В Muchikamu che "Introduction to SSD", takataura nezvenhoroondo yekuonekwa kwema disks. Chikamu chechipiri chichataura nezve mainterfaces ekudyidzana nemadhiraivha.
Kukurukurirana pakati pe processor uye peripheral zvishandiso kunoitika zvinoenderana neakafanotsanangurwa makongiresi anonzi interfaces. Izvi zvibvumirano zvinogadzirisa huwandu hwemuviri uye software yekudyidzana.
Interface seti yezvishandiso, nzira uye mitemo yekudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zvehurongwa.
Kuitwa kwemuviri kweiyo interface kunokanganisa zvinotevera paramita:
- kutaurirana chiteshi kugona;
- nhamba yepamusoro yezvishandiso zvakabatana panguva imwe chete;
- nhamba yezvikanganiso zvinoitika.
Disk interfaces inovakwa pairi I/O zviteshi, iyo inopesana nendangariro I/O uye haitore nzvimbo munzvimbo ye processor.
Parallel uye serial zviteshi
Zvinoenderana neiyo nzira yekutsinhana kwedata, I/O ports yakakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri:
- parallel;
- anowirirana.
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, chiteshi chengarava chakafanana chinotumira izwi remuchina rine mabhiti akati wandei panguva. A parallel port ndiyo nzira iri nyore yekutsinhanisa data, sezvo isingade yakaoma yedunhu mhinduro. Munyaya yakapfava, imwe neimwe yezwi remuchina inotumirwa pamwe chete nemutsara wayo wechiratidzo, uye mitsetse miviri yechiratidzo chesevhisi inoshandiswa kune mhinduro: Data yakagadzirira и Data yakagamuchirwa.
Parallel ports dzinoita sedzinokwira zvakanyanya pakutarisa kwekutanga: mamwe masaini mitsara anoreva kuti mabheti akawanda anotamiswa panguva uye, nekudaro, yakakwirira throughput. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemitsara yezviratidzo, kukanganisa kunoitika pakati pavo, zvichiita kuti kukanganiswa kwemashoko anoparadzirwa.
Serial ports ndiwo anopesana nemaparallel ports. Dhata inotumirwa zvishoma panguva, iyo inoderedza huwandu hwese hwemitsara yechiratidzo asi inowedzera kuoma kune I / O controller. Iyo transmitter controller inogamuchira izwi remuchina panguva uye inofanirwa kufambisa imwe diki panguva, uye inogamuchira controller iyewo inofanirwa kugashira mabheti uye nekuachengeta muhurongwa hwakafanana.
Nhamba shoma yemitsara yemasaini inokubvumira kuti uwedzere kuwanda kwekutumira meseji pasina kukanganisa.
SCSI
Diki Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) yakaonekwa kumashure muna 1978 uye yakatanga kugadzirwa kusanganisa zvishandiso zveakasiyana maprofile kuita imwe chete system. Iyo SCSI-1 yakatarwa yakapihwa yekubatanidza kusvika kumidziyo misere (pamwe chete nemutongi), senge:
- scanners;
- tepi inotyaira (streamers);
- optical drives;
- dhisiki madhiraivha uye zvimwe zvishandiso.
SCSI pakutanga yainzi Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI), asi komiti yezviyero yaisazobvumidza zita iri mushure mekambani, uye mushure mezuva rekufunga pfungwa, zita reDiki Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) rakazvarwa. "Baba" veSCSI, Larry Boucher, aida kuti acronym iite kuti "sexy", asi. Ndakaverenga “scuzzy” (“ndiudze”). Zvadaro, mataurirwo e "skazi" akaiswa zvakasimba kune iyi chiyero.
MuSCSI terminology, zvishandiso zvakabatana zvakakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri:
- Initiators;
- midziyo yakananga.
Iye anotanga anotumira murairo kune chinangwa chinoshandiswa, icho chinozotumira mhinduro kune anotanga. Initiators uye zvinangwa zvakabatana kune yakajairika SCSI bhazi, iro rine bandwidth ye1 MB/s muSCSI-5 standard.
Iyo "yakajairika bhazi" topology inoshandiswa inoisa akati wandei zvirambidzo:
- Pamagumo ebhazi, zvigadzirwa zvakakosha zvinodiwa - terminators;
- Iyo bhasi bandwidth inogoverwa pakati pemidziyo yese;
- Nhamba yepamusoro yezvishandiso zvakabatana panguva imwe chete inogumira.
Zvishandiso mubhazi zvinozivikanwa nenhamba yakasiyana inonzi SCSI Target ID. Imwe yega SCSI unit muhurongwa inomiririrwa neinenge imwe chete inonzwisisika mudziyo, iyo inotariswa uchishandisa yakasarudzika nhamba mukati mechinhu chenyama. Nhamba Yechikamu Inonzwisisika (LUN).
Mirairo yeSCSI inotumirwa se mirairo yetsanangudzo mabhuroko (Command Descriptor Block, CDB), ine kodhi yekushanda uye mirairo yemirairo. Iyo chiyero inotsanangura anopfuura mazana maviri mirairo, yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvina:
- fanira - inofanira kutsigirwa nemudziyo;
- Opsioneel - inogona kushandiswa;
- Mutengesi-zvakananga - inoshandiswa nemugadziri chaiwo;
- Zvapera - mirairo yechinyakare.
Pakati pemirairo mizhinji, matatu chete ayo anosungirwa kumidziyo:
- TEST UNIT YAGADZIRIRA - kutarisa kugadzirira kwechigadzirwa;
- KUMBIRA ZVINO - inokumbira kodhi yekukanganisa yemirairo yapfuura;
- muvhunzo - kukumbira maitiro ekutanga emudziyo.
Mushure mekugamuchira uye nekuita murairo, iyo yakanangwa mudziyo inotumira iyo yekutanga kodhi yemamiriro inotsanangura mhedzisiro yekuuraya.
Kumwe kuvandudzwa kweSCSI (SCSI-2 uye Ultra SCSI kutsanangurwa) yakawedzera rondedzero yemirairo yakashandiswa uye yakawedzera huwandu hwemidziyo yakabatana kusvika gumi nematanhatu, uye kumhanya kwekuchinjana data mubhazi kusvika 16 MB/s. Sezvo SCSI iri yakafanana interface, kuwedzera iyo data yekutsinhana frequency kwakabatana nekudzikira kwehurefu hwetambo uye zvakakonzera kusagadzikana mukushandiswa.
Kutanga neiyo Ultra-3 SCSI standard, tsigiro ye "hot plugging" yakaonekwa - yekubatanidza zvishandiso simba richiripo.
Yekutanga inozivikanwa SSD drive ine SCSI interface inogona kunzi M-Systems FFD-350, yakaburitswa muna 1995. Dhisiki yacho yakanga ine mutengo wakakwirira uye yakanga isina kupararira.
Parizvino, parallel SCSI haisi yakakurumbira dhisiki yekubatanidza interface, asi iyo yekuraira set ichiri kushingaira kushandiswa mu USB neSAS nzvimbo.
ATA/PATA
inowanikwa ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), inozivikanwawo se HOFU (Parallel ATA) yakagadzirwa neWestern Digital muna 1986. Iro zita rekushambadzira reiyo IDE chiyero (Integrated Drive Electronics) yakasimbisa kukosha kwakakosha: dhiraivha yedhiraivha yakavakirwa mudhiraivha, pane pane yakaparadzana yekuwedzera bhodhi.
Sarudzo yekuisa controller mukati medhiraivha yakagadzirisa matambudziko akati wandei kamwechete. Chekutanga, chinhambwe kubva kudhiraivha kuenda kune controller chadzikira, icho chine mhedzisiro yakanaka pane hunhu hwekutyaira. Chechipiri, iyo yakavakirwa-mukati controller "yakagadzirirwa" chete kune imwe mhando yekutyaira uye, maererano, yakachipa.
ATA, seSCSI, inoshandisa nzira yakafanana yeI / O, iyo inobata tambo dzinoshandiswa. Kuti ubatanidze madhiraivha uchishandisa IDE interface, 40-waya tambo, dzinonziwo tambo, dzinodiwa. Zvimwe zvichangobva kududzwa zvinoshandisa 80-waya zvishwe: inopfuura hafu iyo ivhu zvishwe kuderedza kupindira pakakwirira.
Iyo ATA tambo ine kubva kune maviri kusvika mana majoini, imwe yacho yakabatana neiyo mamaboard, uye imwe yese kune madhiraivha. Kana uchibatanidza midziyo miviri netambo imwe, imwe yacho inofanira kugadzirirwa se tenzi, uye yechipiri - se Muranda. Chishandiso chechitatu chinogona kubatanidzwa chete mukuverenga-chete modhi.
Nzvimbo yejumper inotsanangura basa reimwe mudziyo. Iwo mazwi Tenzi uye Muranda ane chekuita nemidziyo haana kunyatso kurongeka, sezvo neruremekedzo kune mutongi zvese zvakabatana zvishandiso zviri Varanda.
Chinhu chakakosha chitsva muATA-3 ndiko kutaridzika Kuzviongorora, Kuongorora uye Kuzivisa Tekinoroji (SMART). Makambani mashanu (IBM, Seagate, Quantum, Conner neWestern Digital) abatana nemauto uye yakamisikidzwa tekinoroji yekuongorora hutano hwemadhiraivha.
Tsigiro yeakasimba-state madhiraivha akaonekwa aine yechina vhezheni yeiyo standard, yakaburitswa muna 1998. Iyi vhezheni yeyakajairwa yakapihwa yekumhanyisa data inosvika 33.3 MB/s.
Iyo chiyero inoisa kumberi kwakasimba zvinodiwa kune ATA tambo:
- chitima chinofanira kunge chakati sandara;
- hurefu hwechitima hunokwana 18 inches (45.7 centimeters).
Chitima chipfupi uye chakapamhama chakanga chisina kunaka uye chaikanganisa kutonhora. Zvakava zvakanyanya kuoma kuwedzera dhizaini yekufambisa neshanduro imwe neimwe inotevera yechiyero, uye ATA-7 yakagadzirisa dambudziko racho zvakanyanya: iyo parallel interface yakatsiviwa neye serial imwe. Mushure meizvi, ATA yakawana izwi rekuti Parallel uye yakazozivikanwa sePATA, uye shanduro yechinomwe yechiyero yakagamuchira zita rakasiyana - Serial ATA. Huwandu hweshanduro dzeSATA hwakatangira pane imwe.
SATA
Iyo Serial ATA (SATA) chiyero yakaunzwa muna Ndira 7, 2003 uye yakagadzirisa matambudziko eakatangira nekuchinja kunotevera:
- iyo parallel port yakatsiviwa neye serial imwe;
- iyo yakafara 80-waya tambo inotsiviwa ne7-waya imwe;
- Iyo "common bus" topology yakatsiviwa ne "point-to-point" yekubatanidza.
Pasinei nekuti iyo SATA 1.0 yakajairwa (SATA/150, 150 MB/s) yaimhanya zvishoma kupfuura ATA-6 (UltraDMA/130, 130 MB/s), shanduko kuenda kune serial data exchange nzira "yakagadzirira pasi" akawedzera kumhanya
Mitsetse yegumi nenhanhatu yekutumira data muATA yakatsiviwa nemaviri maviri akamonyoroka: imwe yekutumira, imwe yekugamuchira. SATA zvibatanidza zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvive zvakanyanya kusimba kune akawanda kubatanidzwazve, uye iyo SATA 1.0 yakatarwa yakaita kuti Hot Plug igoneke.
Mamwe mapini pamadisiki mapfupi pane mamwe ese. Izvi zvinoitirwa kutsigira Hot Swap. Panguva yekutsiviwa, mudziyo "unorasikirwa" uye "unowana" mitsara muhurongwa hwakafanorongwa.
Kwapera zvishoma gore gare gare, muna Kubvumbi 2004, shanduro yechipiri yeSATA yakatarwa yakaburitswa. Pamusoro pekumhanyisa kusvika ku3 Gbit/s, SATA 2.0 yakaunza tekinoroji Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Midziyo ine NCQ rutsigiro inokwanisa kuzvimiririra kuronga iyo inogamuchirwa mirairo inotevedzwa kuti iite yakanyanya kuita.
Mumakore matatu akatevera, SATA Working Group yakashanda kuvandudza yaivapo uye muvhezheni 2.6 compact Slimline uye micro SATA (uSATA) zvinongedzo zvakaonekwa. Aya makubatanidza idiki vhezheni yepakutanga SATA yekubatanidza uye akagadzirirwa madhiraivha ekuona uye madiki madhiraivha mumalaptops.
Kunyangwe chizvarwa chechipiri cheSATA chaive nebandwidth yakakwana yemadhiraivha akaomarara, maSSD aida zvimwe. Muna Chivabvu 2009, iyo yechitatu vhezheni yeSATA yakatarwa yakaburitswa nekuwedzera bandwidth kusvika 6 Gbit/s.
Kunyanya kutariswa kwakabhadharwa kune yakasimba-nyika madhiraivha muSATA 3.1 edition. Iyo Mini-SATA (mSATA) yekubatanidza yakaonekwa, yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza solid-state madhiraivha mumalaptops. Kusiyana neSlimline neSATA, chinongedzo chitsva chaive chakafanana nePCIe Mini, kunyangwe yanga isingaenderane nemagetsi nePCIe. Pamusoro peiyo nyowani yekubatanidza, SATA 3.1 yakazvikudza kugona kumisa mirairo yeTRIM nemirairo yekuverenga nekunyora.
Murairo weTRIM unozivisa iyo SSD yemabhuraki edata asingatakure mubhadharo. Pamberi peSATA 3.1, kuita murairo uyu kwaizokonzera kuti cache icheneswe uye I/O yaizomiswa, ichiteverwa nemurairo weTRIM. Iyi nzira yakasvibisa dhisiki kuita panguva yekudzima mashandiro.
Iyo SATA yakatarwa haina kukwanisa kuenderana nekukura nekukurumidza kwekumhanya kweakasimba-nyika madhiraivha, izvo zvakakonzera kutaridzika muna 2013 kwekukanganisa kunonzi SATA Express muSATA 3.2 standard. Panzvimbo pekupeta kaviri bandwidth yeSATA zvakare, vagadziri vakashandisa yakashandiswa zvakanyanya PCIe bhazi, iro kumhanya kunodarika 6 Gbps. Madhiraivha anotsigira SATA Express vakawana yavo fomu factor inonzi M.2.
SAS
Iyo SCSI standard, "kukwikwidza" neATA, zvakare haina kumira uye kwangove gore mushure mekuonekwa kweSerial ATA, muna 2004, yakazvarwa patsva seserial interface. Zita reiyo itsva interface ndere Seri Yakanamatira SCSI (SEDGE).
Kunyangwe ichokwadi chekuti SAS yakagara nhaka yeSCSI command set, shanduko dzaive dzakakosha:
- serial interface;
- 29-waya simba tambo;
- point-to-point connection
SCSI terminology yakagarwawo nhaka. Iyo controller ichiri kunzi initiator, uye zvishandiso zvakabatana zvichiri kunzi chinangwa. Zvese zvinonangwa zvishandiso uye wekutanga zvinoumba SAS domain. MuSAS, kufambiswa kwekubatanidza hakuenderane nehuwandu hwemidziyo iri mudura, sezvo mudziyo wega wega unoshandisa chiteshi chayo chakazvitsaurira.
Huwandu hwepamusoro hwezvishandiso zvakabatana panguva imwe chete muSAS domain zvinoenderana nechirevo chinodarika zviuru gumi nematanhatu, uye pachinzvimbo cheSCSI ID, chiziviso chinoshandiswa kugadzirisa. World-Wide Name (WWN).
WWN yakasarudzika identifier 16 bytes kureba, yakafanana nekero yeMAC yeSAS zvishandiso.
Pasinei nekufanana kweSAS neSATA zvibatanidza, zviyero izvi hazvienderane zvachose. Nekudaro, dhiraivha yeSATA inogona kubatana neSAS yekubatanidza, asi kwete zvinopesana. Kuenderana pakati peSATA dhiraivha uye iyo SAS domain inovimbiswa uchishandisa iyo SATA Tunneling Protocol (STP).
Shanduro yekutanga yeSAS-1 yakajairika ine 3 Gbit / s, uye yemazuva ano, SAS-4, yakavandudza nhamba iyi ne7 nguva: 22,5 Gbit / s.
PCIe
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI Express, PCIe) iserial interface yekuchinjisa data, iyo yakaonekwa muna 2002. Budiriro yakatangwa neIntel, uye yakazoendeswa kusangano rakakosha - PCI Special Interest Group.
Iyo serial PCIe interface haina kusarudzika uye yakava kuenderera kune musoro kwePCI yakafanana, yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza makadhi ekuwedzera.
PCI Express yakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuSATA neSAS. Iyo PCIe interface ine nhamba yakasiyana yemigwagwa. Nhamba yemitsara yakaenzana nemasimba maviri uye inotangira pa1 kusvika pa16.
Izwi rekuti "nzira" muPCIe harirevi kune chaiyo chiratidzo mutsara, asi kune imwechete yakazara-duplex yekutaurirana chiteshi inosanganisira inotevera mitsara yemasaini:
- kugamuchirwa + uye kugamuchirwa-;
- kutapurirana + uye kutapurirana-;
- mana ekuisa pasi conductors.
Huwandu hwemigwagwa yePCIe inokanganisa zvakananga kuwanda kweiyo yekubatanidza. Iyo yazvino PCI Express 4.0 yakajairwa inokutendera iwe kuti uwane 1.9 GB/s pamutsetse mumwe, uye 31.5 GB/s paunenge uchishandisa gumi nematanhatu mitsetse.
Chido chekusimba-nyika madhiraivha chiri kukura nekukurumidza. Vese SATA neSAS havana nguva yekuwedzera bandwidth yavo kuti "varambe vakamira" neSSD, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kweSSD madhiraivha ane PCIe kubatana.
Kunyangwe makadhi ePCIe Wedzera-In akaputirwa, PCIe inopisa-inochinjika. PRSNT pini (chiRungu chiripo - chiripo) chinokutendera iwe kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti kadhi rakaiswa zvachose mune slot.
Solid-state madhiraivha akabatana kuburikidza nePCIe anodzorwa neyakasiyana chiyero Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Kutsanangurwa uye akaiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemafomu, asi isu tichataura nezvadzo muchikamu chinotevera.
Madhiraivha ari kure
Paunenge uchigadzira matura makuru edata, kudiwa kwakamuka kwemaprotocol anobvumira kubatanidza madhiraivha ari kunze kweseva. Mhinduro yekutanga munzvimbo iyi yaive Internet SCSI (iSCSI), yakagadziriswa neBMM neCisco muna 1998.
Pfungwa yeiSCSI protocol iri nyore: SCSI mirairo "yakaputirwa" muTCP / IP mapakeji uye inotumirwa kunetiweki. Pasinei nekubatana kure, kunyengera kunogadzirirwa vatengi kuti dhiraivha yakabatana munharaunda. Iyo iSCSI-based Storage Area Network (SAN) inogona kuvakwa pane iripo network network. Kushandisa iSCSI kunoderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wekuronga SAN.
iSCSI ine "premium" sarudzo - Fiber Channel Protocol (FCP). A SAN inoshandisa FCP yakavakirwa pane yakatsaurirwa fiber optic mitsetse yekukurukurirana. Iyi nzira inoda kuwedzera optical network michina, asi yakagadzikana uye ine yakakwira throughput.
Kune akawanda maprotocol ekutumira SCSI mirairo pane komputa network. Nekudaro, pane chiyero chimwe chete chinogadzirisa dambudziko rinopesana uye rinobvumira IP mapaketi kutumirwa pamusoro pebhazi reSCSI - .
Mazhinji maSAN maprotocol anoshandisa iyo SCSI command set kubata madhiraivha, asi pane zvakasarudzika, senge nyore ATA pamusoro peEthernet (AoE). Iyo AoE protocol inotumira ATA mirairo mumapaketi eEthernet, asi madhiraivha anoita seSCSI muhurongwa.
Nekuuya kweNVM Express madhiraivha, iSCSI neFCP mapuroteni haasisiri kusangana nekukura kuri kukurumidza kudiwa kweSSD. Mhinduro mbiri dzakaonekwa:
- kufambisa bhazi rePCI Express kunze kwevhavha;
- kusikwa kweNVMe pamusoro peFabrics protocol.
Kubvisa PCIe bhazi kunosanganisira kugadzira yakaoma switching michina, asi haichinji protocol.
Iyo NVMe pamusoro peFabrics protocol yave nzira yakanaka kune iSCSI neFCP. NVMe-oF inoshandisa fiber optic link uye iyo NVM Express yekuraira set.
DDR-T
Iyo iSCSI uye NVMe-oF zviyero zvinogadzirisa dambudziko rekubatanidza madhisiki ari kure seaya emunharaunda, asi Intel yakatora nzira yakasiyana ndokuunza dhisiki remunharaunda padyo nepaanogona napo kune processor. Sarudzo yakawira paDIMM slots mune RAM yakabatana. Iyo yakanyanya bandwidth yeDDR4 chiteshi ndeye 25 GB/s, iyo yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura kumhanya kwePCIe bhazi. Aya ndiwo maitiro akazvarwa Intel® Optane ™ DC Persistent Memory SSD.
A protocol yakagadzirwa yekubatanidza madhiraivha kuDIMM slots DDR-T, mumuviri uye nemagetsi zvinoenderana neDDR4, asi ichida akakosha controller anoona musiyano pakati pememory stick uye drive. Iyo yekumhanyisa yedhiraivha inononoka kupfuura RAM, asi nekukurumidza kupfuura NVMe.
DDR-T inongowanikwa neIntel® Cascade Lake processors kana gare gare.
mhedziso
Anenge ese mainterfaces auya kure kure kubva kune serial kuenda kune parallel nzira dzekufambisa data. Kumhanya kweSSD kuri kukura nekukurumidza; nezuro chete SSD dzaive nyowani, asi nhasi NVMe haichanyanyo shamisa.
Murabhoritari yedu unogona kuyedza SSD uye NVMe inotyaira iwe pachako.
Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. , Munogamuchirwa.
Ko NVMe inotyaira ichatsiva yekare SSDs munguva pfupi iri kutevera?
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55.5%Hongu100
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44.4%No80
180 vashandisi vakavhota. 28 vashandisi vakaramba.
Source: www.habr.com