Mune yedu yakatsanangura kukwira kweatomatiki nhare switch, iyo yaidzorwa uchishandisa relay maseketi. Panguva ino tinoda kutaura pamusoro pekuti masayendisiti uye mainjiniya vakagadzira sei relay maseketi mune yekutanga - ikozvino yakanganwa - chizvarwa chedhijitari makomputa.
Relay pakukwirira kwayo
Kana iwe uchiyeuka, kushanda kweiyo relay kunobva pane iri nyore musimboti: electromagnet inoshandisa simbi switch. Pfungwa yekudzoreredza yakatsanangurwa yakazvimirira nevanoverengeka vezvakasikwa uye mabhizinesi mubhizinesi retelegraph muma1830s. Zvino, pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vagadziri uye makanika vakashandura mareyi kuva chinhu chakavimbika uye chinokosha cheteregirafu network. Yaive munharaunda iyi iyo hupenyu hweiyo relay yakasvika pakukwirira kwayo: yakagadziridzwa, uye zvizvarwa zvemainjiniya zvakagadzira zviuru zvemagadzirirwo apo vachidzidziswa zviri pamutemo masvomhu nefizikisi.
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1870, kwete chete otomatiki switching masisitimu, asiwo anenge ese enhare network network yaive neimwe mhando yerelay. Imwe yekushandiswa kwekutanga munhaurirano dzenhare yakatanga kumakore ekumaXNUMX, mumabhodhi ekuchinja. Munyoreri paakatenderedza mubato wefoni (magneto mubato), chiratidzo chakatumirwa kunhare yekutsinhana, ichibatidza blender. Gumbeze irelay iyo, kana yamutswa, inoita kuti simbi inoputika iwire padhesiki reanobatidza runhare, zvichiratidza runhare runouya. Ipapo mukadzi wechidiki opareta akaisa plug mukati mekubatanidza, relay yakadzoserwa, mushure mezvo zvakakwanisika kusimudza flap zvakare, iyo yakabatwa munzvimbo iyi ne electromagnet.
Pakazosvika 1924, mainjiniya maviri eBell vakanyora, iyo yakajairwa nhare yekutsinhana yakashanda vangangoita 10 vanyoreri. Midziyo yake yaive ne 40-65 zviuru relays, ine simba remagineti rose "raikwana kusimudza matani gumi." Mukutsinhana kukuru kwenhare nemuchina, hunhu uhwu hwakapetwa nembiri. Mamiriyoni akawanda enharembozha akashandiswa muhurongwa hwese hwenhare hweUnited States, uye nhamba yacho yairamba ichiwedzera sezvo nhare dzaichinjana dzoga. Kubatana kwerunhare kumwe chete kwaigona kuitwa kubva kumazana mashoma kusvika kumazana akati wandei, zvichienderana nenhamba uye michina yenhare dzinobatanidzwa.
Iwo mafekitori eWestern Electric, anotsigira kugadzira kweBell Corporation, akagadzira huwandu hukuru hwekudzosera. Mainjiniya vakagadzira zvigadziriso zvakawanda zvekuti vanopfuya imbwa vakanyanya kana vachengeti venjiva vangagodora kusiyana uku. Kumhanya kwekushanda nekunzwa kweiyo relay kwakagadziridzwa, uye zviyero zvakaderedzwa. Muna 1921, Western Electric yakagadzira angangoita 5 miriyoni relays ezana akakosha marudzi. Yainyanya kufarirwa yaive Type E universal relay, mudziyo wakafuratira, une rectangular wairema makumi akati wandei emagiramu. Kazhinji, yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvikamu zvesimbi zvakadhindwa, i.e. yakanga yakafambira mberi mukugadzira. Imba yacho yaidzivirira vanobatika kubva kuguruva uye inokonzeresa mafungu kubva kumidziyo yakavakidzana: kazhinji mareyi aiiswa padyo nepedyo, mumaraki ane mazana nezviuru zverelay. Huwandu hwe3 Type E dzakasiyana dzakagadzirwa, imwe neimwe iine akasiyana mamhepo uye magadzirirwo ekusangana.
Nenguva isipi marelay aya akatanga kushandiswa mukuchinja kwakaoma zvakanyanya.
Coordinate commutator
Muna 1910, Gotthilf Betulander, injiniya kuRoyal Telegrafverket, sangano rehurumende raidzora musika wenhare weSweden (kwemakumi emakore, anenge ese), aive nepfungwa. Akatenda kuti aikwanisa kuvandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kweTelegrafverket nekuvaka otomatiki masisitimu ekuchinja zvachose zvichienderana nerelays. Kunyanya, pane relay matrices: grids dzesimbi tsvimbo dzakabatana netambo dzenhare, dzine relay pamharadzano dzematanda. Shanduko yakadai inofanirwa kukurumidza, yakavimbika, uye iri nyore kuchengetedza pane masisitimu anoenderana nekutsvedza kana kutenderedza mameta.
Uyezve, Betulander yakauya nepfungwa yekuti zvaigoneka kupatsanura sarudzo nekubatanidza zvikamu zvehurongwa kuita masekete akazvimirira erelay. Uye iyo yasara sisitimu inofanirwa kushandiswa chete kumisikidza izwi chiteshi, uyezve kusunungurwa kubata imwe runhare. Kureva kuti Betulander akauya nezano rakazonzi "common control".
Akadaidza dunhu rinochengeta nhamba yekufona iri kuuya "recorder" (rimwe izwi rejista). Uye dunhu rinowana uye "maka" chinongedzo chiripo mugridi chinonzi "marker." Munyori akapa patent system yake. Zviteshi zvakawanda zvakadaro zvakaonekwa muStockholm neLondon. Uye muna 1918, Betulander akadzidza nezve hunyanzvi hweAmerica: iyo coordination switch, yakagadzirwa naBell mainjiniya John Reynolds makore mashanu apfuura. Iyi switch yaive yakafanana neyakagadzirwa naBetulander, asi yakashandiswa n+m service relay n+m matrix node, iyo yaive yakanyanya nyore kune kumwe kuwedzera kwekutsinhana kwefoni. Pakuita chinongedzo, bhaa rekubata raisunga tambo yepiyano "minwe" uye bhaa rekusarudza raifamba richitevedza matrix kuti ribatanidze kune imwe runhare. Gore rakatevera, Betulander akabatanidza iyi pfungwa mukugadzira kwake switch.
Asi mainjiniya mazhinji akafunga kusikwa kwaBetulander kunoshamisa uye kwakaoma zvisina basa. Payakasvika nguva yekusarudza switching system ye automate network emaguta makuru eSweden, Telegrafverket yakasarudza dhizaini yakagadzirwa naNokia. Betulander switch yaishandiswa chete mumafoni madiki ekutsinhana munzvimbo dzekumaruwa: marelay aive akavimbika kupfuura mota otomatiki yeEricsson switch uye yaisada nyanzvi dzekugadzirisa pakuchinjana kwega kwega.
Zvisinei, mainjiniya enhare eAmerica aiva nemaonero akasiyana panyaya iyi. Muna 1930, nyanzvi dzeBell Labs dzakauya kuSweden uye "dzakafadzwa zvikuru nemaparamita eiyo coordinate switch module." Apo vaAmerica vakadzoka, vakabva vatanga kushanda pane yakazozivikanwa seNo. Pakazosvika 1, masisitimu maviri akadaro akaiswa muNew York. Nenguva isipi dzakava midziyo yemazuva ose yokutsinhana kwenhare dzemuguta, kutozosvikira ma switch emagetsi aatsiva makore anopfuura 1938 gare gare.
Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza che X-Switch No. Yakanga yakarongedzerwa kutsvaga nzira yemahara kubva kune akafona kuenda kune akadanwa kuburikidza akati wandei ekubatanidza mamodule akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe, nekudaro kugadzira nharembozha. Mucherechedzo waifanirawo kuyedza kubatana kwega kwega kune yemahara / yakabatikana mamiriro. Izvi zvaida kuti pashandiswe pfungwa dzine zvikonzero. Sokunyora kwakaita munyori wenhau dzakaitika Robert Chapuis:
Sarudzo ine zvirevo nekuti kubatana kwemahara kunongobatwa chete kana ichipa mukana kune grid ine yemahara yekubatanidza kune inotevera nhanho sekubuda kwayo. Kana maseti akati wandei ekubatanidza achigutsa mamiriro anodiwa, saka "preferential logic" inosarudza imwe ye [iripo] mashoma ekubatanidza...
Iyo coordination switch ndiyo muenzaniso wakanaka wekuyambuka-fertilization yemazano etekinoroji. Betulander akagadzira switch yake-relay switch, ndokuivandudza neReynolds switching matrix uye yakaratidza kuita kweyakagadzirwa dhizaini. AT & T mainjiniya gare gare akagadziridza iyi hybrid switch, akaivandudza, uye akagadzira Coordinate System No.
Basa reMasvomhu
Kuti tinzwisise kuti sei uye nei marelay uye hama dzavo dzemagetsi dzakabatsira kushandura komputa, isu tinoda pfupiso yekupinda munyika yecalculus. Mushure mazvo, zvichabuda pachena kuti nei paive nechakavanzika chinodikanwa chekugadzirisa macomputer maitiro.
Pakazotanga zana remakore rechiXNUMX, gadziriro yose yesayenzi nouinjiniya yemazuva ano yakanga yakavakirwa pabasa rezviuru zvevanhu vaiverenga masvomhu. Vakadanwa makombiyuta (makombiyuta) [Kudzivirira kuvhiringika, izwi iri richashandiswa muchinyorwa chose makombiyuta. — Cherechedza. lane]. Kare muma1820s, Charles Babbage akagadzira (kunyangwe midziyo yake yaive nevatangiri vepfungwa). Basa rayo guru raive rekugadzira kuvakwa kwematafura emasvomhu, semuenzaniso wekufambisa (kuverenga kwe trigonometric mabasa nepolynomial approximations pa 0 madhigirii, 0,01 madhigirii, 0,02 madhigirii, nezvimwewo). Paive zvakare nekudiwa kukuru kwekuverenga masvomhu mune zvenyeredzi: zvaive zvakafanira kugadzirisa mhedzisiro yekutariswa kweteresikopu munzvimbo dzakatarwa dzedenga redenga (zvichienderana nenguva uye zuva rekuona) kana kuona kutenderera kwezvinhu zvitsva (semuenzaniso, Halley's comet).
Kubva panguva yeBabbage, kudiwa kwemichina yemakomputa kwakawedzera kakawanda. Makambani emagetsi emagetsi anodiwa kuti anzwisise maitiro emusana wemagetsi ekufambisa masisitimu ane akanyanya kuomarara masimba emagetsi. Bessemer simbi pfuti, inokwanisa kukanda mabhomba pamusoro (uye nekudaro, nekuda kwekutarisa kwakananga kwechinangwa, ivo vaive vasisanangirwe), zvaida kuwedzera kwakaringana matafura eballistic. Zvishandiso zvitsva zvezviverengero zvaisanganisira huwandu hukuru hwemasvomhu ekuverenga (senge nzira yemakona madiki) aishandiswa zvakanyanya musainzi uye mumidziyo yehurumende iri kukura. Madhipatimendi eComputing akabuda mumayunivhesiti, masangano ehurumende, uye makambani emaindasitiri, ayo aiwanzo tora vakadzi.
Mechanical calculator yakangoita kuti dambudziko rekuverenga rive nyore, asi harina kurigadzirisa. Macalculator aimhanyisa basa remasvomhu, asi chero dambudziko rakaoma resainzi kana reinjiniya raida mazana kana zviuru zvekushanda, imwe neimwe iyo (yemunhu) karukureta yaifanira kuita nemaoko, ichinyatso kurekodha zvese zvepakati.
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakonzera kubuda kwemaitiro matsva kudambudziko rekuverenga masvomhu. Vechidiki masayendisiti uye mainjiniya, avo vakaverenga zvinorwadza mabasa avo usiku, vaida kupa maoko avo nemeso kuzorora. Mamaneja epurojekiti akamanikidzwa kubvisa mari yakawanda uye yakawanda yemuhoro wemakomputa akawanda, kunyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Pakupedzisira, matambudziko akawanda epamusoro esainzi uye einjiniya aive akaoma kuverenga nemaoko. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kusikwa kwemakombiyuta akatevedzana, basa rakaitwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaVannevar Bush, injiniya wemagetsi paMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Differential analyzer
Kusvika panguva ino, nhoroondo yagara isiri munhu, asi zvino tichatanga kutaura zvakawanda nezvevanhu chaivo. Mukurumbira wakapfuura nevagadziri vepaneru switch, Type E relay uye fiducial marker circuit. Kwete kunyange nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzakasara pamusoro padzo. Humbowo hunowanikwa pachena hwehupenyu hwavo zvisaririra zvemichina yavakagadzira.
Iye zvino tinogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwevanhu uye zvekare. Asi isu hatichasangana nevaya vakashanda nesimba muattics uye maworkshops kumba - Morse naVail, Bell naWatson. Pakazopera Hondo Yenyika I, nguva yevagadziri vemagamba yakanga yava kuda kupera. Thomas Edison anogona kunzi munhu anochinja: pakutanga kwebasa rake aive muvambi wemaricho, uye pakupera kwayo akazova muridzi we "fekitori yekugadzira." Kusvika panguva iyoyo, kugadzirwa kwemichina mitsva inocherechedzwa zvikuru kwakanga kwava nzvimbo yemasangano—mayunivhesiti, madhipatimendi ekutsvakurudza kwemakambani, marabhoritari ehurumende. Vanhu vatichataura nezvavo muchikamu chino vaive vemasangano akadai.
Somuenzaniso, Vannevar Bush. Akasvika kuMIT muna 1919, aine makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe. Makore anopfuura makumi maviri gare gare, akanga ari mumwe wevanhu vakapesvedzera kubatanidzwa kweUnited States muHondo Yenyika II uye akabatsira kuwedzera mari yehurumende, iyo yakashandura zvachose hukama pakati pehurumende, dzidzo, nekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi uye teknolojia. Asi nezvinangwa zvechinyorwa chino, isu tiri kufarira nhevedzano yemichina yakagadzirwa muBush laboratory kubva pakati pemakore ekuma29 uye yakaitirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuverenga masvomhu.
MIT, iyo yakanga ichangobva kubva pakati peBoston kuenda kuCharles River waterfront muCambridge, yakanyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa zveindasitiri. Bush pachake, mukuwedzera kune professorship yake, aive nezvido zvezvemari mumabhizinesi akati wandei mundima yemagetsi. Saka hazvifanire kushamisa kuti dambudziko rakaita kuti Busch nevadzidzi vake vashande pamudziyo mutsva wekombuta yakatanga muindasitiri yemagetsi: kutevedzera maitiro emitsara yekutapurirana pasi pemamiriro epamusoro. Zviripachena, ichi chaingova chimwe chezvakawanda zvingangoitwa zvemakomputa: masvomhu anonetesa masvomhu aiitwa kwese kwese.
Busch nevamwe vake vakatanga kugadzira michina miviri inonzi product integraphs. Asi iyo yakakurumbira uye yakabudirira MIT muchina yaive imwe - differential analyzer, yakapedzwa muna 1931. Akagadzirisa matambudziko nekufambiswa kwemagetsi, akaverenga kutenderera kwema electrons, trajectories ye cosmic radiation muPasi reMagineti, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Vatsvagiri pasi rese, vachida simba rekombuta, vakagadzira akawanda emakopi uye misiyano yeanosiyanisa analyzer muma1930s. Vamwe vanobva kuMeccano (yechirungu analogue yeAmerican vana seti yekuvaka yemhando ).
A differential analyzer ndeye analogi komputa. Mabasa emasvomhu akaverengerwa pachishandiswa simbi simbi dzinotenderera, kumhanya kwekutenderera kweimwe neimwe yairatidza humwe kukosha kwehuwandu. The injini akadzinga yakazvimirira tsvimbo - chinja (kazhinji aimiririra nguva), izvo, uyewo, kutenderera dzimwe tsvimbo (akasiyana differential variables) kuburikidza nemichina kubatana, uye basa akaverengwa kwakavakirwa yokupinza kutenderera kumhanya. Mhedzisiro yezviverengero yakadhirowewa pamapepa nenzira yema curves. Izvo zvakakosha zvikamu zvaive zvibatanidza - mavhiri aitenderera semadhisiki. Vasanganisi vaigona kuverenga kubatanidzwa kwecurve pasina kunetesa maverengero emaoko.
Differential analyzer. Integral module - ine chivharo chakasimudzwa, padivi pehwindo pane matafura ane mhedzisiro yekuverenga, uye pakati - seti yemakomputa tsvimbo.
Hapana chimwe chezvikamu zve analyzer chaive ne discrete switching relays kana chero madhijitari. Saka nei tiri kutaura nezve mudziyo uyu? Mhinduro ndeyekuti chechina motokari yemhuri.
Mukutanga kwema1930, Bush akatanga kufambidzana neRockefeller Foundation kuti awane mari yekuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kweanalyzer. Warren Weaver, mukuru wenheyo yesainzi yechisikigo, pakutanga akanga asina chokwadi. Injiniya yakanga isiri nzvimbo yake yehunyanzvi. Asi Busch akaratidzira kugona kwemuchina wake mutsva wekushandisa kwesainzi-kunyanya musvomhu biology, Weaver's pet project. Bush akavimbisawo kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kune analyzer, kusanganisira "kukwanisa kukurumidza kushandura analyzer kubva kune rimwe dambudziko kuenda kune rimwe, senge nhare switchboard." Muna 1936, kuedza kwake kwakapiwa mubairo we$85 yekugadzira mudziyo mutsva, wakazonzi Rockefeller Differential Analyzer.
Sekombuta inoshanda, analyzer iyi yanga isiri budiriro huru. Bush, akazove mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weMIT uye dhipatimendi weinjiniya, haana kukwanisa kupa nguva yakawanda kutungamira budiriro. Kutaura idi, akakurumidza kurega, achitora mabasa sachigaro weCarnegie Institution muWashington. Bush akanzwa kuti hondo yave kusvika, uye aive nemazano akati wandei esainzi uye maindasitiri aikwanisa kushandira zvinodiwa nemauto. Ndiko kuti, aida kuva pedyo nechepakati pesimba, kwaaizokwanisa kunyatsopesvedzera kugadziriswa kwedzimwe nyaya.
Panguva imwecheteyo, matambudziko ehunyanzvi anotsanangurwa nedhizaini nyowani akagadziriswa nevashandi verabhoritari, uye nekukurumidza vakatanga kutsauswa kuti vashande pamatambudziko ehondo. Rockefeller muchina wakapedzwa chete muna 1942. Mauto akaona zvichibatsira pakugadzirwa kwemutsetse wematafura epfuti. Asi munguva pfupi mudziyo uyu wakavharika zvachose digital makombiyuta-achimiririra nhamba kwete sehuwandu hwemuviri, asi abstractly, uchishandisa kushandura nzvimbo. Zvakangoitikawo kuti Rockefeller analyzer pachayo yakashandisa akawanda akawanda ekuchinja akafanana, anosanganisira relay maseketi.
Shannon
Muna 1936, Claude Shannon aingova nemakore 20 chete, asi akanga atopedza kudzidza kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan aine dhigirii reBachelor mukugadzira magetsi uye masvomhu. Akaunzwa kuMIT neflyer yakanamirwa kune bulletin board. Vannevar Bush aitsvaga mubatsiri mutsva wekushanda pane musiyano analyzer. Shannon akaendesa chikumbiro chake pasina kuzeza uye munguva pfupi akange ave kushanda pamatambudziko matsva mudziyo mutsva usati watanga kuumbwa.
Shannon aive asina kufanana naBush. Akanga asiri muzvinabhizimisi, kana muvaki weumambo hwedzidzo, kana mutungamiriri. Hupenyu hwake hwese aida mitambo, mapuzzle uye varaidzo: chess, juggling, mazes, cryptograms. Kufanana nevarume vazhinji venguva yake, munguva yehondo Shannon akazvipira kune bhizinesi rakakura: aive nechinzvimbo paBell Labs pasi pechibvumirano chehurumende, icho chaidzivirira muviri wake usina simba kubva pakunyoreswa kuhondo. Tsvagiridzo yake pamusoro pekutonga kwemoto uye cryptography panguva iyi yakatungamira kune seminal basa pane ruzivo dzidziso (iyo yatisingazobata pairi). Mumakore ekuma1950, hondo nemigumisiro yayo zvayakapera, Shannon akadzokera kunodzidzisa kuMIT, achipedza nguva yake yekusununguka pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: karukureta yaishanda chete nenhamba dzechiRoma; muchina, pawakabatidzwa, ruoko rwemuchina rwakabuda kubva pauri ndokudzima muchina.
Mamiriro emuchina weRockefeller akasangana naShannon aive akafanana neaya emuna 1931 analyzer, asi yakavakwa kubva kune zvakasiyana zvachose zvikamu zvemuviri. Busch akaziva kuti tsvimbo nemagiya emuchina mumichina yechinyakare zvakaderedza kugona kwekushandisa kwawo: kuita masvomhu, muchina wacho waifanira kumiswa, izvo zvaida maawa akawanda ebasa neanamakanika vane unyanzvi.
Iyo itsva analyzer yakarasa iyi drawback. Magadzirirwo ayo akange asina kubva patafura ine tsvimbo, asi pamuchinjiko-disc commutator, yakasara prototype yakapihwa neBell Labs. Panzvimbo pekufambisa simba kubva kune yepakati shaft, imwe neimwe yakakosha module yaive yakazvimirira inofambiswa nemota yemagetsi. Kuti ugadzirise muchina wekugadzirisa dambudziko idzva, zvaive zvakakwana kungo gadzirisa marelay mu coordination matrix kubatanidza vasanganisi mukutevedzana kwaidiwa. Akadhindwa tepi muverengi (akakweretwa kubva kune imwe nharembozha, roll teletype) akaverenga kumisikidzwa kwemuchina, uye relay dunhu rakashandura chiratidzo kubva patepi kuita zviratidzo zvekudzora zvematrix-zvakaita sekumisikidza nharembozha pakati pevanobatanidza.
Muchina mutsva uyu wakanga usingangove wakakurumidza uye nyore kumisikidza, zvakare waikurumidza uye wakarurama kupfuura wakautangira. Aigona kugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko akaoma kunzwisisa. Nhasi komputa iyi inogona kutorwa seyechinyakare, kunyangwe yakanyanyisa, asi panguva iyo yairatidzika kuvaoni sehungwaru - kana kuti hunotyisa - pabasa:
Chaizvoizvo, irobhoti yemasvomhu. Yemagetsi ine magetsi automaton yakagadzirirwa kwete kungorerutsira huropi hwemunhu mutoro wekurema kuverenga uye kuongorora, asi kurwisa nekugadzirisa matambudziko emasvomhu asingagone kugadziriswa nepfungwa.
Shannon akatarisana nekushandura data kubva patepi yepepa kuita mirairo ye "brain", uye relay relay yaive nebasa rekuita uku. Akaona kunyorerana pakati pechimiro chedunhu uye masvomhu eBoolean algebra, yaakadzidza muchikoro chekupedza kudzidza kuMichigan. Iyi ialgebra ine operands CHOKWADI NENHEMA, uye nevashandisi - UYE, KANA, KWETE etc. Algebra inoenderana nemashoko ane musoro.
Mushure mekupedza zhizha ra1937 achishanda paBell Labs muManhattan (nzvimbo yakanaka yekufunga nezve relay maseketi), Shannon akanyora thesis yatenzi wake ine musoro unoti "A Symbolic Analysis yeRelay uye Switching Circuits." Pamwe chete nebasa raAlan Turing gore rakapfuura, thesis yaShannon yakagadzira hwaro hwekombuta sainzi.
Mumakore ekuma1940 nema1950, Shannon akavaka akati wandei makomputa/ane musoro muchina: THROBAC yeRoma Calculator, chess endgame muchina, uye Theseus, labyrinth umo electromechanical mouse yakafamba (pamufananidzo)
Shannon akawana kuti sisitimu yepropositional logic equations inogona kushandurwa yakanangana nemakanika kuita dunhu remuviri rerelay switch. Akagumisa kuti: “Kunenge kuvhiya kupi nokupi kunogona kurondedzerwa munhamba inogumira yematanho uchishandisa mashoko KANA, UYE, KANA nezvimwewo, zvinogona kuitwa otomatiki uchishandisa relay." Semuenzaniso, maviri anodzorwa switch relay akabatana munhevedzano anoumba zvine musoro И: Yazvino inoyerera nemuwaya huru chete kana ese magineti emagetsi akabatidzwa kuvhara ma switch. Panguva imwecheteyo, maviri relays akabatana mune yakafanana fomu OR: Yazvino inoyerera kuburikidza nedunhu guru, rinoitwa neimwe yemagetsi emagetsi. Kubuda kweiyo logic yedunhu kunogona, zvakare, kudzora magineti emamwe mareyi kuti agadzire zvakanyanya kuomarara logic mashandiro se (A. И B) kana (C И G).
Shannon akapedzisa dissertation yake neapendikisi ine mienzaniso yakati wandei yemasekete akagadzirwa achishandisa nzira yake. Sezvo mashandiro eBoolean algebra akafanana zvakanyanya nearithmetic oparesheni mubinary (kureva, kushandisa mabhinari manhamba), akaratidza kuti relay inogona kuunganidzwa sei kuita "electrical adder in binary" -tinoidaidza kuti binary adder. Mwedzi mishoma gare gare, mumwe weBell Labs masayendisiti akavaka adder akadaro patafura yake yekicheni.
Stibitz
George Stibitz, muongorori mudhipatimendi remasvomhu kumahofisi makuru eBell Labs muManhattan, akaunza kumba midziyo isinganzwisisike manheru aNovember muna 1937. Akaoma bhatiri maseru, mwenje madiki maviri emapanera ehardware, uye akati wandei akafuratira Type U relay anowanikwa mugaba remarara. Nekuwedzera waya shoma netsvina, akaunganidza mudziyo waigona kuwedzera nhamba mbiri dzebhinari yedhijiti imwe (inomiririrwa nekuvapo kana kusavapo kwemagetsi ekuisa) uye kubuda nhamba ine manhamba maviri uchishandisa magirobhu emwenje: imwe pa, zero. zve off.
Binary Stiebitz adder
Stiebitz, nyanzvi yefizikisi nekudzidziswa, akakumbirwa kuti aongorore zvimiro zvemagineti erelay. Aive asina ruzivo rwekare nerelays zvachose uye saka akatanga nekudzidza mashandisiro avo muBell nharembozha. George akakurumidza kuona kufanana pakati pemamwe maseketi uye binary arithmetic oparesheni. Afadzwa, akaunganidza purogiramu yake yepadivi patafura yokubikira.
Pakutanga, kutamba kwaStiebitz nemarelay kwakamutsa kufarira kushoma pakati pevatungamiriri veBell Labs. Asi muna 1938, mukuru weboka rekutsvagisa akabvunza George kana macalculator ake angashandiswa kuita arithmetic mashandiro ane nhamba dzakaoma (semuenzaniso. a+bikupi i ndiyo square root yenhamba inegative). Zvakazoitika kuti akati wandei madhipatimendi ekombuta kuBell Labs akange ave kutogomera nekuti aigara achifanirwa kuwanda nekugovanisa manhamba akadaro. Kuwanza nhamba imwe yakaoma kunoda mana arithmetic oparesheni padesktop calculator, division yaida maoperation gumi nematanhatu. Stibitz akati anogona kugadzirisa dambudziko uye akagadzira dunhu remuchina wekuverenga kwakadaro.
Dhizaini yekupedzisira, iyo yaive yakabatanidzwa musimbi neinjiniya yefoni Samuel Williams, yainzi Complex Number Computer - kana Complex Computer kwenguva pfupi - uye yakatangwa muna 1940. 450 relays yakashandiswa pakuverenga, mhedzisiro yepakati yakachengetwa mune gumi coordinate switch. Data yakaiswa uye yakagamuchirwa pachishandiswa roll teletype. Madhipatimendi eBell Labs akaisa matatu akadaro teletypes, ayo anoratidza kudiwa kukuru kwesimba rekombuta. Relays, matrix, teletypes - munzira dzese yaive chigadzirwa cheBell system.
Complex Computer awa yakanakisa yakaitika munaGunyana 11, 1940. Stiebitz akapa mushumo pakombiyuta pamusangano weAmerican Mathematics Society paDartmouth College. Akabvuma kuti teletype yaizoiswa ipapo ine telegraph connection kuComplex Computer muManhattan, 400 kilometres kubva. Vaya vanofarira vaigona kuenda kune teletype, pinda mamiriro edambudziko pane keyboard uye vaone kuti isingasviki miniti imwe teletype inodhinda mhedzisiro. Pakati peavo vakaedza chigadzirwa chitsva ndiJohn Mauchly naJohn von Neumann, mumwe nomumwe wavo aizoita basa rinokosha mukuenderera mberi kwenyaya yedu.
Vatori vechikamu vemusangano vakaona muchidimbu nyika yeramangwana. Gare gare, makombiyuta akadhura zvikuru zvokuti vatariri vakanga vasisakwanisi kuvabvumira kuti vagare vasina chavakabata apo mushandisi aikwenya chirebvu chake pamberi pemaneja, achishaya kuti onyora chii. Kwemakore makumi maviri anotevera, masayendisiti achange achifunga nezve maitiro ekugadzira makomputa-chinangwa anogara akakumirira iwe kuti uise data mukati mawo, kunyangwe uchishanda pane chimwe chinhu. Uye ipapo mamwe makore makumi maviri achapfuura kudzamara iyi inopindirana modhi yekombuta yave yakarongeka yezuva.
Stiebitz kuseri kweDartmouth Interactive Terminal muma1960. Dartmouth College yaive piyona mukudyidzana komputa. Stiebitz akava purofesa wepakoreji muna 1964
Zvinoshamisa kuti, pasinei nezvinetso zvinogadzirisa, Complex Computer, nemitemo yemazuva ano, haisi kombiyuta zvachose. Inogona kuita masvomhu panhamba dzakaoma uye pamwe kugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko akafanana, asi kwete matambudziko-chinangwa. Yakanga isiri programmable. Akanga asingakwanisi kuita maoparesheni asina kurongeka kana kuti kakawanda. Yakanga iri calculator inokwanisa kuita mamwe macalculator zviri nani kupfuura ayo akatangira.
Nekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, Bell, achitungamirwa naStiebitz, akagadzira nhevedzano yemakomputa anonzi Model II, Model III uye Model IV (Complex Computer, nekudaro, yakanzi Model I). Mazhinji acho akavakwa nekukumbira kweNational Defense Research Committee, uye yaitungamirwa nemumwe kunze kwaVannevar Bush. Stibitz yakavandudza dhizaini yemachina maererano nehukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwemabasa uye programmability.
Semuenzaniso, Ballistic Calculator (yakazotevera Model III) yakagadziridzwa kune zvinodiwa zveanorwisa-ndege ekudzora moto masisitimu. Yakatanga kushanda muna 1944 paFort Bliss, Texas. Mudziyo uyu waive ne1400 relays uye waigona kuita hurongwa hwemasvomhu hunoitwa nenhevedzano yemirayiridzo patepi yepepa yakasungwa. Tepi ine data yekupinza yakapihwa zvakasiyana, uye data retabula rakapihwa zvakasiyana. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kukurumidza kuwana kukosha kwe, semuenzaniso, mabasa etrigonometric pasina kuverenga chaiko. Injiniya dzeBell dzakagadzira maseketi ekutsvaga akakosha (maseketi ekuvhima) akatarisa tepi mberi / kumashure uye akatsvaga kero yemutengo waidiwa wetafura, zvisinei nekuverenga. Stibitz akaona kuti yake Model III komputa, kudzvanya relay masikati neusiku, yakatsiva 25-40 makomputa.
Bell Model III Relay Racks
Motokari yeModel V yakanga isisina nguva yekuona basa rechiuto. Yakatonyanya kushandiswa uye ine simba. Kana tikaongorora huwandu hwemakomputa akatsiva, saka aive akakura zvakapetwa kagumi pane Model III. Mamodule akawanda ekombuta ane 9 zviuru relays anogona kugamuchira data yekupinza kubva kune akati wandei zviteshi, uko vashandisi vakapinda mamiriro emabasa akasiyana. Chiteshi chega chega chakadaro chaive nematepi anoverenga ekupinda data uye mashanu emirairo. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudana ma subroutines akasiyana-siyana kubva pamatepi makuru paunenge uchiverenga basa. Iyo main control module (chaizvoizvo analogue yeiyo inoshanda sisitimu) yakagovera mirairo pakati pekombuta modules zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwavo, uye zvirongwa zvinogona kuita matavi ane zvirevo. Yakanga isisiri calculator chete.
Gore Rezvishamiso: 1937
Gore ra1937 rinogona kurangarirwa senhambo yechinjo munhau yekombiyuta. Gore iroro, Shannon naStibitz vakacherekedza kufanana pakati pemaseketi ereyi uye mabasa emasvomhu. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakatungamira Bell Labs kugadzira akateedzana akakosha edhijitari michina. Zvakanga zvakaita - kana kunyange kutsiva - kana nharembozha ine mwero, isina kushandura chimiro chayo, yakava mufananidzo weabstract masvomhu uye pfungwa.
Mugore rimwe chete mumagazini yaNdira yebhuku racho Nyaya dzeLondon Mathematics Society yakaburitsa chinyorwa chakaitwa nenyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuBritain Alan Turing “Panhamba dzinotakurika maererano ne "(Pane Nhamba Dzinoverengeka, Nechikumbiro kuEntscheidungsproblem). Yakatsanangura muchina wekombuta wepasirese: munyori akapokana kuti waigona kuita zviito zvaive zvine musoro zvakaenzana nezviito zvemakomputa evanhu. Turing, uyo akanga apinda chikoro chePrinceton University gore rakanga rapfuura, akafadzwawo nerelay matunhu. Uye, saBush, ari kunetseka pamusoro pekutyisidzira kwehondo neGermany. Saka akatora purojekiti yepadivi pekunyorera—mupupuri webhinari uyo waigona kushandiswa kuvharidzira kutaurirana kwemauto. Turing akaivaka kubva kumareyi akaungana muchitoro chemushini cheyunivhesiti.
Zvakare muna 1937, Howard Aiken aifunga nezvemuchina weotomatiki wekombuta. Mudzidzi weHarvard akapedza kudzidza engineering yemagetsi, Aiken akaita chikamu chake chakanaka chekuverenga achingoshandisa karukureta yemuchina uye mabhuku akadhindwa ematafura esvomhu. Akaronga dhizaini yaizobvisa tsika iyi. Kusiyana nemidziyo yemakomputa iripo, yaifanirwa kugadzirisa otomatiki uye cyclic, ichishandisa mhedzisiro yekuverenga yapfuura sekuisa kune inotevera.
Zvichakadaro, kuNippon Electric Company, mainjiniya ekufambisa mashoko Akira Nakashima anga achiongorora hukama huripo pakati pemaseketi erelay nemasvomhu kubvira 1935. Pakupedzisira, muna 1938, akazvimiririra akaratidza kuenzana kwemaseketi erelay kuBoolean algebra, iyo Shannon akanga awana gore rakanga rapfuura.
MuBerlin, Konrad Zuse, aimbova injiniya wendege aneta nekuverenga kusingagumi kunodiwa pabasa, aitsvaga mari yekuvaka komputa yechipiri. Haana kukwanisa kuita kuti mudziyo wake wekutanga wemuchina, V1, ushande zvakavimbika, saka aida kugadzira komputa yekudzosera, iyo yaakagadzira pamwe chete neshamwari yake, injinjini yezvekufonera Helmut Schreyer.
Iko kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwenharembozha, mhedziso pamusoro pemasvomhu logic, chishuwo chepfungwa dzakajeka kubvisa basa rekushaya pfungwa - zvese izvi zvakapindirana uye zvakakonzera kubuda kweiyo pfungwa yerudzi rutsva rwemuchina unonzwisisika.
Chizvarwa chakakanganikwa
Zvibereko zvezvakawanwa nebudiriro zva1937 zvaifanira kuibva kwemakore akati wandei. Hondo yakabvumikisa kuva fetireza ine simba zvikurusa, uye nokuuya kwayo, makombiyuta okutumirana akatanga kuoneka kupi nokupi kwakanga kune unyanzvi hwokugadzira hunodiwa. Mathematics logic yakava trellis yemizambiringa yeinjiniya yemagetsi. Zvimiro zvitsva zvemichina inogadzirika yekombuta zvakabuda - mufananidzo wekutanga wemakomputa emazuva ano.
Pamusoro pemichina yeStiebitz, pakazosvika 1944 US yaigona kuzvirumbidza neHarvard Mark I/IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), mhedzisiro yechikumbiro chaAiken. Iro zita rembiri rakamuka nekuda kwekuderera kwehukama pakati pevadzidzi neindasitiri: munhu wese aiti kodzero kune mudziyo. Iyo Mako I/ASCC yakashandisa relay control maseketi, asi iyo huru arithmetic unit yaive yakavakirwa pakuvaka kweIBM mechanic calculator. Iyo mota yakagadzirwa kune zvinodiwa neUS Bureau yeShipbuilding. Mutsivi wayo, Mark II, akatanga kushanda muna 1948 panzvimbo yeNavy test site, uye maitirwo ayo ose akanga akavakirwa chose chose parelay—13 XNUMX relay.
Munguva yehondo, Zuse akavaka makombiyuta akati wandei, achiwedzera kuoma. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive V4, iyo, senge Bell Model V, yaisanganisira marongero ekufona ma subroutines uye akaitwa ane mamiriro matavi. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwezvinhu muJapan, hapana kana imwe yemagadzirirwo aNakashima nevamwe vake yakaonekwa nesimbi kutozosvikira nyika yapora kubva muhondo. Mumakore ekuma1950, Bazi rakanga richangobva kuumbwa reKutengeserana Kwekunze neIndasitiri rakapa mari yekusikwa kwemichina miviri yerelay, yechipiri chaive chikara chine zviuru makumi maviri zvinodzokororwa. Fujitsu, iyo yakabatanidzwa mukusikwa, yakagadzira zvigadzirwa zvayo zvekutengesa.
Nhasi michina iyi inenge yakanganwa zvachose. Zita rimwe chete rinosara mundangariro - ENIAC. Chikonzero chekukanganwa hachina hukama nekuoma kwavo, kana kugona, kana kumhanya. Iyo computational uye inonzwisisika zvimiro zverelays, zvakawanikwa nemasainzi nevatsvaguri, zvinoshanda kune chero rudzi rwechigadzirwa chinogona kuita sechinochinja. Uye saka zvakaitika kuti chimwe chishandiso chakafanana chaivepo - zvemagetsi switch inogona kushanda mazana enguva nekukurumidza kupfuura relay.
Kukosha kweHondo Yenyika II munhoroondo yekombuta kunofanirwa kuve pachena. Hondo yakaipisisa yakava simba rekugadzirwa kwemichina yemagetsi. Kutangwa kwayo kwakasunungura zviwanikwa zvaidiwa kukurira kukanganisa kuri pachena kwemagetsi ekuchinja. Kutonga kwemakomputa emagetsi kwakararama kwenguva pfupi. Kufanana neTitans, vakakundwa nevana vavo. Kufanana nemarelay, shanduko yemagetsi yakasimuka kubva kune zvinodiwa zveindasitiri yezvekufonera. Uye kuti tizive kwayakabva, tinofanira kudzosera nhoroondo yedu kumashure kwechinguvana pakutanga kwenguva yeredhiyo.
Source: www.habr.com