Nhanganyaya kune SSDs. Chikamu 1. Nhoroondo

Kudzidza nhoroondo yemadhisiki ndiko kutanga kwerwendo rwekunzwisisa misimboti yekushanda kweiyo solid-state drives. Chikamu chekutanga chezvinyorwa zvedu zvakatevedzana, "Introduction to SSDs," ichatora rwendo rwenhoroondo uye inokubvumira kuti unzwisise zvakajeka musiyano uripo pakati peSSD nemukwikwidzi wayo wepedyo, HDD.

Pasinei nekuwanda kwezvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchengetedza ruzivo, mukurumbira weHDDs uye SSD munguva yedu hazvirambiki. Musiyano uripo pakati peaya marudzi maviri ekutyaira uri pachena kune munhuwo zvake: SSD inodhura uye nekukurumidza, nepo HDD yakachipa uye yakawanda.

Kunyanya kucherechedzwa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune chiyero chekuyerwa kwesimba rekuchengetedza: munhoroondo, desimali prefixes senge kilo uye mega inonzwisiswa muchimiro cheruzivo tekinoroji sechigumi nemakumi maviri masimba maviri. Kubvisa nyonganiso, mabhinari prefixes kibi-, mebi- nemamwe akaunzwa. Kusiyana pakati pemabhokisi e-set-top kunova kuoneka sezvo vhoriyamu inowedzera: kana uchitenga 240 gigabyte disk, unogona kuchengeta 223.5 gigabytes yeruzivo pairi.

Dzvanya munhoroondo

Kuvandudzwa kweiyo yekutanga hard drive kwakatanga muna 1952 neIBM. Musi waGunyana 14, 1956, mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yebudiriro yakaziviswa - iyo IBM 350 Model 1. Iyo drive yaive ne3.75 mebibytes yedata ine zvimiro zvisina mwero: 172 masendimita pakureba, 152 masendimita pakureba uye 74 masendimita muhupamhi. Mukati maive nemadhisiki matete makumi mashanu akaputirwa nesimbi yakachena uye dhayamita ye50 mm (610 inches). Avhareji yenguva yekutsvaga data pa diski yakatora ~ 24 ms.

Nekufamba kwenguva, IBM yakaramba ichivandudza tekinoroji. Yakatangwa muna 1961 IBM 1301 ine simba re 18.75 megabytes ine misoro yekuverenga pandiro imwe neimwe. IN IBM 1311 removable disk cartridges akaonekwa, uye kubva 1970, yekuona kukanganisa uye kugadzirisa system yakaunzwa muIBM 3330. Makore matatu gare gare akaoneka IBM 3340 inozivikanwa se "Winchester".

Winchester (kubva kuChirungu Winchester pfuti) - iro zita rakajairika repfuti nepfuti dzakagadzirwa neWinchester Repeating Arms Company muUSA muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore reXNUMX. Idzi dzaive imwe yepfuti dzekutanga dzakadzokororwa dzakave dzakakurumbira pakati pevatengi. Vakanga vane chikwereti chezita ravo kune muvambi wekambani, Oliver Fisher Winchester.

Iyo IBM 3340 yaive nemaspindle maviri e30 MiB imwe neimwe, ndosaka mainjiniya akadana disc iri "30-30". Iri zita raiyeuchidza pfuti yeWinchester Model 1894 mu.30-30 Winchester, vachitungamira Kenneth Haughton, akatungamira kugadzirwa kweIBM 3340, kuti "Kana iri 30-30, inofanira kunge iri Winchester." a 30 -30, saka inofanira kunge iri Winchester."). Kubva ipapo, kwete pfuti chete, asiwo madhiraivha anonzi "hard drive".

Mamwe makore matatu gare gare, IBM 3350 "Madrid" yakaburitswa iine 14-inch platters uye nguva yekuwana ye25 ms.

Yekutanga SSD drive yakagadzirwa naDataram muna 1976. Iyo Dataram BulkCore drive yaive nechassis ine sere RAM memory sticks ine huwandu hwe256 KB imwe neimwe. Kuenzaniswa neyokutanga hard drive, BulkCore yaive diki: 50,8 cm kureba, 48,26 cm yakafara uye 40 cm kureba. Panguva imwecheteyo, nguva yekuwana data mumuenzaniso uyu yaingova 750 ns, iyo inokurumidza 30000 nguva kupfuura yazvino HDD drive panguva iyoyo.

Muna 1978, Shugart Technology yakavambwa, iyo gore rakazoshandura zita rayo kuita Seagate Technology kudzivirira kunetsana neShugart Associates. Mushure memakore maviri ebasa, Seagate yakaburitsa ST-506 - yekutanga hard drive yemakomputa emunhu ari mu5.25-inch fomu factor uye ine huwandu hwe5 MiB.

Pamusoro pekubuda kweShugart Technology, 1978 yakarangarirwa nekuburitswa kwekutanga Enterprise SSD kubva StorageTek. Iyo StorageTek STC 4305 yakabata 45 MiB yedata. Iyi SSD yakagadziridzwa seyakatsiva iyo IBM 2305, yakanga ine zviyero zvakafanana uye inodhura zvinoshamisa $400.

Muna 1982, SSD yakapinda mumusika wekombuta wega. Kambani yeAxlon iri kugadzira SSD dhisiki pane RAM machipisi anonzi RAMDISK 320 zvakanangana neApple II. Sezvo dhiraivha yakasikwa pahwaro hwekusagadzikana kwendangariro, bhatiri rakapihwa mukiti kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko. Kuwanda kwebhatiri kwakakwana kwemaawa matatu ekushanda kwekuzvidzivirira kana simba rakapera.

Kwapera gore, Rodime achaburitsa yekutanga RO352 10 MiB hard drive mune 3.5-inch fomu chinhu chinozivikanwa nevashandisi vemazuva ano. Kunyangwe ichokwadi chekuti iyi ndiyo yekutanga yekutengesa dhiraivha mune iyi fomu chinhu, Rodime haana chaakaita chinhu chitsva.

Chekutanga chigadzirwa mune iyi fomu chinhu chinoonekwa se floppy drive yakaunzwa naTandon uye Shugart Associates. Zvakare, Seagate neMiniScribe vakabvuma kutora iyo 3.5-inch indasitiri chiyero, vachisiya Rodime kumashure, iyo yakatarisana ne "patent troll" uye kubuda kwakazara kubva kudhiraivha yekugadzira indasitiri.

Muna 1980, injiniya weToshiba, Muzvinafundo Fujio Masuoka, akanyoresa patent yemhando itsva yendangariro inonzi NOR Flash memory. Budiriro yakatora makore mana.

NOR ndangariro ndeyemhando yepamusoro 2D matrix yemakondakita, umo sero rimwe rinoiswa pamharadzano yemitsara nemakoramu (anofananidzwa nendangariro pane magineti cores).

Muna 1984, Muzvinafundo Masuoka akataura nezve kugadzirwa kwake kuInternational Electronics Developers Meeting, uko Intel yakakurumidza kuziva vimbiso yebudiriro iyi. Toshiba, kwaishanda Muzvinafundo Masuoka, haana kufunga Flash memory sechinhu chakakosha, uye saka akateedzera chikumbiro chaIntel chekugadzira akati wandei prototypes ekudzidza.

Kufarira kweIntel mukusimudzira kwaFujio kwakakurudzira Toshiba kugovera mainjiniya mashanu kubatsira purofesa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutengesa chigadzirwa. Intel, zvakare, yakakanda mazana matatu evashandi mukugadzira yayo vhezheni yeFlash memory.

Nepo Intel naToshiba vaive vachigadzira budiriro mumunda weFlash storage, zviitiko zviviri zvakakosha zvakaitika muna 1986. Chekutanga, SCSI, seti yezvibvumirano zvekutaurirana pakati pemakomputa nemidziyo yekutenderera, yakamisikidzwa zviri pamutemo. Kechipiri, iyo AT Attachment (ATA) interface, inozivikanwa pasi pezita rechiratidzo, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), yakagadziridzwa, nekuda kweiyo drive controller yakafambiswa mukati medhiraivha.

Kwemakore matatu, Fujio Mausoka akashanda kuvandudza Flash memory tekinoroji uye pakazosvika 1987 akagadzira NAND memory.

NAND ndangariro ndiyo imwechete NOR ndangariro, yakarongwa kuita matatu-dimensional array. Musiyano mukuru waive wekuti iyo algorithm yekuwana sero yega yega yakawedzera kuomarara, nzvimbo yesero yakava diki, uye huwandu hwese hwakawedzera zvakanyanya.

Kwapera gore, Intel yakagadzira yayo NOR Flash memory, uye Digipro akaita drive pairi inonzi Flashdisk. Iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeFlashdisk mune yayo yakanyanya kurongeka yaive ne16 MiB yedata uye inodhura isingasviki $500.

Mukupera kwema80s uye ekutanga 90s, hard drive vagadziri vakakwikwidza kuita madhiraivha madiki. Muna 1989, PrairieTek yakaburitsa PrairieTek 220 20 MiB drive mune 2.5-inch form factor. Makore maviri gare gare, Integral Peripherals inogadzira iyo Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" disc ine vhoriyamu imwechete, asi yatova 1.8 inches. Kwapera gore, Hewlett-Packard akadzikisa saizi yedhisiki kusvika 1.3 inches.

Seagate yakaramba yakatendeka kumadhiraivha mu 3.5-inch fomu chinhu uye ichivimba nekuwedzera kumhanya kwekutenderera, ichiburitsa yakakurumbira Barracuda modhi muna 1992, yekutanga hard drive ine spindle yekumhanya ye7200 rpm. Asi Seagate yaisazomira ipapo. Muna 1996, madhiraivha kubva kumutsara weSeagate Cheetah akasvika pakutenderera kwe10000 rpm, uye makore mana gare gare iyo X15 dhizaini yakaruka kusvika ku15000 rpm.

Muna 2000, iyo ATA interface yakazozivikanwa sePATA. Chikonzero cheizvi kwaive kubuda kweSerial ATA (SATA) interface ine mamwe compact waya, hot-swap rutsigiro uye yakawedzera dhata yekumhanyisa. Seagate yakatungamira pano zvakare, ichiburitsa yekutanga hard drive ine interface yakadai muna 2002.

Flash memory pakutanga yaidhura zvakanyanya kugadzira, asi mitengo yakadzikira zvakanyanya mukutanga kwe2000s. Transcend yakatora mukana weizvi, ichiburitsa SSD madhiraivha ane hunyanzvi kubva pa2003 kusvika 16 MiB muna 512. Makore matatu gare gare, Samsung neSanDisk vakabatana nekugadzirwa kwakawanda. Mugore rimwe chete, IBM yakatengesa dhisiki yayo kuHitachi.

Solid State Drives yaive ichiwedzera uye pakanga paine dambudziko riri pachena: iyo SATA interface yainonoka kupfuura iyo SSD pachayo. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iyo NVM Express Workgroup yakatanga kugadzira NVMe - yakatarwa yekuwana mapuroteni eSSD zvakananga pamusoro pePCIe bhazi, ichipfuura "murevereri" muchimiro cheSATA controller. Izvi zvaizobvumira kuwana data paPCIe bhazi kumhanya. Makore maviri gare gare, iyo yekutanga vhezheni yeiyo yakatarwa yakagadzirira, uye gore rakatevera yekutanga NVMe drive yakaonekwa.

Musiyano pakati pemazuva ano maSSD nemaHDD

Padanho remuviri, mutsauko uripo pakati peSSD neHDD unoonekwa zviri nyore: SSD haina michina zvinhu, uye ruzivo rwunochengetwa mumaseru ekurangarira. Kusavapo kwezvinhu zvinofamba zvinotungamira kukurumidza kuwana data mune chero chikamu chendangariro, zvisinei, pane muganho pahuwandu hwekunyorazve kutenderera. Nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma hwekunyorazve kutenderera kwesero rega rega, panodiwa nzira yekuyeresa - kuyera kunze kupfeka kwesero nekufambisa data pakati pemaseru. Iri basa rinoitwa nedhisiki controller.

Kuti uite kuenzanisa, iyo SSD controller inofanirwa kuziva kuti ndeapi maseru anogarwa uye ndeapi emahara. Iyo controller inokwanisa kuteedzera kurekodha kwe data musero pachayo, iyo isingagoni kutaurwa nezvekudzima. Sezvaunoziva, masisitimu anoshanda (OS) haadzime data kubva kudhisiki kana mushandisi adzima faira, asi nyora inoenderana nzvimbo dzekurangarira semahara. Iyi mhinduro inobvisa kukosha kwekumirira dhisiki kushanda kana uchishandisa HDD, asi haina kukodzera zvachose kushanda SSD. Iyo SSD drive controller inoshanda nemabyte, kwete mafaira masisitimu, uye nekudaro inoda meseji yakaparadzana kana faira radzimwa.

Aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita TRIM (Chirungu - trim) rairo, iyo iyo OS inozivisa iyo SSD disk controller kusunungura imwe nzvimbo yekurangarira. Murairo weTRIM unodzima zvachose data kubva mudhisiki. Haasi ese anoshanda masisitimu anoziva kutumira uyu murairo kune yakasimba-nyika madhiraivha, uye hardware RAID controller mu disk array mode haimbotumiri TRIM kumadhisiki.

Zvichaenderera mberi…

Muzvikamu zvinotevera tichataura nezve fomu zvinhu, yekubatanidza interfaces uye sangano remukati reakasimba-state madhiraivha.

Murabhoritari yedu Selectel Lab Iwe unogona kuzvimiririra kuyedza yazvino HDD uye SSD madhiraivha uye tora yako mhedziso.

Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. Nyorera mu, Munogamuchirwa.

Iwe unofunga kuti SSD ichakwanisa kudzinga HDD?

• 71.2%Ehe, maSSD ndiwo emangwana396

• 7.5%Kwete, nguva yemagneto-optical HDD42 iri mberi

• 21.2%Iyo yakasanganiswa vhezheni HDD + SSD118 ichahwina

556 vashandisi vakavhota. 72 vashandisi vakaramba.

Source: www.habr.com