Kana application ikasashanda, chekupedzisira chaunoda kunzwa kubva kune vaunoshanda navo mutsara wekuti "dambudziko riri kudivi rako." Nekuda kweizvozvo, vashandisi vanotambura - uye havana hanya kuti ndeipi chikamu chechikwata chinokonzera kuparara. DevOps tsika yakabuda chaizvo kuunza budiriro nerutsigiro pamwechete kutenderedza basa rekugovaniswa rechigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
Ndeapi maitiro anosanganisirwa mune iyo pfungwa yeDevOps uye nei ichidikanwa? Chii chinoita mainjiniya eDevOps uye chii chavanofanira kukwanisa kuita? Nyanzvi kubva kuEPAM dzinopindura iyi nemimwe mibvunzo: Kirill Sergeev, mainjiniya masisitimu uye muevhangeri weDevOps, uye Igor Boyko, anotungamira masisitimu enjiniya uye murongi weimwe yekambani DevOps zvikwata.
Nei DevOps ichidikanwa?
Kare, pakanga paine chipingamupinyi pakati pevagadziri nerutsigiro (zvinonzi mashandiro). Zvinonzwika zvinokatyamadza, asi vaive nezvinangwa zvakasiyana uye maKPIs, kunyangwe ivo vaiita chinhu chimwe chete. Chinangwa chekusimudzira chaive chekushandisa zvinodiwa zvebhizinesi nekukurumidza sezvinobvira uye kuwedzera kune chigadzirwa chinoshanda. Tsigiro yaive nebasa rekuona kuti chikumbiro chakashanda zvakagadzikana - uye chero shanduko dzinoisa kugadzikana panjodzi. Pane kunetsana kwekufarira - DevOps yakaonekwa kuti igadzirise.
Chii chinonzi DevOps?
Mubvunzo wakanaka - uye unopokana: nyika haisati yabvumirana pane izvi. EPAM inotenda kuti DevOps inosanganisa matekinoroji, maitiro uye tsika yekudyidzana mukati mechikwata. Iyi mubatanidzwa ine chinangwa chekuramba ichiendesa kukosha kune vanopedzisa vashandisi.
Kirill Sergeev: "Vagadziri vanonyora kodhi, vaedzi vanoiongorora, uye vatariri vanoendesa chigadzirwa chekupedzisira mukugadzira. Kwenguva yakareba, zvikamu zvechikwata zvakati zvakapararira, uye ipapo pfungwa yakamuka yekuvabatanidza kuburikidza nemaitiro akafanana. Aya ndiwo maitiro eDevOps akaonekwa. "
Zuva rakasvika apo vanogadzira uye mainjiniya ehurongwa vakatanga kufarira basa reumwe neumwe. Chipingamupinyi pakati pekugadzirwa nerutsigiro chakatanga kunyangarika. Aya ndiwo mabudiro akaita DevOps, ayo anosanganisira maitiro, tsika nekudyidzana kwechikwata.
Chii chakakosha cheDevOps tsika?
Chokwadi ndechekuti mutoro wemugumisiro wekupedzisira uri panhengo yega yega yechikwata. Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza uye chakaoma muuzivi hweDevOps ndeyekunzwisisa kuti munhu chaiye haasi iye ane mhosva kune yake yega nhanho yebasa, asi ane mutoro wekuti chigadzirwa chose chichashanda sei. Dambudziko harisi kudivi remumwe munhu - rinogovaniswa, uye nhengo yega yega yechikwata inobatsira kurigadzirisa.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mutsika yeDevOps kugadzirisa dambudziko, kwete kungoshandisa maitiro eDevOps. Uyezve, maitiro aya haashandiswe "kudivi reumwe munhu", asi mukati mese chigadzirwa. Chirongwa hachidi mainjiniya eDevOps pase - chinoda mhinduro kudambudziko, uye basa reinjiniya yeDevOps rinogona kugoverwa pakati penhengo dzechikwata dzinoverengeka dzine hunyanzvi hwakasiyana.
Ndedzipi mhando dzeDevOps maitiro?
DevOps maitiro anovhara ese matanho ehupenyu hwesoftware kutenderera.
Igor Boyko: "Nyaya yakanaka ndeye patinotanga kushandisa maitiro eDevOps pakutanga kweprojekiti. Pamwe chete nevagadziri vezvivakwa, tinoronga rudzi rwenzvimbo yekuvaka iyo application ichave nayo, paichave iri uye maitiro ekuyera, uye sarudza chikuva. Mazuva ano, microservice architecture iri mufashoni - iyo isu tinosarudza orchestration system: iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kubata chimwe nechimwe chinhu chechishandiso zvakasiyana uye nekuchigadzirisa chakazvimiririra chevamwe. Imwe tsika ndeye "infrastructure as code." Iri ndiro zita renzira iyo iyo purojekiti inogadzirwa uye inogadziriswa uchishandisa kodhi, kwete kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwakananga nemaseva.
Tevere tinoenda kudanho rekusimudzira. Imwe yemaitiro makuru pano ndeyekuvaka CI / CD: unofanirwa kubatsira vanogadzira kubatanidza shanduko muchigadzirwa nekukurumidza, muzvikamu zvidiki, kazhinji uye zvisingarwadze. CI/CD inovhara kodhi ongororo, kurodha tenzi kune iyo kodhi base, uye kutumira iyo application kuyedza nekugadzira nharaunda.
Pamatanho eCI / CD, kodhi inopfuura nepamagedhi emhando. Nerubatsiro rwavo, vanotarisa kuti kodhi inobuda munzvimbo yebasa yemugadziri inosangana neyakatsanangurwa yemhando yemhando. Unit uye UI bvunzo inowedzerwa pano. Nekukurumidza, kusingarwadzi uye kwakanangana nekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, unogona kusarudza yakakodzera mhando yekutumira.
DevOps varapi vanewo nzvimbo padanho rekutsigira chigadzirwa chakapedzwa. Iwo anoshandiswa kutarisa, mhinduro, kuchengetedza, uye kuunza shanduko. DevOps inotarisa ese aya mabasa kubva mukuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza maonero. Isu tinodzikisira kudzokorora mashandiro uye otomatiki iwo. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo kutama, kuwedzera maapplication, uye rutsigiro rwekuita. β
Ndezvipi zvinobatsira zveDevOps maitiro?
Dai isu tainyora bhuku remazuva ano maDevOps maitiro, paizove nemapoinzi matatu pane yekutanga peji: otomatiki, kukurumidza kuburitswa, uye nekukurumidza mhinduro kubva kuvashandisi.
Kirill Sergeev: βChinhu chekutanga kuita otomatiki. Isu tinokwanisa otomatiki kusangana kwese muchikwata: akanyora kodhi - yakatenderedza kunze - yakaitarisa - yakaisa - yakaunganidza mhinduro - yakadzoserwa pakutanga. Zvese izvi zviri automatic.
Chechipiri ndechekumhanyisa kuburitswa uye kunyange kurerutsa budiriro. Zvinogara zvakakosha kune mutengi kuti chigadzirwa chinopinda mumusika nekukurumidza uye chinotanga kupa mabhenefiti pamberi peanorogues evanokwikwidza. Maitiro ekuunza chigadzirwa anogona kuvandudzwa nekusingaperi: kuderedza nguva, kuwedzera mamwe ekudzora mamaki, kunatsiridza kutarisa.
Chechitatu kukurumidza kwemhinduro yemushandisi. Kana ane zvaanotaura, tinogona kubva tagadzirisa togadzirisa application nekukasika. "
Mafungiro e "systems engineer", "build engineer" uye "DevOps engineer" ane hukama sei?
Vanopindirana, asi ndevenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Systems mainjiniya kuEPAM inzvimbo. Vanouya mumatanho akasiyana: kubva kujunior kusvika kuna chief nyanzvi.
Injiniya yekuvaka yakawanda yebasa rinogona kuitwa papurojekiti. Zvino izvi ndizvo zvinodaidzwa nevanhu vane chekuita neCI/CD.
A DevOps mainjiniya inyanzvi inoshandisa DevOps maitiro pane chirongwa.
Kana tikapfupisa zvese, tinowana chimwe chinhu chakadai: munhu ari pachinzvimbo cheinjiniya yehurongwa anoita basa reinjiniya yekuvaka pane purojekiti uye anobatanidzwa mukuitwa kweDevOps maitiro ipapo.
Chii chaizvo chinoitwa naDevOps injiniya?
DevOps mainjiniya anoisa pamwechete zvidimbu zvese zvinogadzira chirongwa. Vanoziva zvakanangana nebasa revagadziri, vanoedza, masisitimu maneja uye vanobatsira kurerutsa basa ravo. Ivo vanonzwisisa zvinodikanwa uye zvinodikanwa zvebhizinesi, basa rayo mukuvandudza maitiro - uye kuvaka maitiro achifunga zvinofarirwa nemutengi.
Takataura zvakawanda nezve otomatiki - izvi ndizvo izvo DevOps mainjiniya anobata nazvo kutanga uye zvakanyanya. Iyi ipfungwa huru kwazvo, iyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inosanganisira kugadzirira zvakatipoteredza.
Kirill Sergeev: "Vasati vaita zvigadziriso muchigadzirwa, vanofanirwa kuedzwa munzvimbo yechitatu-bato. Yakagadzirirwa neDevOps mainjiniya. Ivo vanodyara tsika yeDevOps pachirongwa chakazara: vanounza maitiro eDevOps pamatanho ese emapurojekiti avo. Aya misimboti matatu: otomatiki, kurerutsa, kukurumidza - vanounza chero kwavanogona kusvika. "
Chii chinofanira kuziva injiniya weDevOps?
Kazhinji, anofanira kunge ane ruzivo kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana: hurongwa, kushanda nehurongwa hwekushanda, dhatabhesi, gungano uye hurongwa hwekugadzirisa. Izvi zvinowedzerwa nekugona kushanda ne cloud infrastructure, orchestration uye monitoring systems.
1. Programming mitauro
DevOps mainjiniya anoziva akati wandei mitauro ye otomatiki uye anogona, semuenzaniso, kuudza mugadziri: "Ko iwe ungaisa kodhi kwete neruoko, asi uchishandisa script yedu, iyo inogadzirisa zvese? Isu tichagadzirira iyo config faira, ichave yakanakira isu tese kuti tiverenge, uye isu tichakwanisa kuichinja chero nguva. Tichaona zvakare kuti ndiani, rini uye nei anochinja pazviri. β
Injiniya yeDevOps inogona kudzidza imwe kana yakawanda yemitauro iyi: Python, Groovy, Bash, Powershell, Ruby, Go. Izvo hazvifanirwe kuvaziva padanho rakadzama - izvo zvekutanga zve syntax, OOP misimboti, uye kugona kunyora nyore zvinyorwa zve otomatiki zvakakwana.
2. Maitiro ekushanda
Injiniya yeDevOps inofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti chigadzirwa chichaiswa pairi sevha ipi, inzvimbo ipi yachamhanya mairi, uye masevhisi api aachapindirana nawo. Unogona kusarudza hunyanzvi muWindows kana mhuri yeLinux.
3. Shanduro yekutonga maitiro
Pasina ruzivo rweshanduro yekudzora sisitimu, injinjiniya yeDevOps hapana kwainoenda. Git ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa masisitimu panguva ino.
4. Cloud providers
AWS, Google, Azure - kunyanya kana tiri kutaura nezve Windows kutungamira.
Kirill Sergeev: βVanopa Cloud vanotipa masevha anokwana zvakakwana muCI/CD.
Kuisa maseva emuviri gumi kunoda kuita zana rekushandisa. Sevha yega yega inofanirwa kuvhurwa nemaoko, kuisirwa uye kugadzirisa inodiwa sisitimu yekushandisa, kuisa application yedu pane aya gumi maseva, uyezve kaviri-kutarisa zvese kagumi. Cloud masevhisi anotsiva maitiro aya nemitsara gumi yekodhi, uye yakanaka DevOps injiniya anofanira kukwanisa kushanda navo. Izvi zvinochengetedza nguva, simba uye mari - zvese kumutengi uye kukambani. "
5. Orchestration systems: Docker uye Kubernetes
Kirill Sergeev: "Virtual servers yakakamurwa kuita midziyo, mune imwe neimwe yatinogona kuisa application yedu. Kana paine midziyo yakawanda, unofanirwa kuzvibata: batidza imwe, dzima imwe, gadzira ma backups kune imwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinova zvakaoma uye zvinoda orchestration system.
Pakutanga, imwe neimwe application yaibatwa nesevha yakaparadzana - chero shanduko mukushanda kwayo inogona kukanganisa kushanda kwechishandiso. Nekuda kwemidziyo, maapplication anove ega uye anomhanya zvakasiyana - imwe neimwe pamushini wayo chaiwo. Kana kutadza kukaitika, hapana chikonzero chekutambisa nguva uchitsvaga chikonzero. Zviri nyore kuparadza mudziyo wekare nekuwedzera mutsva. β
6. Kugadzirisa masisitimu: Chef, Ansible, Puppet
Paunenge uchida kuchengetedza boka rose remaseva, iwe unofanirwa kuita akawanda emhando imwechete yekushanda. Iyo yakareba uye yakaoma, uye basa remaoko rinowedzerawo mukana wekukanganisa. Apa ndipo panogadziriswa masisitimu anouya kuzonunura. Nerubatsiro rwavo, vanogadzira script iri nyore kuverenga kune vanogadzira mapurogiramu, mainjiniya eDevOps, uye masystem administrator. Ichi chinyorwa chinobatsira kuita mashandiro akafanana pamaseva otomatiki. Izvi zvinoderedza mashandiro emaoko (uye nekudaro zvikanganiso).
Ndeupi rudzi rwebasa rinogona kuvaka mainjiniya weDevOps?
Iwe unogona kukudziridza zvese zvakachinjika uye zvakamira.
Igor Boyko: "Kubva pakuona kwekusimudzira kwakachinjika, mainjiniya eDevOps vava netarisiro yakakura. Zvese zviri kuramba zvichichinja, uye iwe unogona kuvaka hunyanzvi munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana: kubva kushanduro yekudzora masisitimu kusvika kune yekutarisa, kubva kune yekumisikidza manejimendi kune dhatabhesi.
Unogona kuve mugadziri wehurongwa kana mushandi achifarira kunzwisisa kuti application inoshanda sei pamatanho ese ehupenyu hwayo - kubva pakukura kusvika kune rutsigiro. "
Nzira yekuve injinjiniya yeDevOps?
- Verenga Iyo Phoenix Project uye DevOps Handbook. Aya ndiwo mbiru chaidzo dzeDevOps philosophy, yekutanga iri ibasa rekunyepedzera.
- Dzidza matekinoroji kubva pane rondedzero iri pamusoro: uri wega kana kuburikidza ne online makosi.
- Joinha seinjiniya yeDevOps kune yakavhurika sosi purojekiti.
- Dzidzira uye upe maDevOps maitiro pane ako ega uye ebasa mapurojekiti.
Source: www.habr.com