinoenderana neakaundi yeHamburg, kusikwa kweyekutanga mudziyo wakadaro unogona zvakare kuverengerwa kune IBM. Pana Gumiguru 11, 1962, sangano rakazivisa shanduko yeIBM 1311 data yekuchengetedza dhizaini. Kunyange zvazvo dhiraivha iyi inobvisika yairema makirogiramu 14, yakanga ichiri kubudirira kwakakosha, sezvo zvaikwanisika kushandura makaturiji kana azara uye kuaendesa pakati pekuisa, imwe neimwe yaive saizi yebhokisi rinoyevedza redhirowa.
IBM 1311 - chengetedzo yedata ine inobvisika hard drive
Asi kunyangwe pakufamba kwakadai taifanira kuripa mukuita uye kugona. Kutanga, kuitira kudzivirira kukanganisa kwedata, mativi ekunze e1 uye 6 mahwendefa akabviswa magineti layer, uye vakaitawo basa rekudzivirira. Sezvo ndege gumi chete dzanga dzava kushandiswa kurekodha, huwandu hwakazara hwedhisiki rinobviswa hwaive 10 megabytes, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive ichiri yakawanda: imwe cartridge yakabudirira kutsiva β yeyakajairwa reel yemagnetic film kana zviuru makumi maviri neshanu makadhi akaroverwa, nepo. kupa kuwana zvisina tsarukano kune data.
Chechipiri, mutengo wekufamba waive wakadzikira mukuita: kumhanya kwespindle kwaifanira kudzikiswa kusvika 1500 rpm, uye semhedzisiro, avhareji yechikamu chekuwana nguva yakawedzera kusvika ku250 milliseconds. Kana tichienzanisa, iyo yakatangira mudziyo uyu, IBM 1301, yakanga ine spindle yekumhanya ye1800 rpm uye chikamu chekuwana nguva ye180 ms. Nekudaro, yaive nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemadhiraivha anobvisika iyo IBM 1311 yakave yakakurumbira munharaunda yemakambani, sezvo dhizaini iyi yakazoita kuti zvikwanise kuderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekuchengetedza chikamu cheruzivo, zvichiita kuti zvibvirire kudzikisa huwandu. yezvigadziriso zvakatengwa nenzvimbo inodiwa kuti vagare. Nekuda kweizvi, chishandiso chakazove chimwe cheakareba-akararama nemazinga emusika wehardware wekombuta uye wakamiswa muna 1975 chete.
Mutsivi weIBM 1311, iyo yakagamuchira index 3340, yaive mhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwemazano akabatanidzwa nemainjiniya emubatanidzwa mukugadzira modhi yapfuura. Iyo itsva data yekuchengetedza sisitimu yakagamuchira yakavharwa zvachose cartridges, nekuda kwazvaigoneka, kune rumwe rutivi, kudzikamisa pesvedzero yezvakatipoteredza zvinhu pamagineti mahwendefa, kuwedzera kuvimbika kwavo, uye panguva imwechete inovandudza aerodynamics mukati memakaseti. Mufananidzo wacho wakawedzerwa ne microcontroller inotarisira kufambisa misoro yemagineti, kuvapo kwaiita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera zvakanyanya kurongeka kwenzvimbo yavo.
IBM 3340, yakanzi Winchester
Somugumisiro, kukwanisa kwekaturiji imwe neimwe yakawedzera kusvika 30 megabytes, uye nguva yekuwana chikamu yakaderera ka10 - kusvika 25 milliseconds. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo data yekumhanyisa kumhanya yakasvika rekodhi yenguva iyoyo ye885 kilobytes pasekondi. Nenzira, yaive yekutenda kune IBM 3340 iyo jargon "Winchester" yakatanga kushandiswa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti chigadzirwa chacho chakagadzirirwa kushanda panguva imwe chete nemadhiraivha maviri anobviswa, ndicho chikonzero chakagamuchira imwe index "30-30". Pfuti yeWinchester yakakurumbira pasi rose yakanga ine indekisi imwechete, nemusiyano chete waiva wekuti kana munyaya yekutanga taitaura nezvema disks maviri ane simba re 30 MB, uye yechipiri - nezve bullet caliber (0,3 inches) uye uremu hwepfuti mu capsule (30 zviyo, kureva, anenge 1,94 gramu).
Floppy Disk - iyo prototype yemazuva ano ekunze madhiraivha
Kunyangwe ari iwo macartridges eIBM 1311 anogona kutorwa sevakuru-sekuru-sekuru vemazuva ano ekunze hard drive, zvishandiso izvi zvaive zvichiri kure nemusika wevatengi. Asi kuti uenderere mberi nemuti wemhuri wenharembozha yekuchengetedza midhiya, iwe unofanirwa kutanga wafunga nezve maitiro ekusarudza. Zviripachena, makadhi anoroverwa achasara kumashure, sezvo ari tekinoroji ye "pre-disk" nguva. Izvo zvakare hazvifanirwe kutarisisa madhiraivha akavakirwa pamagineti matepi: kunyangwe zviri pamutemo reel ine chivakwa chakadai sekufamba, kuita kwayo hakugone kufananidzwa kunyangwe nemienzaniso yekutanga yemadhiraivha nekuda kwechikonzero chakareruka chekuti magineti tepi inopa chete kutevedzana kuwana kune yakanyorwa. data. Saka, "soft" madhiraivha ari padyo nemadhiraivha akaomarara maererano nevatengi zvivakwa. Uye ichokwadi: mafloppy disks akanyatso compact, asi, semadhiraivha akaomarara, anogona kumira kudzokororwa kunyorwazve uye anokwanisa kushanda mune zvisina tsarukano kuverenga modhi. Ngatitange navo.
Kana iwe uchitarisira kuona mabhii matatu akakosheswa zvakare, saka ... wakarurama. Mushure mezvose, maiva mumarabhoritari eBMM umo boka rekutsvakurudza raAlan Shugart raitsvaga kutsiva kwakakodzera kwemagineti matepi, ayo aive akanaka pakuchengeta data, asi aive akaderera kune hard drive mumabasa emazuva ese. Mhinduro yakakodzera yakarongwa nemukuru weinjiniya David Noble, uyo akabatana neboka, uye muna 1967 akagadzira dhisiki rinobviswa remagineti rine casing inodzivirira, iyo yaishandiswa uchishandisa yakakosha disk drive. Makore mana gare gare, IBM yakaunza yekutanga floppy dhisiki yenyika, iyo yaive nesimba re 4 kilobytes uye dhayamita masendimita masere, uye kare muna 80 chizvarwa chechipiri che floppy disks chakabudiswa, simba rayo rakanga ratova 8 kilobytes.
IBM 8-inch floppy disk ine simba re 128 kilobytes
Mukumuka kwekubudirira kwe floppy disks, kare muna 1973, Alan Shugart akasarudza kusiya sangano uye akawana kambani yake, inonzi Shugart Associates. Iyo kambani nyowani yakatanga kuwedzera kuvandudza floppy drives: muna 1976, kambani yakaunza 5,25-inch compact floppy disks uye epakutanga floppy madhiraivha ane yakagadziridzwa controller uye interface. Mutengo weShugart SA-400 mini-floppy pakutanga kwekutengesa yaive $390 yedhiraivha pachayo uye $45 seti yegumi floppy disks. Munhoroondo yese yekambani, yaive SA-400 yakave chigadzirwa chakabudirira zvakanyanya: chiyero chekutakura kwemidziyo mitsva chakasvika zviuru zvina zvezvikamu pazuva, uye zvishoma nezvishoma 4000-inch floppy disks yakamanikidza kunze kwavo kwakakura-inch masere kubva musika.
Zvisinei, kambani yaAlan Shugart yakanga isingakwanisi kutonga pamusika kwenguva yakareba: kare muna 1981, Sony akatora baton, achiunza kunyange diki floppy disk, iyo dhayamita yaingova 90 mm, kana 3,5 inches. Yekutanga PC yekushandisa yakavakirwa-mukati dhisiki drive yeiyo fomati nyowani yaive HP-150, yakaburitswa naHewlett-Packard muna 1984.
Komputa yekutanga ine 3,5-inch disk drive Hewlett-Packard HP-150
Sony's floppy dhisiki yakave yakabudirira zvekuti yakakurumidza kutsiva ese mamwe mhinduro pamusika, uye iyo fomu iyo pachayo yakagara makore angangoita makumi matatu: kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwe30-inch floppy disks kwakapera muna 3,5 chete. Kufarirwa kwechigadzirwa chitsva kwaive nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati:
- bhokisi repurasitiki rakaoma uye simbi inotsvedza yakapa kuchengetedzwa kwakavimbika kune disk pachayo;
- nekuda kwekuvapo kwesimbi sleeve ine gomba rekugadzirisa kwakarurama, pakanga pasina chikonzero chekugadzira gomba zvakananga mumagnetic disk, iyo yaivawo nemigumisiro inobatsira pakuchengeteka kwayo;
- uchishandisa sliding switch, overwrite protection yakaitwa (kare, kuitira kudzivirira mukana wekudzokororwa kurekodha, control cutout pafloppy disk yaifanira kuvharwa ne tepi).
Nguva isina nguva yekare - Sony 3,5-inch floppy disk
Pamwe chete ne compactness, 3,5-inch floppy disks zvakare aive nepamusoro-soro hukuru kana ichienzaniswa nevakatangira. Saka, iyo yepamusoro-soro 5,25-inch high-density floppy disks, iyo yakaonekwa muna 1984, ine 1200 kilobytes yedata. Kunyangwe ekutanga 3,5-inch samples aive nehukuru hwe 720 KB uye mune izvi aive akafanana ne5-inch quadruple-density floppy disks, atova muna 1987 high-density 1,44 MB floppy disks akaonekwa, uye muna 1991 - akawedzera density floppy disks, inotora 2,88 MB yedata.
Mamwe makambani akaedza kugadzira kunyange madiki mafloppy disks (semuenzaniso, Amstrad yakagadzira 3-inch floppy disks aishandiswa muZX Spectrum +3, uye Canon yakagadzira 2-inch specialized floppy disks ekurekodha uye kuchengeta mavhidhiyo akaumbwa), asi haana kumbofa vakabata. Asi zvigadzirwa zvekunze zvakatanga kuoneka pamusika, izvo zvaive zvine hunyanzvi padyo nemadhiraivha emazuva ano ekunze.
Iomega's Bernoulli bhokisi uye inotyisa "kufa kudzvanya"
Chero zvingataurwa nemunhu, mavhoriyamu efloppy disks aive madiki kuti achengete zvakakwana ruzivo rwakakura: nemaitiro emazuva ano anogona kufananidzwa nekupinda-level flash drive. Asi chii, mune iyi kesi, chinogona kunzi analogue yekunze hard drive kana solid-state drive? Iomega zvigadzirwa zvinonyanya kukodzera basa iri.
Mudziyo wavo wekutanga, wakaunzwa muna 1982, wainzi Bernoulli Box. Pasinei nehukuru hwenguva iyoyo (madhiraivha ekutanga aive ne5, 10 uye 20 MB), mudziyo wepakutanga hauna kufarirwa nekuda, pasina kuwedzeredza, hukuru hwayo: "floppy disks" kubva kuIomega yaive nehukuru hwe21 by. 27,5 cm, iyo yakafanana nepepa reA4 bepa.
Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa nemakaturiji ekutanga ebhokisi reBernoulli
Zvishandiso zvekambani zvakawana mukurumbira kubvira Bernoulli Bhokisi II. Zviyero zvemadhiraivha zvakaderedzwa zvakanyanya: zvaive zvatove nehurefu hwe 14 cm uye hupamhi hwe 13,6 cm (iyo inofananidzwa neyakajairwa 5,25-inch floppy disks, kana iwe ukasafunga ukobvu hwe 0,9 cm), nepo inoratidzira huwandu hunokatyamadza huwandu: kubva pa20 MB yemhando yekupinda-mutsara kusvika ku230 MB yemadhiraivha akatanga kutengeswa muna 1993. Midziyo yakadaro yaiwanikwa mumhando mbiri: semamodule emukati ePC (nekuda kwekukura kwawo kwakadzikira, aigona kuiswa panzvimbo ye5,25-inch floppy disk readers) uye ekunze ekuchengetedza masisitimu akabatana nekombuta kuburikidza neSCSI interface.
Chizvarwa chechipiri Bernoulli bhokisi
Vatsivi vakananga vebhokisi raBernoulli vaive Iomega ZIP, yakaunzwa nekambani muna 1994. Kuzivikanwa kwavo kwakafambiswa zvakanyanya nekudyidzana naDell neApple, iyo yakatanga kuisa maZIP drive mumakomputa avo. Yokutanga modhi, ZIP-100, yakashandiswa madhiraivha anokwana 100 bytes (angangoita 663 MB), yaidada nekumhanyisa data inosvika 296 MB/s uye nguva yekupinda isina anodarika 96 milliseconds, uye madhiraivha ekunze anogona kuitwa. yakabatana nePC kuburikidza neLPT kana SCSI. Pane imwe nguva gare gare, ZIP-1 ine huwandu hwe28 bytes (250 MB) yakaonekwa, uye pakupera kwenhevedzano - ZIP-250, iyo iri kumashure inoenderana neZIP-640 madhiraivha uye basa rekutsigira neZIP-384 mune legacy mode ( kubva kumadhiraivha echinyakare zvaingogoneka kuverenga ruzivo). Nenzira, ekunze mureza akatokwanisa kugamuchira rutsigiro rwe USB 239 uye FireWire.
Iomega ZIP-100 yekunze drive
Nekuuya kweCD-R/RW, zvisikwa zveIomega zvakangonyura mukukanganisika - kutengesa kwemidziyo kwakatanga kudzikira, kwadzikira zvakapetwa kana panosvika 2003, uye kwakatonyangarika zvachose muna 2007 (kunyangwe kubviswa kwekugadzirwa kwakaitika muna 2010 chete). Zvinhu zvingave zvakazoitika zvakasiyana dai ZIP yanga isina nyaya dzekuvimbika.
Chinhu chacho ndechekuti kushanda kwemidziyo, kunoshamisa kwemakore iwayo, kwakasimbiswa nerekodhi RPM: iyo floppy disk yakatenderera nekumhanya kwe3000 rpm! Iwe unogona kunge watofungidzira kuti nei michina yekutanga yainzi isingasviki bhokisi reBernoulli: nekuda kwekumhanya kwakakura kwegineti ndiro, kuyerera kwemhepo pakati pemusoro wekunyora nepamusoro payo kwakakurumidza, kudonha kwemhepo kwakadonha, semhedzisiro. iyo iyo diski yakaswedera pedyo ne sensor (mutemo waBernoulli mukuita). Nechepfungwa, chimiro ichi chaifanira kunge chakaita kuti mudziyo uwedzere kuvimbika, asi mukuita, vatengi vakatarisana nechinhu chisingafadzi chakadai seClick of Death. Chero chipi zvacho, nyangwe chidiki diki, chiri pagineti chinofamba nekumhanya kwakakura chinogona kukuvadza musoro wekunyora, mushure mezvo dhiraivha yaizomisa actuator uye kudzokorora kuedza kuverenga, uko kwaiperekedzwa nekudzvanya kwehunhu. Kukanganisa kwakadaro kwaive "kuchiparira": kana mushandisi asina kubva atora mabheji ake uye akaisa imwe floppy disk mumudziyo wakakanganisika, zvino mushure mekuedza kanoverengeka kuverenga kwakave kusagoneka, sezvo musoro wekunyora une geometry yakaputsika pachayo yakakuvadza pamusoro pe floppy disk. Panguva imwecheteyo, floppy disk ine burrs inogona "kuuraya" mumwe muverengi pakarepo. Naizvozvo, avo vaishanda neIomega zvigadzirwa vaifanira kunyatso tarisa kushanda kwe floppy disks, uye pane yakazotevera mamodheru kunyange anowirirana nyevero akaonekwa.
Magneto-optical discs: HAMR retro maitiro
Chekupedzisira, kana isu tave kutotaura nezve inotakurika yekuchengetedza midhiya, isu hatingatadze kutaura chishamiso chakadaro chehunyanzvi semagneto-optical disks (MO). Midziyo yekutanga yekirasi iyi yakaonekwa mukutanga 80s yezana ramakore rechi1988, asi yakave yakapararira chete muna 256, apo NeXT yakaunza PC yayo yekutanga inonzi NeXT Computer, yaive yakashongedzerwa nemagneto-optical drive yakagadzirwa neCanon uye inotsigirwa basa. nemadhisiki ane simba re XNUMX MB.
Inotevera Kombuta - yekutanga PC ine magneto-optical drive
Kuvepo chaiko kwemagineti-optical disks zvakare kunosimbisa huchokwadi hweiyo epigraph: kunyangwe thermomagnetic rekodha tekinoroji (HAMR) yakambokurukurwa nezvayo mumakore achangopfuura, nzira iyi yakashandiswa zvinobudirira muMO kupfuura makore makumi matatu apfuura! Nheyo yekurekodha pamagneto-optical discs yakafanana neHAMR, kunze kwemamwe nuances. Iwo madhisiki pachawo akagadzirwa neferromagnets - alloys anokwanisa kuchengetedza magnetization patembiricha pazasi peCurie point (anenge 30 madhigirii Celsius) pasina kuratidzwa kune yekunze magineti. Panguva yekurekodha, pamusoro peplate yakafanopisa nelaser kusvika kune tembiricha yeCurie point, mushure meiyo musoro wemagineti uri kuseri kwedhisiki yakashandura magnetization yenzvimbo inoenderana.
Musiyano wakakosha pakati peiyi nzira neHAMR waive wekuti ruzivo rwakaverengwa zvakare uchishandisa yakaderera-simba laser: polarized laser beam yakapfuura nepakati disk plate, inoratidzwa kubva kune substrate, uyezve, ichipfuura nepakati optical system yemuverengi, yakarova sensor, iyo yakanyora shanduko mundege laser polarization. Pano iwe unogona kuona kushandiswa kunoshanda kweKerr effect (quadratic electro-optical effect), musimboti wayo ndeye kushandura refractive indekisi yechinhu chemaziso mukuenzana nechikwere chesimba remagetsi emunda.
Nheyo yekuverenga nekunyora ruzivo pane magneto-optical disks
Iwo ekutanga magineti-optical disks haana kutsigira kunyora patsva uye akasarudzwa nechidimbu WORM (Nyora Kamwe, Verenga Zvakawanda), asi gare gare mamodheru akaoneka anotsigira akawanda kunyora. Kunyora patsva kwakaitwa mumatatu matatu: kutanga, ruzivo rwakadzimwa kubva mu diski, ipapo kurekodha pachayo kwakaitwa, mushure mokunge kuvimbika kwe data kwakaongororwa. Iyi nzira yakave nechokwadi chekurekodha mhando, izvo zvakaita kuti MOs ive yakavimbika kupfuura maCD nemaDVD. Uye kusiyana nemafloppy disks, magineti-optical media anga asiri pasi pe demagnetization: zvinoenderana nefungidziro yevagadziri, nguva yekuchengetera data pamaMO anogona kunyorwazve makore angangoita makumi mashanu.
Kare muna 1989, madhiraivha akapetwa kaviri 5,25-inch ane huwandu hwe650 MB akaonekwa pamusika, achipa kumhanya kwekuverenga kunosvika 1 MB/s uye nenguva dzekuwana kubva pa50 kusvika ku100 ms. Pakupera kwekuzivikanwa kweMO, munhu anogona kuwana mhando pamusika inogona kubata kusvika ku9,1 GB yedata. Zvisinei, compact 90 mm disks ane simba kubva 128 kusvika 640 MB anonyanya kushandiswa.
Compact 640 MB magneto-optical drive kubva kuOlympus
Pakazosvika 1994, iyo unit inodhura ye1 MB yedata yakachengetwa padhiraivha yakadaro kubva pamakumi maviri nenomwe kusvika makumi mashanu masendi zvichienderana nemugadziri, izvo, pamwe nekuita kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika, zvakavaita mhinduro yemakwikwi. Imwezve mukana wemagneto-Optical zvishandiso zvichienzaniswa neayo ZIPs yaive tsigiro yeakasiyana maficha, anosanganisira ATAPI, LPT, USB, SCSI, IEEE-27a.
Pasinei nezvose zvakanakira, magneto-optics zvakare yaive nehuwandu hwekuipa. Semuenzaniso, madhiraivha kubva kumhando dzakasiyana (uye MO yakagadzirwa nemakambani makuru mazhinji, anosanganisira Sony, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Maxell, Mitsubishi, Olympus, Nikon, Sanyo nevamwe) yakave isingaenderane nemumwe nekuda kwefomati maficha. Nekudaro, mashandisiro emagetsi akanyanya uye kudiwa kweimwe yekutonhodza sisitimu kunoganhurira kushandiswa kwemadhiraivha akadaro mumalaptops. Pakupedzisira, kutenderera katatu kwakawedzera zvakanyanya nguva yekurekodha, uye dambudziko iri rakagadziriswa muna 1997 chete nekuuya kweLIMDOW (Light Intensity Modulated Direct Overwrite) tekinoroji, iyo yakabatanidza nhanho mbiri dzekutanga kuita imwe nekuwedzera magineti akavakirwa mudhisiki. cartridge, iyo yakaita ruzivo rwekudzima. Nekuda kweizvozvo, magneto-optics zvishoma nezvishoma yakarasika kukosha kunyangwe mumunda wenguva refu yekuchengetedza data, ichipa nzira yekirasi LTO streamers.
Uye ndinogara ndichirasikirwa nechimwe chinhu...
Chinhu chiri chose chadudzwa pamusoro apa chinoratidzira zvakajeka idi rakapfava rokuti pasinei zvapo nokuti chinhu chokutanga chingava choungwaru sei, icho, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chinofanira kuva chakakodzera nguva. IBM Simon akatongerwa kukundikana, sezvo panguva yekuonekwa kwayo vanhu vaisada zvachose kufamba. Magneto-optical disks yakava yakanaka imwe nzira kune HDDs, asi yakaramba iri iyo yakawanda yenyanzvi uye vanofarira, sezvo panguva iyoyo kumhanya, kureruka uye, hongu, mutengo wakaderera waive wakanyanya kukosha kune vakawanda mutengi, iyo muvhareji mutengi aive akagadzirira. kupira kuvimbika. Iwo maZIP mamwe chete, kunyangwe mabhenefiti awo ese, haana kuzombokwanisa kuve akakurumbira nekuda kwekuti vanhu vaisanyatsoda kutarisa yega yega floppy disk pasi pegirazi rinokudza, vachitsvaga maburrs.
Ndosaka kusarudzwa kwechisikigo kwakazopatsanura musika munzvimbo mbiri dzakafanana: inobvisirwa chengetedzo midhiya (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray), madhiraivha (ekuchengeta mashoma data) uye ekunze hard drive (yemari yakawanda). Pakati pekupedzisira, compact 2,5-inch modhi mumakesi ega yave isingataurwe chiyero, chitarisiko chatinokwereta kunyanya kumalaptops. Chimwe chikonzero chekuzivikanwa kwavo kuita kwavo mutengo-kushanda: kana classic 3,5-inch HDDs mune yekunze kesi haigone kunzi "inotakurika", uye ivo vaitoda kubatanidza imwe sosi yemagetsi (zvinoreva kuti waitofanira kutakura adapta newe. ), ipapo iyo yakawanda iyo 2,5-inch dhiraivha yaigona kudiwa yaive yekuwedzera USB yekubatanidza, uye gare gare uye ine simba-inoshanda mhando haidi kunyange izvi.
Nenzira, isu tine chikwereti chekuonekwa kwediki HDDs kuna PrairieTek, kambani diki yakavambwa naTerry Johnson mu1986. Kwangove makore matatu mushure mekuwanikwa kwayo, PrairieTek yakaunza yekutanga 2,5-inch hard drive yepasi rose inokwanisa kuita 20 MB, inonzi PT-220. 30% yakawanda compact ichienzaniswa nemhinduro dzedesktop, dhiraivha yaive nehurefu hwe25 mm chete, ichiva iyo yakanyanya kunaka sarudzo yekushandisa mumalaptops. Nehurombo, kunyangwe semapiyona emusika mudiki HDD, PrairieTek havana kumbokwanisa kukunda musika, vachiita chikanganiso chinouraya. Mushure mekunge vatanga kugadzirwa kwePT-220, vakaisa nhamburiko yavo pakuwedzera miniaturization, munguva pfupi yakaburitsa iyo PT-120 modhi, iyo, ine simba rakafanana uye kumhanya maitiro, yaive neukobvu hwemamirimita gumi nenomwe chete.
2,5-inch yechipiri chizvarwa PrairieTek PT-120 hard drive
Kukanganisa kwacho kwaive kwekuti nepo mainjiniya ePrairieTek airwira mamirimita ese, vakwikwidzi vakaita seJVC neConner Peripherals vaiwedzera huwandu hwema hard drive, uye izvi zvakazove zvine mutsindo mukukonana kusina kufanana. Ichiedza kubata chitima, PrairieTek yakapinda mujaho wezvombo, ichigadzira iyo PT-240 modhi, yaive ne42,8 MB yedata uye yaive nerekodhi yakaderera simba rekushandisa panguva iyoyo - chete 1,5 W. Asi nhamo, kunyange izvi hazvina kuchengetedza kambani kubva mukuparadzwa, uye somugumisiro, kare muna 1991 yakaguma kuvapo.
Nyaya yePrairieTek mumwe mufananidzo wakajeka wekuti kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, zvisinei kuti kwakakosha sei, kunogona kungove kusingazivikanwe nemusika nekuda kwekusamira kwavo. Mukutanga 90s, vatengi vanga vasati vaparadzwa ne ultrabooks uye Ultra-yakaonda smartphones, saka pakanga pasina kukurumidza kudiwa kwemadhiraivha akadaro. Zvakwana kuyeuka piritsi rekutanga reGridPad, rakaburitswa neGRiD Systems Corporation muna 1989: mudziyo βunotakurikaβ wairema kupfuura 2 kg uye ukobvu hwayo hwakasvika 3,6 cm!
GridPad - piritsi rekutanga repasi
Uye "mucheche" akadaro mumazuva iwayo aionekwa seakagadzikana uye ari nyore: mushandisi wekupedzisira haana kuona chero chinhu chiri nani. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyaya yedhisiki nzvimbo yaive yakanyanya kudzvanya. Iyo imwechete GridPad, semuenzaniso, yakanga isina dhiraivha zvachose: kuchengetedza ruzivo kwakaiswa pahwaro hwe RAM chips, iyo yekuchaja iyo yaichengetwa nemabhatiri akavakirwa-mukati. Zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yakafanana, iyo Toshiba T100X (DynaPad) iyo yakaonekwa gare gare yakaita sechishamiso chaicho nekuda kwekuti yakatakura yakazara-yakazara 40 MB hard drive pabhodhi. Izvo zvekuti "mobile" mudziyo waive 4 centimita gobvu hazvina kunetsa chero munhu.
Toshiba T100X piritsi, inozivikanwa zviri nani muJapan seDynaPad
Asi, sezvamunoziva, kudya kunouya nekudya. Gore negore, zvikumbiro zvevashandisi zvakakura, uye zvakaramba zvichinyanya kuoma kuzvigutsa. Sezvo huwandu uye kukurumidza kwekuchengetera midhiya kwakawedzera, vanhu vazhinji vakatanga kufunga kuti nharembozha dzaigona kunge dzakabatana, uye kugona kuve nekwavainazvo dhiraivha inotakurika iyo inogona kugarisa mafaera ese anodiwa anouya anobatsira. Mune mamwe mazwi, pakanga paine kudiwa pamusika wezvishandiso zvaive zvakasiyana zvakanyanya maererano nekureruka uye ergonomics, izvo zvaifanira kugutsikana, uye kunetsana pakati pemakambani eIT kwakaenderera mberi nesimba idzva.
Pano zvakakodzera kudzokorora epigraph yanhasi. Iyo nguva yeakasimba-nyika madhiraivha yakatanga kare makore ekuma1984 asati asvika: yekutanga prototype yeflash memory yakagadzirwa nainjiniya Fujio Masuoka paToshiba Corporation kumashure muna 1988, uye chigadzirwa chekutanga chekutengesa chakavakirwa pairi, Digipro FlashDisk, yakaonekwa pamusika. kare muna 16. Chishamiso chetekinoroji chaive ne5000 megabytes yedata, uye mutengo wayo waive $XNUMX.
Digipro FlashDisk - yekutanga yekutengesa SSD drive
Maitiro matsva aya akatsigirwa neDigital Equipment Corporation, iyo yakaunza 90-inch EZ5,25x akatevedzana zvishandiso zvine rutsigiro rweSCSI-5 uye SCSI-1 interfaces mukutanga 2s. Kambani yeIsrael M-Systems haina kumira padivi, ichizivisa muna 1990 mhuri yemadhiraivha akasimba anonzi Fast Flash Disk (kana FFD), ayo ainyanya kurangarira zvemazuva ano: maSSD aive ne3,5-inch fomati uye aigona kubata. kubva 16 kusvika 896 megabytes data. Yekutanga modhi, inonzi FFD-350, yakaburitswa muna 1995.
M-Systems FFD-350 208 MB - iyo prototype yemazuva ano SSD
Kusiyana nemadhiraivha akaomarara echinyakare, maSSD aive akanyanya compact, aive nepamusoro pekuita uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, aishingirira kuvhunduka uye kudedera kwakasimba. Zvichida, izvi zvakaita kuti vave vakada kukwikwidza pakugadzira nharembozha dzekuchengetera midziyo, kana isiri imwe "asi": mitengo yakakwira pachikamu chekuchengetedza ruzivo, ndosaka mhinduro dzakadai dzakazove dzisina kukodzera kumusika wevatengi. Dzaive dzakakurumbira munharaunda yemakambani, dzaishandiswa mundege kugadzira "mabhokisi matema," uye dzakaiswa mumakomputa makuru enzvimbo dzekutsvagisa, asi kugadzira chigadzirwa chekutengesa panguva iyoyo kwaive kunze kwemubvunzo: hapana aizovatenga kunyangwe dai. chero kambani yakasarudza kutengesa madhiraivha akadaro nemubhadharo.
Asi kuchinja kwemusika hakuna kunonoka kuuya. Kuvandudzwa kwechikamu chevatengi cheanobvisirwa SSD madhiraivha akafambiswa zvakanyanya nekutora mifananidzo yedhijitari, nekuti maive muindasitiri iyi maive nekushomeka kwakanyanya kwecompact uye simba-rinoshanda kuchengetedza midhiya. Zvitongere wega.
Kamera yekutanga yedhijitari yenyika yakaonekwa (kurangarira mazwi aMuparidzi) kumashure muna Zvita 1975: yakagadzirwa naStephen Sasson, mainjiniya kuEastman Kodak Company. Iyo prototype yaisanganisira gumi nemaviri akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi, optical unit yakakweretwa kubva kuKodak Super 8, uye tepi rekodha (mapikicha akarekodhwa pamakaseti akajairwa ekuteerera). 16 nickel-cadmium mabhatiri akashandiswa sesimba sosi yekamera, uye chinhu chose chairema 3,6 kg.
Yekutanga dhijitari kamera prototype yakagadzirwa neEastman Kodak Company
Kugadziriswa kweCCD matrix ye "mwana" iyi yaingova 0,01 megapixels, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mapuranga e 125 Γ 80 pixels, uye mufananidzo wega wega wakatora masekondi makumi maviri nematatu kuti aumbe. Tichifunga nezve "hunokatyamadza" hunhu hwakadaro, chikamu chakadaro chaive chakaderera kune echinyakare firimu SLRs pamativi ese, izvo zvinoreva kuti kugadzira chigadzirwa chekutengesa zvichibva pachiri kwaive kunze kwemubvunzo, kunyangwe iyo yakagadzirwa yakazozivikanwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha. zviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwekutora mifananidzo, uye Steve akapinzwa zviri pamutemo muConsumer Electronics Hall of Fame.
Makore matanhatu gare gare, Sony akatora danho kubva kuKodak, achizivisa muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 25 iyo isina mafirimu vhidhiyo kamera Mavica (zita iri chidimbu cheMagnetic Video Camera).
A prototype ye Sony Mavica digitaalinen kamera
Iyo kamera kubva kuhofori yeJapan yaitaridzika zvakanyanya kunakidza: iyo prototype yakashandisa 10 ne 12 mm CCD matrix uye yakazvikudza resolution yepamusoro ye570 x 490 pixels, uye kurekodha kwakaitwa pama compact 2-inch Mavipack floppy disks, ayo aikwanisa kuita. kubata kubva pa25 kusvika ku50 mafuremu zvichienderana nemhando yekupfura. Chinhu chacho ndechekuti chimiro chiri kuumbwa chaive nendima mbiri dzeterevhizheni, imwe neimwe yakanyorwa sevhidhiyo inoumbwa, uye zvaikwanisika kurekodha minda yese kamwechete, kana imwe chete. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira, sarudzo yekugadzirisa yakadonha nekaviri, asi mufananidzo wakadaro wairema hafu.
Sony pakutanga yakaronga kutanga kugadzirwa kweMavica muna 1983, uye mutengo wemakamera waifanirwa kunge uri $650. Mukuita, madhizaini ekutanga maindasitiri akaonekwa muna 1984 chete, uye kushandiswa kwekutengesa kwechirongwa ichi muchimiro cheMavica MVC-A7AF uye Pro Mavica MVC-2000 yakaona mwenje muna 1986 chete, uye makamera aidhura zvakada kurongeka kwehukuru. kupfuura zvakarongwa pakutanga.
Digital kamera Sony Pro Mavica MVC-2000
Kunyangwe nemutengo unoshamisa uye hunyanzvi, zvaive zvakaoma kudaidza yekutanga Mavica mhinduro yakanakira kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi, kunyangwe mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu makamera akadai akave mhinduro. Semuenzaniso, vatori venhau veCNN vakashandisa Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 pavakavhara zviitiko zveJune 4 muTiananmen Square. Iyo yakagadziridzwa modhi yakagamuchira maviri akazvimirira eCCD matrices, imwe yakagadzira luminance vhidhiyo chiratidzo, uye imwe - chiratidzo chekusiyana kwemavara. Iyi nzira yakaita kuti zvikwanise kusiya kushandiswa kweBayer color filter uye kuwedzera yakachinjika resolution kusvika ku500 TVL. Nekudaro, mukana mukuru wekamera yaive tsigiro yekubatanidza zvakananga kuPSC-6 module, iyo inokutendera kuti utumire mifananidzo yakagamuchirwa kuburikidza neredhiyo zvakananga kuhofisi yekudhirowa. Zvakanga zviri nekuda kweizvi kuti CNN yakakwanisa kuve yekutanga kuburitsa chirevo kubva panzvimbo, uye Sony yakazogamuchira yakakosha Emmy Mubairo wekubatsira kwayo mukusimudzira kufambiswa kwemafoto enhau.
Sony Pro Mavica MVC-5000 - iyo kamera imwechete yakaita kuti Sony ive muhwina weEmmy Award
Asi zvakadini kana mutori wemifananidzo ane rwendo rurefu rwebhizimisi kure nebudiriro? Muchiitiko ichi, aigona kutora imwe yekamera inoshamisa yeKodak DCS 100, yakabudiswa muna May 1991. Iyo yakashata yakasanganiswa yemhando diki-fomati Nikon F3 HP SLR kamera ine DCS Digital Firimu Kumashure dhijitari set-yepamusoro bhokisi rakashongedzerwa nemhepo, rakanga rakabatana nekunze Digital Storage Unit (yaifanira kupfekwa pabhande repafudzi) uchishandisa. tambo.
Kodak DCS 100 digitaalinen kamera ndiyo mufananidzo we "compactness"
Kodak yakapa mhando mbiri, imwe neimwe yaive nemisiyano yakati wandei: ruvara DCS DC3 uye dema-ne-chena DCS DM3. Makamera ese ari mumutsara aive akashongedzerwa matrices ane resolution ye1,3 megapixels, asi akasiyana nehukuru hwebuffer, iyo yairatidza huwandu hunobvumidzwa hwemafuremu panguva yekupfura. Semuyenzaniso, magadzirirwo ane 8 MB pabhodhi anogona kupfura nekumhanya kwemafuremu 2,5 pasekondi munhevedzano yemafuremu matanhatu, uye yakanyanya kumberi, 6 MB, yakabvumira kutevedzana kwemafuremu makumi maviri nemana. Kana chikumbaridzo ichi chapfuurwa, kumhanya kwekupfura kwakadzikira kusvika pafuremu 32 pamasekonzi maviri kusvika buffer yabviswa zvachose.
Kana iri DSU unit, yaive ne3,5-inch 200 MB hard drive, inokwanisa kuchengetedza kubva pa156 "raw" mapikicha kusvika 600 akadzvanywa uchishandisa hardware JPEG converter (yakatengwa uye yakaiswa kuwedzera), uye LCD kuratidza yekuona mifananidzo. . Smart Storage yakatokubvumidza kuti uwedzere tsananguro pfupi kumifananidzo, asi izvi zvaida kubatanidza yekunze keyboard. Pamwe chete nemabhatiri, uremu hwayo hwaive 3,5 kg, nepo huremu hwese hwekiti hwasvika 5 kg.
Pasinei nekusanzwisisika uye mutengo kubva pamakumi maviri kusvika ku20 zviuru zvemadhora (mukugadziriswa kwakanyanya), anenge 25 michina yakafanana yakatengeswa mumakore matatu akatevera, ayo, kuwedzera kune vatori venhau, vanofarira masangano ekurapa, mapurisa uye akati wandei mabhizinesi emaindasitiri. Mune izwi, pakanga paine kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakadaro, pamwe nekudiwa kwekukurumidzira kweimwe miniature yekuchengetedza midhiya. SanDisk yakapa mhinduro yakakodzera payakaunza iyo CompactFlash standard muna 1000.
CompactFlash memori makadhi anogadzirwa neSanDisk uye PCMCIA adapta yekuvabatanidza nePC
Iyo fomati nyowani yakave yakabudirira zvekuti yave kushandiswa zvinobudirira nhasi, uye iyo CompactFlash Association, yakagadzirwa muna 1995, parizvino ine makambani anopfuura mazana maviri ari kutora chikamu, anosanganisira Canon, Eastman Kodak Company, Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi Global Systems Technologies, Lexar. Media , Renesas Technology, Socket Communications nevamwe vakawanda.
CompactFlash memori makadhi aizvirumbidza hukuru hwe42 mm ne 36 mm nehukobvu hwe3,3 mm. Mamiriro ekunze emadhiraivha ainyanya kubviswa-pasi PCMCIA (50 pini panzvimbo ye68), nekuda kwekuti kadhi rakadaro raigona kubatana zviri nyore kuPCMCIA Type II yekuwedzera kadhi slot uchishandisa passive adapter. Uchishandisa, zvakare, adapta yepasirese, CompactFlash inogona kuchinjanisa data nemidziyo yeperipheral kuburikidza neIDE (ATA), uye yakakosha maadapter anoshanda akaita kuti zvikwanise kushanda neserial interfaces (USB, FireWire, SATA).
Zvisinei nediki diki (yekutanga CompactFlash yaingokwanisa kubata 2 MB chete yedata), makadhi ekurangarira erudzi urwu aidiwa munzvimbo yehunyanzvi nekuda kwekubatana kwavo uye kushanda nesimba (imwe dhiraivha yakadaro yakadya ingangoita 5% yemagetsi zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa 2,5 -inch HDDs, iyo yakaita kuti ikwanise kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri hwechigadzirwa chinotakurika) uye kuita zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwese kune akawanda akasiyana mainterface uye kugona kushanda kubva kune simba sosi ine voltage ye3,3 kana 5 volts, uye zvinonyanya kukosha - zvinokatyamadza kuramba kune zvinoremerwa pamusoro pe2000 g, yaive bhawa risingasvikike rekirasi hard drive.
Icho chinhu ndechekuti hazvigoneke nehunyanzvi kugadzira madhiraivha asingade kuvhundutsa nekuda kwemaitiro avo ekugadzira. Kana ichidonha, chero chinhu chinoiswa pasi pe kinetic kukanganisa kwemazana kana kunyange zviuru zveg (yakajairwa kukurumidza nekuda kwegiravhiti yakaenzana ne9,8 m/s2) isingasviki 1 millisecond, iyo yemhando yepamusoro HDD izere nehuwandu hwemhedzisiro isingafadzi. , pakati pazvo zvakakosha kusimbisa:
- kutsvedza uye kusimuka kwemagineti mahwendefa;
- kuonekwa kwekutamba mumabhengi, kupfeka kwavo nguva isati yakwana;
- kurohwa kwemisoro pamusoro pemagineti mahwendefa.
Mamiriro ekupedzisira ndiwo ane ngozi zvakanyanya pakutyaira. Kana simba rekuita rakananga perpendicularly kana padiki pakona kune yakachinjika ndege yeHDD, iyo magineti misoro inotanga kutsauka kubva panzvimbo yavo yepakutanga yobva yadzika zvakanyanya yakananga pamusoro pepancake, ichiibata nemupendero, semhedzisiro iyo iyo magnetic plate inogamuchira pamusoro pekukuvara. Uyezve, kwete chete nzvimbo iyo kukanganisa kwakaitika inotambura (iyo, nenzira, inogona kuva yakakura kana ruzivo rwakanga rwuri kunyorwa kana kuverengwa panguva yekudonha), asiwo nzvimbo iyo zvimedu zviduku zvemagnetic coating zvaive. akapararira: kuva magnetized , havashanduki pasi pekuita kwe centrifugal simba kune periphery, inoramba iri pamusoro pemagineti ndiro, ichikanganisa maitiro ekuverenga / kunyora akajairika uye zvichikonzera kuwedzera kukuvadza kune zvose pancake pachayo uye kunyora musoro. Kana iko kukanganisa kwakasimba zvakakwana, izvi zvinogona kutotungamira kune sensor kubvarurwa uye dhiraivha yakundikana zvachose.
Tichifunga nezvese zviri pamusoro, kune vatori venhau madhiraivha matsva akange asingadzokerike: zviri nani kuve uine gumi nemaviri kana maviri makadhi asina rukudzo newe pane kutakura chinhu chakaenzana neVCR kumusana kwako, ingangoita zana. % inogona kukundikana kubva pakurova kwesimba kudiki. Nekudaro, mamemory makadhi aive achiri kudhura zvakanyanya kumutengi wekutengesa. Ndosaka Sony yakabudirira kutonga musika-uye-pfuti neMavica MVC-FD cube, iyo yakachengetedza mafoto kune akajairwa 100-inch floppy disks akaumbwa muDOS FAT3,5, iyo yakavimbisa kuenderana nechero PC yenguva.
Amateur digitaalinen kamera Sony Mavica MVC-FD73
Uye izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika pakupera kwemakore gumi, kusvikira IBM yapindira. Zvisinei, tichataura nezvazvo munyaya inotevera.
Ndezvipi zvishandiso zvisina kujairika zvawakasangana nazvo? Zvichida iwe wakawana mukana wekupfura paMavica, tarisa kurwadziwa kweIomega ZIP nemeso ako, kana kushandisa Toshiba T100X? Govera nyaya dzako mumacomments.
Source: www.habr.com