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Muna 1990 , chipangamazano wetiweki uye nyanzvi yeUNIX, yakaburitsa ongororo yakazara yemamiriro ekombuta network panguva iyoyo. Muchikamu chipfupi pamusoro penguva yemberi yekombuta, akafanotaura kubuda kweimwe network yepasirese ye "e-mail, makonferensi, kufambisa faira, kure logins - sezvakangoita pasi rese nharembozha uye pasi rese mail nhasi." Zvisinei, haana kuisa basa rinokosha paInternet. Vakataura kuti iyi network yepasi rose "inogona kunge ichishandiswa nemasangano ehurumende ekutaurirana," kunze kwekuUnited States, "uko ichashandiswa nemapoka ematunhu eBell Operating Companies nevatakuri venguva refu."
Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino ndechekutsanangura kuti, nekukura kwayo kwakangoerekana kwaputika, iyo Internet yakapidigura zviri pachena mafungiro echisikigo.
Kupfuudza tsvimbo
Chiitiko chekutanga chakakosha chinotungamira kubuda kweInternet yemazuva ano chakaitika mukutanga kwema1980, apo Defence Communications Agency (DCA) [ikozvino DISA] yakasarudza kupatsanura ARPANET kuita zvikamu zviviri. DCA yakatora kutonga kwetiweki muna 1975. Panguva iyoyo, zvaive pachena kuti ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO), sangano rakatsaurirwa kuongorora mazano edzidziso, harina musoro mukutora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwetiweki iyo yakashandiswa kwete pakutsvaga kwekutaurirana asi pakukurukurirana kwemazuva ose. ARPA haina kubudirira kuyedza kudzora network kubva kukambani yakazvimirira AT&T. DCA, inotarisira masisitimu ekutaurirana kwemauto, yaiita seyakanakisa sarudzo yechipiri.
Kwemakore mashoma ekutanga emamiriro ezvinhu matsva, ARPANET yakabudirira mumamiriro ekuregeredza. Nekudaro, nekutanga 1980s, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro yekuchembera yekutaurirana masisitimu yanga ichida kukwidziridzwa. Chirongwa chekutsiva, AUTODIN II, iyo DCA yakasarudzira Western Union sekondirakiti yayo, inoita kunge yakundikana. Vakuru veDCA vakabva vagadza Colonel Heidi Hayden kuti ave mutungamiriri wekusarudza imwe nzira. Akafunga kushandisa packet switching tekinoroji, iyo DCA yaitove nayo muchimiro cheARPANET, sehwaro hweiyo nyowani yekudzivirira data network.
Nekudaro, pakanga paine dambudziko riri pachena nekutumira data remauto pamusoro peARPANET - network yakanga izere nemasayendisiti ane bvudzi refu, vamwe vacho vaipikisa kuchengetedzwa kwekombuta kana kuvanzika - semuenzaniso. nevamwe vake vanobira kubva kuMIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Hayden akaronga kupatsanura network kuita zvikamu zviviri. Akafunga kuchengetedza masayendisiti ekutsvagisa anotsigirwa neARPA paARPANET uye kuparadzanisa makomputa ekudzivirira kuita network itsva inonzi MILNET. Iyi mitosis yaiva nemigumisiro miviri inokosha. Chekutanga, kupatsanurwa kwemauto uye asiri echiuto zvikamu zvetiweki yaive nhanho yekutanga kuendesa iyo Internet pasi pevagari vemo, uyezve pasi pehutongi hwega. Chechipiri, hwaive humbowo hwekushanda kweInternet tekinoroji - iyo TCP/IP protocol, yakatanga kugadzirwa makore mashanu apfuura. Iyo DCA yaida ma node ese eARPANET kuti achinjire kubva kunhaka protocol kuenda kuTCP/IP rutsigiro kutanga kwa1983. Panguva iyoyo, mashoma network akashandisa TCP/IP, asi maitiro akazobatanidza network mbiri dzeproto-Internet, ichibvumira meseji traffic kubatanidza tsvagiridzo nemabhizinesi emauto sezvinodiwa. Kuti ave nechokwadi chekugara kwenguva refu kweTCP/IP mumauto network, Hayden akatanga homwe yemadhora miriyoni makumi maviri yekutsigira vagadziri vemakomputa vaizonyora software yekushandisa TCP/IP pamasisitimu avo.
Danho rekutanga mukufambiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kweInternet kubva kumauto kuenda kukutonga kwakavanzika kunotipawo mukana wakanaka wekuonekana neARPA neIPTO. Mari yaro uye pesvedzero, inotungamirwa naJoseph Carl Robnett Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, naRobert Taylor, yakatungamira zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga kune ese ekutanga budiriro mukudyidzana komputa uye komputa network. Nekudaro, nekugadzirwa kweiyo TCP/IP chiyero pakati pe1970s, yakaita basa rakakosha munhoroondo yemakomputa kekupedzisira.
Iyo inotevera hombe purojekiti yekombuta inotsigirwa neDARPA ichave 2004-2005 Autonomous Vehicles Makwikwi. Chirongwa chine mukurumbira pamberi peichi chingave bhiriyoni-madhora AI-yakavakirwa hurongwa hwema1980s, iyo yaizoburitsa akati wandei anobatsira echiuto asi isingaite veruzhinji.
Chinhu chakanyanya kukonzera mukurasikirwa kwesimba resangano yaive . Vazhinji vaongorori vezvidzidzo vaitenda kuti vairwa kurwa kwakanaka uye kudzivirira demokrasi apo tsvagiridzo yenguva yeCold War yakapihwa mari nemauto. Zvakadaro, avo vakakura muma1950 nema1960 vakarasa kutenda muchiuto nezvinangwa zvawo mushure mekunge zvanyura muHondo yeVietnam. Pakati pekutanga paiva naTaylor pachake, akasiya IPTO muna 1969, achitora mazano ake nekubatana kuXerox PARC. Bato reDemocratic-controlled Congress, riri kunetseka nezvekuparadza kwemari yemauto pakutsvagisa kwesainzi, rakapasa zvigadziriso zvinoda mari yekudzivirira kuti ishandiswe chete pakutsvaga kwemauto. ARPA yakaratidza shanduko iyi mutsika yemari muna 1972 nekuzvipa zita rekuti DARPAβ .
Naizvozvo, tsvimbo yakapfuudzwa kumunhuwo zvake (NSF). Pakazosvika 1980, iine bhajeti remamiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora, NSF yaive nebasa rekupa mari inosvika hafu yemapurogiramu emubatanidzwa emakombuta muUnited States. Uye zhinji dzemari idzi dzichakurumidza kugoverwa kune itsva yenyika komputa network .
NSFNET
Mukutanga kwema1980, Larry Smarr, nyanzvi yefizikisi paYunivhesiti yeIllinois, akashanyira Institute. Max Planck muMunich, uko iyo supercomputer "Cray" yakashanda, uko vaongorori veEurope vakabvumidzwa kupinda. Ashungurudzika nekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvakafanana kune vesainzi veUS, akakurudzira kuti NSF ibhadharise kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzakati wandei dzemakomputa munyika yose. Sangano rakapindura Smarr nevamwe vaongorori vane zvichemo zvakafanana nekugadzira iyo Advanced Scientific Computing Division muna 1984, izvo zvakatungamira mukupihwa mari kwenzvimbo shanu dzakadai nebhajeti yemakore mashanu emadhora makumi mana nemaviri, kubva kuCornell University kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kusvika kuSan Diego. .kuMaodzanyemba-Madokero. Iri pakati, iyo University of Illinois, kwaishanda Smarr, yakagamuchira nzvimbo yayo, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, NCSA.
Nekudaro, kugona kwenzvimbo dzekuvandudza kuwanikwa kwesimba rekombuta kwaive kushoma. Kushandisa makomputa avo kune vashandisi vasingagare pedyo neimwe yenzvimbo shanu kwaizonetsa uye zvaizoda mari yenzendo dzesemesita-refu kana zhizha-refu. Naizvozvo, NSF yakafunga kuvaka komputa network zvakare. Nhoroondo yakazvidzokorora-Taylor akasimudzira kusikwa kweARPANET mukupera kwema1960s chaizvo kuti ipe nharaunda yekutsvagisa kuwana kune zvine simba komputa zviwanikwa. NSF ichapa musana unozobatanidza makiyi epamusoro macomputer nzvimbo, kutambanudza kondinendi yose, uyezve kubatanidza kune network dzedunhu dzinopa mamwe mayunivhesiti uye marabhoritari ekutsvagisa kuwana nzvimbo idzi. NSF ichatora mukana weiyo Internet maprotocol akasimudzirwa naHayden nekupa basa rekuvaka nharaunda dzenzvimbo munharaunda dzesainzi.
NSF yakatanga kutamisa mabasa kugadzira nekuchengetedza network yeNCSA kubva kuYunivhesiti yeIllinois sesosi yechikumbiro chekutanga kugadzira chirongwa chenyika chepamusoro. NCSA yakabva yarenda mamwe 56 kbps link yaishandiswa neARPANET kubva 1969 uye yakatanga network muna 1986. Nekudaro, mitsetse iyi yakakurumidza kuvharwa netraffic (ruzivo rwekuita uku runogona kuwanikwa mubasa raDavid Mills ""). Uye zvakare nhoroondo yeARPANET yakadzokorora pachayo - yakakurumidza kuva pachena kuti basa guru remambure harifaniri kuva kuwanikwa kwemasayendisiti kune simba rekombiyuta, asi kuchinjana kwemashoko pakati pevanhu vaikwanisa kuwana. ARPANET inogona kuregererwa nekusaziva kuti chinhu chakadai chinogona kuitika - asi kukanganisa kwakafanana kwaizoitika sei zvakare makore anenge makumi maviri gare gare?Imwe tsananguro inogoneka ndeyokuti zviri nyore kupembedza rubatsiro rwezviverengero zvinomwe zvekushandisa simba rekombuta. inodhura nhamba sere pane kupa chikonzero chekushandisa mari yakadaro pazvinangwa zvinoita sezvisina basa, sekukwanisa kuchinjana maemail.Izvi hazvireve kuti NSF yakatsausa munhu nemaune. ndezvokuti dai zvisina kudaro tingadai tisipo, uye isu Dai vakatadza kuzvicherechedza, handaizofanira kunyora nezvemakomputa anopihwa mari nehurumende dai pasina akafanana, zvikonzero zvekunyepedzera zvekuvapo kwayo.
Nekugutsikana kuti network pachayo yaive yakakosha semakomputa makuru anoruramisa kuvepo kwayo, NSF yakatendeukira kune rubatsiro rwekunze kusimudzira musana wetiweki neT1-capacity links (1,5 Mbps). / With). Iyo T1 standard yakavambwa neAT&T muma1960s, uye yaifanirwa kubata kusvika makumi maviri nemana nhare, imwe neimwe yaive yakavharirwa mumakumi maviri nemana edhijitari rwizi.
Merit Network, Inc. yakahwina kondirakiti. yakabatana neMCI neIBM, uye yakagamuchira rubatsiro rwemamiriyoni makumi mashanu nemasere emadhora kubva kuNSF mumakore mashanu ekutanga kuvaka nekuchengetedza network. MCI yakapa zvivakwa zvekutaurirana, IBM yakapa simba rekombuta uye software yemarouter. The nonprofit company Merit, iyo yakashanda komputa network inobatanidza University of Michigan campuses, yakaunza nayo ruzivo rwekuchengetedza sainzi komputa network, uye yakapa mubatanidzwa wese yunivhesiti kunzwa kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kubvuma neNSF uye masayendisiti akashandisa NSFNET. Nekudaro, kutamiswa kwemasevhisi kubva kuNCSA kuenda kuMerit yaive nhanho yekutanga iri pachena kuenda kune privatization.
MERIT pakutanga yaimirira Michigan Educational Research Information Triad. Michigan State yakawedzera madhora mamirioni mashanu kubatsira yayo T5 imba network kukura.
Iyo Merit musana yakatakura traffic kubva kune anopfuura gumi nemaviri ematunhu network, kubva kuNew York's NYSERNet, yekutsvagisa uye dzidzo network yakabatana neCornell University muIthaca, kuenda kuCERFNet, yeCalifornia federated research uye dzidzo network yakabatana neSan Diego. Imwe neimwe yeaya matunhu network akabatana neasingaverengeke emunharaunda makampasi network, semakoreji marabhu nemahofisi efekisheni aimhanyisa mazana emichina yeUnix. Iyi federal network yemanetiweki yakava iyo mbeu yekristaro yeInternet yemazuva ano. ARPANET yakabatana chete nevanopihwa mari nemakomputa sainzi vaongorori vanoshanda kuzvikoro zvepamusoro zvesainzi. Uye pakazosvika 1990, chero mudzidzi wepayunivhesiti kana mudzidzisi aigona kutoenda online. Nekukanda mapaketi kubva kunode kuenda kunode β kuburikidza neEthernet yemuno, vozoenda kune network yedunhu, vozoyambuka madaro marefu nekumhanya kwechiedza paNSFNET musana β vaigona kuchinjana maemail kana kutaura zvine chiremerera Usenet nevamwe vavanoshanda navo kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. .
Mushure mekunge mamwe masangano mazhinji esainzi ave kuwanikwa kuburikidza neNSFNET kupfuura kuburikidza neARPANET, DCA yakamisa network yenhaka muna 1990, uye yakabvisa zvachose Dhipatimendi reDziviriro kubva mukugadzira network dzevanhu.
Bvisa
Munguva yese iyi, huwandu hwemakomputa akabatana neNSFNET nemanetiweki ane hukama - uye zvese izvi tave kudaidza Indaneti - zvakapetwa kaviri gore rega rega. 28 000 muna December 1987, 56,000 1988 muna October 159, 000 1989 muna October 1990, zvichingodaro. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi kusvika pakati pemaXNUMX, uye ipapo kukura . Sei, tichipihwa maitiro aya, ndinoshamisika, Quarterman angave akatadza kuona kuti iyo Internet yaive yakatemerwa kutonga nyika? Kana denda richangoburwa rakatidzidzisa chero chinhu, ndezvekuti zvakaoma kuti vanhu vafungidzire kukura kwakanyanya nekuti hakuenderane nechero chinhu chatinosangana nacho muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Ehe, zita uye pfungwa yeInternet inotangira NSFNET. Iyo Internet protocol yakagadzirwa muna 1974, uye kunyange NSFNET isati yasvika pakanga paine network yaitaurirana pamusoro peIP. Takatotaura nezve ARPANET neMILNET. Nekudaro, handina kukwanisa kuwana chero kutaurwa nezve "internet" - imwe chete, network yepasi rose yemanetiweki - kusati kwauya yezvikamu zvitatu zveNSFNET.
Huwandu hwemambure mukati meInternet hwakakura pamwero wakafanana, kubva ku170 muna Chikunguru 1988 kusvika 3500 mukupera kwa1991. Sezvo nzanga yesainzi isingazivi miganhu, vazhinji vavo vakanga vari kunze kwenyika, kutanga nekubatana neFrance neCanada yakatangwa mu 1988. Pakazosvika 1995, nyika dzinoda kusvika 100 dzaikwanisa kuwana Indaneti, kubva kuAlgeria kusvika kuVietnam. Uye kunyangwe huwandu hwemichina nema network zviri nyore kuverenga kupfuura nhamba yevashandisi chaivo, maererano nefungidziro inonzwisisika, pakupera kwa1994 pakanga paine 10-20 mamirioni. panguva yaishandiswa Indaneti, zvakaoma chaizvo kusimbisa izvi kana imwe tsananguro yenhoroondo yekukura kunoshamisa zvakadaro. Muunganidzwa muduku wengano nezvinyorwa hazvigoni kutsanangura kuti makombiyuta 1991 1992 akabatana sei neIndaneti kubva muna January 350 kusvika January 000, uyezve 600 000 gore rinotevera, uye mamwe mamiriyoni 1,1 gore rinotevera.
Nekudaro, ini ndichapinda munharaunda iyi ine hunyanzvi uye ndinopokana kuti masaisai matatu anopindirana evashandisi ane chekuita nekukura kweInternet, mumwe nemumwe aine zvikonzero zvake zvekubatanidza, akafambiswa nepfungwa isingachinjiki. , iyo inotaura kuti kukosha (uye naizvozvo simba rekukwezva) retiweki rinowedzera se square yenhamba yevatori vechikamu.
Vesainzi vakauya pekutanga. NSF nemaune yakaparadzira computation kumayunivhesiti akawanda sezvinobvira. Mushure maizvozvo, musayendisiti wese aida kujoina chirongwa ichi nekuti vamwe vese vaive vatovapo. Kana maemail angasasvika kwauri, kana iwe usingaone kana kutora chikamu munhaurirano dzichangoburwa dzeUsenet, unotadza kupotsa chiziviso chemusangano wakakosha, mukana wekuwana chipangamazano, kushaya tsvakiridzo yekucheka isati yaburitswa, zvichingodaro. . Kunzwa kumanikidzwa kujoinha nhaurirano dzesainzi pamhepo, mayunivhesiti akakurumidza kubatana kune network dzedunhu dzinogona kuvabatanidza nemusana weNSFNET. Semuenzaniso, NEARNET, iyo yaibata matunhu matanhatu mudunhu reNew England, yakanga yawana nhengo dzinopfuura mazana maviri mukutanga kwema1990.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwana kwakatanga kudzika kubva kuvadzidzisi uye vakapedza kudzidza kuenda kunharaunda yakakura yevadzidzi. Pakazosvika 1993, vangangoita makumi manomwe muzana evatsva veHarvard vaive nekero yeemail. Pakazosvika nguva iyoyo, iyo Internet paHarvard yakanga yasvika mumuviri makona ese uye masangano akabatana. kuitira kupa Ethernet kwete kuchivako chese chechikoro chedzidzo, asiwo kune ese madormitories evadzidzi. Chokwadi hazvingatore nguva yakareba kuti mumwe wevadzidzi ave wekutanga kugumburwa mukamuri rake mushure mehusiku hwedutu, akawira pachigaro uye achinetseka kunyora email yaakazvidemba kutumira mangwanani akatevera - kungave kuziviswa kwerudo kana kutuka nehasha.
Muchikamu chinotevera, chakapoteredza 1990, vashandisi vekutengesa vakatanga kusvika. Gore iroro, 1151 .com domains were registered. Vatori vechikamu vekutanga vekutengeserana vaive madhipatimendi ekutsvagisa emakambani ehunyanzvi (Bell Labs, Xerox, IBM, nezvimwewo). Ivo vainyanya kushandisa network kune zvinangwa zvesainzi. Kukurukurirana kwebhizinesi pakati pevatungamiriri vavo kwakapfuura nemamwe ma network. Zvisinei, muna 1994 Patova nemazita anopfuura 60 mu .com domain, uye kuita mari paInternet kwakatanga nemoyo wose.
Pakazosvika makore ekuma1980, makomputa akatanga kuve chikamu chebasa remazuva ese uye hupenyu hwepamba hwevagari vemuUS, uye kukosha kwekuvapo kwedhijitari kune chero bhizinesi rakakomba kwakava pachena. Email yakapa nzira yekuchinjanisa mameseji zviri nyore uye nekukurumidza zvakanyanya nevaunoshanda navo, vatengi uye vatengesi. Zvinyorwa zvetsamba uye Usenet zvakapa nzira mbiri nyowani dzekufambirana nebudiriro munharaunda yehunyanzvi uye mafomu matsva ekushambadzira zvakachipa kune vakasiyana-siyana vashandisi. Kuburikidza neInternet zvaigoneka kuwana zvakasiyana siyana zvemahara dhatabhesi - zvemutemo, zvekurapa, zvemari nezvematongerwo enyika. Nezuro vadzidzi vaiwana mabasa uye vachigara mudzimba dzekurara dzakabatana vakadanana neInternet sezvakangoita vavanoshandira. Iyo yakapa mukana kune yakakura kwazvo seti yevashandisi kupfuura chero yega yega masevhisi ekutengesa (Metcalfe's Law zvakare). Mushure mekubhadhara kwemwedzi wese kuwana internet, zvimwe zvese zvese zvaive zvemahara, kusiyana nemari yakawandisa paawa kana meseji inodiwa neCompuServe nemamwe masevhisi akafanana. Vakatanga kupinda mumusika weInternet vaisanganisira makambani e-mail, akadai seThe Corner Store yeLitchfield, Connecticut, iyo yakashambadzirwa mumapoka eUsenet, uye The Online Bookstore, e-book store yakavambwa neaimbova mupepeti weLittle, Brown and Company, uye mamwe makore gumi pamberi peKindle.
Uye kwakauya danho rechitatu rekukura, richiunza vatengi vemazuva ese vakatanga kuenda online muhuwandu hukuru pakati pe1990s. Panguva ino, Mutemo weMetcalfe wakanga watoshanda mugiya repamusoro. Kuwedzera, βkuva paIndanetiβ kwaireva βkuva paIndaneti. Vatengi vaisakwanisa kuwedzera mitsara yekirasi yeT1 yakatsaurirwa kudzimba dzavo, saka vanenge vaigara vachiwana Internet kuburikidza. . Takatoona chikamu cheiyi nyaya apo zvekutengesa BBSs zvishoma nezvishoma zvakashanduka kuita Internet vanopa. Shanduko iyi yakabatsira vese vashandisi (vane dziva redhijitari rakangoerekana rakura kusvika kugungwa) uye maBBS ivo pachavo, vakatamira kune bhizinesi rakareruka remurevereri pakati penharembozha neInternet "backbone" throughput muT1, pasina chikonzero chekuchengetedza. mabasa avo.
Masevhisi makuru epamhepo akagadzirwa nenzira imwecheteyo. Pakazosvika 1993, ese masevhisi emunyika muUnited States-Prodigy, CompuServe, GEnie, uye kambani ichangoburwa America Online (AOL)-vakapa vakasanganiswa 3,5 miriyoni vashandisi kugona kutumira email kumakero eInternet. Uye chete iyo yakasara Delphi (ine 100 vanyoreri) yakapa mukana wakazara kuInternet. Zvisinei, mumakore mashomanana akatevera, kukosha kwekuwana Indaneti, iyo yakaramba ichikura pamwero weexponential, yakakurumidza kudarika kusvika kune maforamu evaridzi, mitambo, zvitoro uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekutengeserana mabasa pachavo. 000 yaive shanduko - pakasvika Gumiguru, 1996% yevashandisi vaienda online vaishandisa WWW, zvichienzaniswa ne73% gore rapfuura. Izwi idzva rakagadzirwa, "portal," kutsanangura zvakasara zvemasevhisi anopihwa neAOL, Prodigy nemamwe makambani ayo vanhu vakabhadhara mari kuti vangopinda paInternet.
Chinhu chakavanzika
Saka, isu tine pfungwa yakaoma yekuti iyo Internet yakakura sei pamwero unoputika, asi isu hatisati tanyatso nzwisisa kuti sei zvakaitika. Sei zvakava nesimba zvakanyanya apo pakanga paine akasiyana siyana mamwe masevhisi aiedza kukura kuva akaatangira? ?
Chokwadi, rubatsiro rwehurumende rwakaita basa. Pamusoro pekupa mari musana, NSF payakafunga kuisa mari mukusimudzira network yakazvimirira pachirongwa chayo che supercomputing, haina kutambisa nguva pazvinhu zvidiki. Vatungamiri vepfungwa vechirongwa cheNSFNET, Steve Wolfe naJane Cavines, vakasarudza kuvaka kwete network yemakomputa makuru, asi ruzivo rutsva rwemakoreji eAmerica nemayunivhesiti. Saka vakagadzira chirongwa cheConnections, icho chakatora chikamu chemutengo wekubatanidza mayunivhesiti kune network mukutsinhana ivo vachipa vanhu vazhinji sevanobvira kuwana kune network pamakampasi avo. Izvi zvakawedzera kupararira kweInternet zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Zvisina kunanga, nekuti mazhinji emambure ematunhu akatanga mabhizinesi ekutengesa akashandisa zvakafanana nerubatsiro zvivakwa kutengesa kuwanikwa kweInternet kumasangano ekutengesa.
Asi Minitel aivewo nerubatsiro. Nekudaro, chaisiyanisa iyo Internet zvakanyanya kupfuura zvese yaive yayo yakawanda-layered decentralized dhizaini uye yayo yekuzvarwa kuchinjika. IP yakabvumira network ine zvimiro zvakasiyana zvachose zvemuviri kushanda neiyo yakafanana kero system, uye TCP yakave nechokwadi chekuendeswa kwemapaketi kune anogamuchira. Ndizvo zvose. Kureruka kweiyo basic network operation scheme yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera chero application kwairi. Zvakakosha, chero mushandisi anogona kupa hutsva hutsva kana akakwanisa kugonesa vamwe kushandisa chirongwa chake. Semuenzaniso, kutumira mafaira uchishandisa FTP yaive imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira dzekushandisa Indaneti mumakore ekutanga, asi zvakanga zvisingabviri kuwana maseva aipa mafaira aunofarira kunze kweshoko remuromo. Naizvozvo, vashandisi vanoita zvemabhizinesi vakagadzira akasiyana maprotocol ekunyora uye kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zveFTP maseva - semuenzaniso, Gopher, Archie uye Veronica.
Zvichinzi, pakanga paine kuchinjika kwakafanana, pamwe nekuropafadzwa zviri pamutemo kwemasangano epasi rose uye hofori dzenharembozha kuti dzishande sechiyero cheinternet. Nekudaro, mukuita, munda wakaramba uine TCP / IP, uye mukana wayo wakasarudzika yaive kodhi yakatanga kutanga pazviuru uyezve pamamiriyoni emichina.
Kuchinjisa application layer control kusvika kumacheto chaiwo etiweki kwatungamira kune imwe mhedzisiro yakakosha. Ikoku kwakareva kuti masangano makuru, akarovedzana nokutarisira nzvimbo yawo amene yebasa, aigona kunzwa akasununguka. Masangano aikwanisa kuseta ega maemail maseva uye kutumira nekugamuchira maemail pasina zvese zviri mukati zvichichengetwa pakombuta yemumwe munhu. Vaigona kunyoresa mazita avo emadomasi, kumisa mawebhusaiti avo anowanikwa nemunhu wese paInternet, asi vachengete zvizere pasi pesimba ravo.
Nomuzvarirwo, iwo muenzaniso unoshamisa weakawanda-layered chimiro uye decentralization ndiyo World Wide Web. Kwemakumi maviri emakore, masisitimu kubva kumakomputa ekugovana nguva e1960s kuenda kumasevhisi akaita seCompuServe neMinitel aitenderedza padiki diki remasevhisi ekuchinjana ruzivo - email, maforamu nemakamuri ekutaura. Dandemutande rave chinhu chitsva chose. Mazuva ekutanga ewebhu, payaive nemapeji akasiyana, akagadzirwa nemaoko, haana kufanana nezvaari nhasi. Nekudaro, kusvetuka kubva pane chinongedzo kuenda kune chinongedzo changa chave nechikumbiro chisinganzwisisike, uye zvakapa mabhizinesi mukana wekupa zvakachipa kushambadzira uye rutsigiro rwevatengi. Hapana yeinternet architect yakarongerwa webhu. Chaive chibereko chehunyanzvi hwaTim Berners-Lee, injinjiniya wekuBritain kuEuropean Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), akazvigadzira muna 1990 aine chinangwa chekugovera ruzivo zviri nyore pakati pevaongorori vemurabhoritari. Zvisinei, yaigara nyore paTCP/IP uye yakashandisa zita rezita rezita rakagadzirirwa zvimwe zvinangwa zveubiquitous URLs. Chero ani ane mukana weInternet anogona kugadzira webhusaiti, uye pakati pemakore ekuma90, zvaiita sekunge munhu wese ari kuzviita - horo dzemaguta, mapepanhau emunharaunda, mabhizimisi maduku, uye hobbyists emarudzi ose.
Privatization
Ndakasiya zviitiko zvishoma zvakakosha munyaya ino pamusoro pekusimuka kweInternet, uye unogona kusara uine mibvunzo mishoma. Semuyenzaniso, mabhizinesi nevatengi vakawana sei mukana weInternet, iyo yaive yakatarisana neNSFNET, network yeUS inotsigirwa nemari nehurumende yeUS yaida kushandira nharaunda yekutsvagisa? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, munyaya inotevera tichadzokera kuzvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha zvandisati ndataura nokuda kwenguva ino; zviitiko izvo zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvisingadzivisiki zvakashandura nyika yesainzi Internet kuita yakavanzika uye yekutengesa.
Chii chimwe chekuverenga
- Janet Abatte, Kugadzira Indaneti (1999)
- Karen D. Fraser "NSFNET: Kudyidzana kweHigh-Speed ββββNetworking, Final Report" (1996)
- John S. Quarterman, The Matrix (1990)
- Peter H. Salus, Kukanda mambure (1995)
Source: www.habr.com