Gore rino iyo Linux kernel inoshandura makore makumi maviri nemanomwe. OS yakavakirwa pazviri makambani mazhinji, masangano ehurumende, masangano ekutsvagisa uye pasi rese.
Kweanopfuura chikamu chechina chezana, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakaburitswa (kusanganisira paHabré) zvichitaura nezvezvikamu zvakasiyana zvenhoroondo yeLinux. Mune ino nhevedzano yezvishandiso, isu takasarudza kuratidza zvakanyanya kukosha uye zvinonakidza chokwadi chine chekuita neiyi sisitimu yekushandisa.
Ngatitangei nebudiriro yakatangira Linux uye nhoroondo yekutanga vhezheni yekernel.
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Nguva ye "free market"
Kubuda kweLinux chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yekuvhura sosi software. Kuberekwa kweiyi sisitimu yekushandisa inokwereta zvakanyanya kune mazano uye maturusi akaumbwa uye "akura" kwemakumi emakore pakati pevagadziri. Naizvozvo, chekutanga, ngatitendeukei kune kwakabva "open source movement."
Mukutanga kwema50, software zhinji muUnited States yakagadzirwa nevashandi vekumayunivhesiti uye marabhoritari uye. pasina zvirambidzo. Izvi zvakaitirwa kurerutsa kupanana ruzivo munharaunda yesainzi. Yekutanga yakavhurika sosi mhinduro yenguva iyoyo system A-2, yakanyorerwa UNIVAC Remington Rand komputa muna 1953.
Mumakore mamwe chete iwayo, boka rekutanga revagadziri vemahara software, SHARE, rakaumbwa. Vakashanda maererano nemuenzaniso" Mhedzisiro yebasa reboka iri kusvika kumagumo e50s OS yezita rimwe chete.
Iyi sisitimu (uye zvimwe SHARE zvigadzirwa) kubva kuvagadziri vemidziyo yemakomputa. Nekuda kwemutemo wavo wekuvhurika, vakakwanisa kupa vatengi kwete hardware chete, asiwo software pasina imwe mari.
Kusvika kweCommerce uye Kuzvarwa kweUnix
Muna 1959, Applied Data Research (ADR) yakagamuchira order kubva kusangano reRCA - chirongwa chekuzadzikisa otomatiki kwemachati. Vagadziri vakapedza basa, asi havana kubvumirana neRCA pamutengo. Kuti isa "kurasa" chigadzirwa chakapedzwa, ADR yakagadziridza mhinduro ye IBM 1401 papuratifomu ndokutanga kuishandisa yakazvimirira. Nekudaro, kutengesa kwanga kusiri kwakanyanya, sezvo vashandisi vazhinji vaive vakamirira imwe yemahara kune ADR mhinduro iyo IBM yaironga.
ADR haina kukwanisa kubvumidza kuburitswa kwechigadzirwa chemahara chine mashandiro akafanana. Naizvozvo, mugadziri Martin Goetz anobva kuADR akaisa patent yechirongwa uye muna 1968 akava wekutanga munhoroondo yeUS. zvake. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi nguva yekutengeserana muindasitiri yekusimudzira - kubva ku "bhonasi" kuenda kune Hardware, software yashanduka kuita yakazvimirira chigadzirwa.
Panguva imwecheteyo, boka diki revagadziri kubva kuBell Labs pamusoro peiyo inoshanda sisitimu yePDP-7 minicomputer - Unix. Unix yakagadzirwa seimwe nzira kune imwe OS - Multics.
Iyo yekupedzisira yakanga yakanyanya kuoma uye yakashanda chete pamapuratifomu eGE-600 uye Honeywell 6000. Yakanyorwazve muSI, Unix yaifanirwa kunge inotakurika uye iri nyore kushandisa (zvikuru nekuda kweiyo hierarchical file system ine imwechete midzi dhairekitori).
Muma50s, iyo AT&T inobata, iyo panguva iyoyo yaisanganisira Bell Labs, chibvumirano nehurumende yeUS inorambidza mubatanidzwa kutengesa software. Nechikonzero ichi, vashandisi vekutanga veUnix - masangano esainzi - OS source code ndeyemahara.
AT&T yakabva kune pfungwa yekugovera software yemahara mukutanga 80s. Semagumo Mushure mekupatsanura mubatanidzwa mumakambani akati wandei, kurambidzwa kwekutengeswa kwesoftware kwakamira kushanda, uye kubata kwakamira kugovera Unix mahara. Vagadziri vakatyisidzirwa nematare ekugovaniswa kusingatenderwe kwekodhi kodhi. Kutyisidzirwa kwacho kwanga kusiri kwepasi - kubvira 1980, zvirongwa zvekombuta zvave pasi pekodzero dzekodzero muUnited States.
Havasi vese vanogadzira vakagutsikana nemamiriro akarairwa neAT&T. Boka revanofarira kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley vakatanga kutsvaga imwe mhinduro. Muma70s, chikoro chakagamuchira rezinesi kubva kuAT&T, uye vanofarira vakatanga kugadzira kugovera kutsva kwakavakirwa pairi, iyo yakazove Unix Berkeley Software Distribution, kana BSD.
Iyo yakavhurika Unix-yakafanana system yakabudirira, iyo yakabva yaonekwa neAT&T. Company kudare, uye vanyori veBSD vaifanira kubvisa nekutsiva ese eiyo Unix source code inobatanidzwa. Izvi zvakadzikisira kuwedzera kweBerkeley Software Distribution zvishoma mumakore iwayo. Iyo yazvino vhezheni yehurongwa yakaburitswa muna 1994, asi chokwadi chekubuda kweiyo yemahara uye yakavhurika OS yakava chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yemapurojekiti akavhurika sosi.
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Kudzokera kune kwakabva software yemahara
Mukupera kwe70s, vashandi veMassachusetts Institute of Technology mutyairi weprinta yakaiswa mune imwe yekirasi. Apo jamu repepa rakakonzera mutsara wemabasa ekudhinda, vashandisi vakagamuchira chiziviso chichivakumbira kuti vagadzirise dambudziko racho. Gare gare, dhipatimendi rakawana printer itsva, iyo vashandi vaida kuwedzera basa rakadaro. Asi nokuda kweizvi taida kodhi yekodhi yemutyairi wekutanga. Vashandi vepurogiramu Richard M. Stallman akakumbira kubva kune vaaishanda navo, asi akarambwa - zvakazoitika kuti iyi yaiva ruzivo rwakavanzika.
Ichi chidiki chidiki chinogona kunge chave chimwe chezvakaipisisa munhoroondo yemahara software. Stallman akatsamwa nechimiro chaivepo. Akanga asiri kufara nezvirambidzo zvakaiswa pakugovera sosi kodhi munzvimbo yeIT. Naizvozvo, Stallman akasarudza kugadzira yakavhurika sisitimu yekushandisa uye kubvumira vanofarira kuti vashandure vakasununguka kwairi.
MunaGunyana 1983, akazivisa kusikwa kweGNU Project - GNU's Not UNIX ("GNU haisi Unix"). Yakanga yakavakirwa pamanifesto yakashandawo sehwaro hwerezinesi resoftware remahara - iyo GNU General Public License (GPL). Iyi nhanho yakaratidza kutanga kweiyo inoshanda yakavhurika sosi software kufamba.
Makore mashomanana gare gare, purofesa weVrije Universiteit Amsterdam Andrew S. Tanenbaum akagadzira Unix-like Minix system semudziyo wekudzidzisa. Aida kuita kuti iwanike sezvinobvira kuvadzidzi. Mubudisi webhuku rake, rakauya neOS, zvishoma pamutengo wezita wekushanda nehurongwa. Andrew nemuparidzi vakasvika pakubvumirana pamutengo werezinesi wemadhora makumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe. Mukutanga 69s Minix mukurumbira pakati pevagadziri. Uye akanga akatemerwa hwaro hwekuvandudza kweLinux.
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Kuberekwa kweLinux uye yekutanga kugoverwa
Muna 1991, mudiki programmer kubva kuYunivhesiti yeHelsinki, Linus Torvalds, akange achigona Minix. Kuedza kwake neOS kushanda pane kernel itsva zvachose. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 25, Linus akaronga ongororo yakavhurika yeboka revashandisi veMinix pamusoro pezvavasina kufara nazvo muOS iyi, uye akazivisa kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hutsva hwekushandisa. Tsamba yaNyamavhuvhu ine akati wandei akakosha mapoinzi nezve ramangwana OS:
- hurongwa huchave hwakasununguka;
- iyo sisitimu ichafanana neMinix, asi iyo kodhi kodhi ichave yakasiyana zvachose;
- iyo sisitimu haizove "yakakura uye nyanzvi seGNU."
Nyamavhuvhu 25 inoonekwa sekuzvarwa kweLinux. Linus pachake kubva kune rimwe zuva - Gunyana 17. Pakanga pari pamusi uyu paakaisa yekutanga kuburitswa kweLinux (0.01) kune FTP server uye akatumira email kune vanhu vakaratidza kufarira chiziviso chake uye ongororo. Izwi rekuti "Freaks" rakachengetedzwa mune kodhi kodhi yekutanga kuburitswa. Ndizvo zvakarongwa naTorvalds kudana kernel yake (musanganiswa wemazwi "mahara", "freak" uye Unix). Iyo FTP sevha maneja haana kuda zita uye akatumidza purojekiti kuLinux.
Zvakatevedzana zvekuvandudza zvakatevera. Muna Gumiguru wegore rimwe chetero, kernel vhezheni 0.02 yakaburitswa, uye muna Zvita - 0.11. Linux yakatanga kugoverwa pasina rezinesi reGPL. Izvi zvaireva kuti vanogadzira vaigona kushandisa kernel nekuigadzirisa, asi vaive vasina kodzero yekutengesa zvakare mhedzisiro yebasa ravo. Kutanga muna Kukadzi 1992, zvirambidzo zvese zvekutengesa zvakabviswa - nekuburitswa kweshanduro 0.12, Torvalds akachinja rezinesi kuita GNU GPL v2. Iyi nhanho Linus akazodaidza chimwe chezvinhu zvinotaridza budiriro yeLinux.
Kuzivikanwa kweLinux pakati pevagadziri veMinix kwakakura. Kwenguva yakati, nhaurirano dzakaitika mucomp.os.minix Usenet feed. Pakutanga kwa92, musiki weMinix Andrew Tanenbaum akatanga munharaunda nezve kernel architecture, ichiti "Linux haichashandi." Chikonzero, mumaonero ake, yaive monolithic OS kernel, iyo mune akati wandei paramita yakaderera kune Minix microkernel. Chimwe chichemo cheTanenbaum chine chekuita ne "kusungirirwa" kweLinux kune x86 processor mutsara, iyo, maererano nekufanotaura kwepurofesa, yaifanirwa kunyura mukukanganisika munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Linus pachake nevashandisi veese masystem masisitimu vakapinda mugakava. Nekuda kwegakava, nharaunda yakakamurwa kuita misasa miviri, uye vatsigiri veLinux vakawana yavo yekudya - comp.os.linux.
Nharaunda yakashanda kuwedzera kushanda kweiyo yekutanga vhezheni - yekutanga madhiraivha uye faira system yakagadziridzwa. Mavhezheni ekutanga eLinux pamafloppy disks maviri uye aisanganisira bhutsu dhisiki ine kernel uye mudzi dhisiki yakaisa iyo faira system uye akati wandei mapurogiramu kubva kuGNU toolkit.
Zvishoma nezvishoma, nharaunda yakatanga kugadzira yekutanga Linux-based distributions. Mazhinji ekutanga mavhezheni akagadzirwa nevanofarira kwete makambani.
Kugovera kwekutanga, MCC Interim Linux, yakagadzirwa zvichibva pane vhezheni 0.12 muna Kukadzi 1992. Munyori waro mugadziri kubva kuComputer Center yeYunivhesiti yeManchester - kuvandudza se "kuyedza" kuitira kubvisa zvimwe zvinokanganisa mukugadzirisa kernel uye kuwedzera akati wandei mabasa.
Nenguva isipi, nhamba yekugovera tsika yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Mazhinji acho akaramba ari mapurojekiti emuno, "»hapana anopfuura makore mashanu, semuenzaniso, Softlanding Linux System (SLS). Nekudaro, pakanga paine zvakare kugovera kwakakwanisa kwete chete kuwana mukana mumusika, asi zvakare zvakanyanya kupesvedzera kuenderera mberi kwemapurojekiti akavhurika sosi. Muna 1993, kugoverwa kuviri kwakaburitswa - Slackware neDebian - izvo zvakatanga shanduko huru muindasitiri yemahara software.
Debian Ian Murdock nerutsigiro kubva kuStallman Free Software Foundation. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa se "sleek" imwe nzira kune SLS. Debian ichiri kutsigirwa nhasi uye iripo kuvandudzwa kwakavakirwa paLinux. Pahwaro hwayo, zvakare, akati wandei mamwe makiti ekugovera akakosha munhoroondo yekernel akagadzirwa - semuenzaniso, Ubuntu.
Kana iri Slackware, ndeimwe yekutanga uye yakabudirira Linux-yakavakirwa chirongwa. Shanduro yayo yekutanga yakabudiswa muna 1993. By , mushure memakore maviri, Slackware yakaverengera 80% yeLinux kumisikidzwa. Uye makumi emakore gare gare kugoverwa yakakurumbira pakati pevagadziri.
Muna 1992, kambani SUSE (chidimbu cheSoftware- und System-Entwicklung - software uye masisitimu kuvandudza) yakavambwa muGermany. Ndiye wekutanga Linux-yakavakirwa zvigadzirwa zvevatengi vebhizinesi. Yekutanga kugovera iyo SUSE yakatanga kushanda nayo yaive Slackware, yakagadziridzwa vashandisi vanotaura chiGerman.
Kubva panguva ino iyo nguva yekutengeserana munhoroondo yeLinux inotanga, yatichataura nezvayo munyaya inotevera.
Zvinyorwa kubva kune corporate blog 1cloud.ru:
Source: www.habr.com