Munguva ichangopfuura paiva zviitiko zviviri panguva imwe chete pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwema-multi-threaded uye akagoverwa masisitimu: musangano (Chikunguru 11-12) uye chikoro (Chikunguru 8-12). Vanhu vari pedyo nehurukuro iyi vanonzwisisa kuti kuuya kuRussia Leslie Lamport, Maurice Herlihy ΠΈ Michael Scott - chiitiko chinonyanya kukosha. Asi mimwe mibvunzo yakamuka:
- Chii chekutarisira kubva kumusangano: "yedzidzo" kana "kugadzirwa"?
- Chikoro nemusangano zvinobatana papi? Ndiani uyu uye uyo akanangana?
- Sei vachipindirana mumazuva?
- Vachave vanobatsira kune avo vasina kupira hupenyu hwavo hwese kune akagoverwa masisitimu?
Zvese izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kumunhu akaunza Hydra kuhupenyu: director wedu Alexey Fedorov () Akapindura mibvunzo yese.
Chimiro
- Mubvunzo wekutanga kune avo vari kure nekugoverwa masisitimu: zvese zviri zviviri zviitiko nezvei?
- Dambudziko repasi rose nderekuti zvakatitenderedza kune masevhisi ane huwandu hukuru hwekushanda uye yakaoma computing mabasa asingagone kuitwa pakombuta imwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panofanira kuva nemotokari dzakawanda. Uye ipapo mibvunzo inomuka ine chekuita nekunyatso kuwiriranisa basa ravo uye zvekuita mumamiriro ekusava nekuvimbika kwepamusoro (nokuti midziyo inoputsika uye network inodonha).
Iyo michina yakawanda iripo, mapoinzi ekukundikana anowanda. Chii chekuita kana michina yakasiyana ikaburitsa mibairo yakasiyana yekuverenga kwakafanana? Chii chaunofanira kuita kana network ikanyangarika kwenguva yakati uye chikamu chekuverenga chikava chega, ungazvibatanidza sei zvese? Kazhinji, kune mamiriyoni ematambudziko ane chokuita neizvi. Zvitsva zvinogadzirisa - matambudziko matsva.
Munharaunda iyi kune nzvimbo dzakashandiswa zvachose, uye kune mamwe masayenzi - chimwe chinhu chisati chave chakakurumbira. Ndinoda kutaura pamusoro pezviri kuitika zvose mukuita uye musayenzi, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, pakusangana kwavo. Izvi ndizvo zvichange zviri musangano wekutanga weHydra.
- Ndinoda kunzwisisa chokwadi chokuti kune musangano, uye kune chikoro chezhizha. Vanobatana sei? Kana kuderedzwa kuchiitwa kuti vatori vechikamu vechikoro vapinde musangano, saka nei vachipindirana nemazuva, zvekuti hazvigoneke kupinda zvese kamwechete pasina kurasikirwa?
β Chikoro ichi chiitiko chekamuri chevanhu 100β150, uko nyanzvi dzinotungamira kubva kumativi ese enyika dzinouya kuzopa zvidzidzo kwemazuva mashanu. Uye mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka apo zviedza zvepasi rose zvinoungana muSt. Petersburg kwemazuva mashanu, zvakagadzirira kutaura chimwe chinhu. Uye munyaya iyi, chisarudzo chinomuka kuronga kwete chikoro chekamuri chete, asiwo musangano mukuru.
Zvinokwanisika kubata chikoro chakadaro muzhizha, muna July, nokuti pakati penyanzvi idzi pane mapurofesa epayunivhesiti aripo, uye havana kugadzirira chero imwe nguva: vane vadzidzi, madhipuroma, zvidzidzo, nezvimwewo. Chimiro chechikoro mazuva mashanu evhiki. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muzhizha pakupera kwevhiki vanhu vanofarira kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hatigoni kuita musangano pakupera kwevhiki tisati taenda kuchikoro kana kuti pakupera kwevhiki tabva kuchikoro.
Uye kana iwe ukawedzera mamwe mazuva akati wandei kusati kwapera kana mushure mekupera kwevhiki, saka nemashiripiti mazuva mashanu ekugara kwenyanzvi muSt. Petersburg anoshanduka kuita mapfumbamwe. Uye havana kugadzirira izvi.
Naizvozvo, mhinduro chete yatakawana yaive yekungoita musangano uchifambirana nechikoro. Hongu, izvi zvinogadzira mamwe matambudziko. Kune vanhu vanoda kuenda kuchikoro uye kumusangano, uye vanozofanira kupotsa dzimwe hurukuro pano kana uko. Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti zvese izvi zvichaitika muhoro dzakavakidzana, unogona kumhanya uchidzoka. Uye chimwe chinhu chakanaka kuwanikwa kwevhidhiyo kurekodha, umo iwe unogona gare gare wakadzikama kutarisa zvawakapotsa.
β Zviitiko zviviri pazvinoitika panguva imwe chete, vanhu vane mubvunzo wokuti βndeipi yandinoda imwe?β Chii chaizvo chaunofanira kutarisira kubva kune chimwe nechimwe, uye ndeipi misiyano?
- Chikoro chiitiko chedzidzo chete, chikoro chesainzi chemazuva akati wandei. Chero ani akambopinda musainzi uye aine chekuita neakapedza chikoro ane pfungwa yekuti chii chikoro chedzidzo.
Kazhinji zviitiko zvakadaro zvedzidzo hazvina kurongeka zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwezviitiko zvevanhu vanozviita. Asi isu tichiri vakomana vane ruzivo, saka tinogona kuita zvese nemazvo. Ini ndinofunga kuti kubva pakuona kwesangano, SPTDC ichave musoro nemapfudzi pamusoro pechero chikoro chedzidzo kana chekutsvagisa chawakamboona.
SPTDC chikoro - iyi ifomati iyo hurukuro hombe imwe neimwe inoverengwa mumapoka maviri: "awa nehafu - kuzorora - awa nehafu." Iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti zvingasava nyore kune ari kutora chikamu kekutanga: apo chikoro ichi chakaitwa kekutanga makore maviri apfuura, ini pachangu ndakanga ndisina kujairika, ndakadzima kakati wandei pakati pehurukuro mbiri, uye. ipapo zvakanga zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti chii chaiitika. Asi izvi zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nemudzidzisi: mudzidzisi akanaka anotaura zvinonakidza kwemaawa ese matatu.
Hydra Conference - chiitiko chinoshanda. Pachave nekupenya kwakati wandei kwesainzi vauya kuzodzidzisa paChikoro: kubva , ane basa riri pasi pedzidziso chaiyo yeakawanda-tambo uye akagoverwa masisitimu, ku , mumwe wevanyori vebhuku rakakurumbira pamusoro pe concurrency "Iyo Art yeMultiprocessor Programming". Asi pamusangano tichaedza kutaura nezvekuti mamwe maalgorithms anoitwa sei muchokwadi, ndeapi matambudziko anosangana nevainjiniya mukuita, ndiani anobudirira uye anokundikana, nei mamwe maalgorithms achishandiswa mukuita uye mamwe asiri. Uye zvechokwadi, ngatitaure nezve ramangwana rekuvandudzwa kwema-multi-threaded uye akagoverwa masisitimu. Ndiko kuti, isu tichapa kutema kwakadaro: izvo sayenzi yenyika iri kutaura nezvayo ikozvino, izvo zvinofungwa nevainjiniya vanotungamira zvinotenderera, uye kuti zvese zvinopindirana sei.
- Sezvo musangano uchinyanya kushandiswa, hakuzovi nemwenje chete yezvidzidzo, asiwo vatauri kubva ku "kugadzirwa"?
- Zvirokwazvo. Tiri kuedza kutarisa kune ese "makuru": Google, Netflix, Yandex, Odnoklassniki, Facebook. Pane matambudziko chaiwo anosetsa. Semuyenzaniso, munhu wese anoti: "Netflix isystem yakagoverwa, ingangoita hafu yetraffic yeUS, inotonhorera," uye paunotanga kutarisa mishumo yavo chaiyo, zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa, kuodzwa mwoyo kushoma kunopinda. Nekuti, kunyangwe ichi chiri chepasirese-yepasi uye kune yekucheka egde, pane ishoma pane iyo inoratidzika pekutanga kuona.
Dambudziko rinonakidza rinomuka: unogona kufonera vamiriri vemakambani makuru ane mukurumbira, kana iwe unogona kufonera mumwe munhu anotozivikanwa kwatiri. Muchokwadi, hunyanzvi huripo pano nepapo. Uye isu tiri kuedza kuburitsa kwete "vanhu kubva kumhando dzakakura kwazvo", asi nyanzvi dzakakura kwazvo, vanhu chaivo.
Semuenzaniso, pachava naMartin Kleppmann, uyo pane imwe nguva akaita kuputika paLinkedIn uye akasunungurwawo - zvichida rimwe remabhuku ekutanga mumunda wezvirongwa zvakagoverwa.
- Kana munhu asingashande paNetflix, asi pane imwe kambani iri nyore, angashamisika: "Ndingaenda kumusangano wakadaro here, kana kuti kune marudzi ese eNetflix ari kutaurirana, asi ini handina chekuita?"
- Ndichataura izvi: pandakashanda kuOracle kwemakore anopfuura matatu, ndakanzwa zvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvinonakidza mukicheni uye mumakamuri ekusvuta, apo vamwe vandaishanda navo vakaungana ikoko vachiita zvimwe zvikamu zveJava platform. Ava vanogona kunge vari vanhu vanobva kumashini chaiwo, kana kubva kudhipatimendi rekuyedza, kana kubva mukuita concurrency - semuenzaniso, Lyosha Shiplev naSeryozha Kuksenko.
Pavakatanga kukurukura chimwe chinhu pakati pavo, ndaiwanzoteerera ndakashama muromo. Kwandiri izvi zvaive zvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvandisingatarisiri zvandainge ndisina kumbofunga nezvazvo. Sezvineiwo, pakutanga handina kunzwisisa 90% yezvavaitaura nezvazvo. Zvino 80% yakava isinganzwisisike. Uye mushure mekunge ndaita basa rangu rechikoro uye ndaverenga mabhuku mashomanana, nhamba iyi yakaderera kusvika ku70%. Handisati ndanzwisisa zvakawanda zvavanotaura pakati pavo. Asi pandakanga ndakagara mukona nekapu yekofi uye ndakateerera, ndakatanga kunzwisisa zvishomanana zvakanga zvichiitika.
Saka, kana Google, Netflix, LinkedIn, Odnoklassniki uye Yandex vachitaurirana, izvi hazvirevi kuti chinhu chisinganzwisisiki uye chisingafadzi. Pane kudaro, tinofanira kunyatsoteerera, nokuti iri ndiro ramangwana redu.
Zvechokwadi, kune vanhu vasingadi zvose izvi. Kana iwe usingade kusimudzira mumusoro wenyaya, haufanirwe kuenda kumusangano uyu, unongotambisa nguva ipapo. Asi kana nyaya yacho inonakidza, asi iwe haunzwisisi chero chinhu pamusoro payo kana kuti uri kungoitarisa, saka iwe unofanira kuuya, nokuti haungawani chero chinhu chakadaro chero kupi zvako. Uyezve, ndinofunga kuti kwete muRussia chete, asiwo munyika. Tiri kuedza kuita musangano usingazongove mutungamiri wenyaya iyi muRussia, asi kazhinji nhamba yekutanga munyika.
Iri harisi basa riri nyore, asi kana tine mukana unoshamisa wekuunganidza vatauri vakasimba kubva kumativi ose enyika, ndinoda kupa zvakawanda kuti zviitike. Hongu, vamwe veavo vatakakoka kuHydra yekutanga havazokwanisi kuuya. Asi ini ndichataura izvi: hatina kumbobvira tatanga musangano mutsva nemutsara wakasimba zvakadaro. Kunze, pamwe, yekutanga JPoint makore matanhatu apfuura.
- Ndinoda kuwedzera pamashoko okuti "iri ndiro ramangwana redu": musoro wacho unozobata avo vasingafungi nezvazvo nhasi?
- Hongu, ndine chokwadi nazvo. Naizvozvo, kwandiri zvinoratidzika kuva zvakarurama zvikuru kutanga kukurukura nezvazvo nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Semuenzaniso, dzidziso yekuverengera yakawanda yakaonekwa kare kare (mu70s, basa rakanga ratove richibudiswa mukutenderera kwakazara), asi kwenguva yakareba ivo vaive nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakamanikana, kusvikira mushandisi wekutanga wepaviri-core komputa yaonekwa. pakutanga kwema10. Uye ikozvino isu tese tine akawanda-epakati maseva, malaptop uye kunyange mafoni, uye ichi ndicho chikuru. Zvakatora makore angangoita gumi kuti izvi zvipararire, kuti vanhu vanzwisise kuti hurukuro iyi haisi dunhu renhete yenyanzvi.
Uye isu tiri kuona chinhu chimwe chete neakagoverwa masisitimu. Nekuti mhinduro dzakakosha senge kugovera mutoro, kushivirira kukanganisa uye nezvimwe zvakaitwa kwenguva yakareba, asi vanhu vashoma vanoziva chii, semuenzaniso, kubvumirana kwakagoverwa kana Paxos.
Chimwe chezvinangwa zvakakosha zvandakaisa pachiitiko ichi kunyudza mainjiniya zvakanyanya munhaurirano iyi. Iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti pamisangano mimwe misoro nemhinduro hadzingokurukurwa nezvadzo, asiwo thesaurus inobuda - chinhu chakabatana chepfungwa.
Ini ndinozviona sebasa rangu kugadzira puratifomu iyo munhu wese anogona kukurukura zvese izvi, kugovana zviitiko uye maonero. Kuti iwe neni tive nekunzwisisa kwakafanana kwezvinoitwa nealgorithm, zvinoitwa nemumwe, ndeipi iri nani pasi pemamiriro api, hukama hwayo kune mumwe nemumwe, zvichingodaro.
Chinhu chinonakidza kwazvo chine hukama neiyo yakawanda multithreading. Apo shamwari dzedu kubva kuOracle (kunyanya Lesha Shipilev naSergey Kuksenko) vakatanga kutaura zvakasimba pamusoro pekuita uye, kunyanya, pamusoro pekuverenga zvakawanda, makore maviri kana matatu gare gare mibvunzo iyi yakatanga kubvunzwa pakubvunzurudza kumakambani, vanhu vakatanga kukurukura mukati. makamuri ekusvuta. Ndiko kuti, chinhu chaive chakawanda chenyanzvi dzakatetepa chakangoerekana chave chikuru.
Uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo. Zvinoita sekuti isu takabatsira vakomana ava kufambisa nyaya iyi yese, iyo inonyanya kukosha, inobatsira uye inonakidza. Kana kare pasina munhu aifunga nezve mashandisiro anoita Java server zvikumbiro zvakafanana, ikozvino vanhu vane pamwe pane imwe nhanho kunzwisisa kwekuita kwese. Uye izvo zvakanaka.
Basa randinoona ikozvino nderekuita zvakangofanana nemasisitimu akagoverwa. Kuitira kuti munhu wese anyatsonzwisisa kuti chii, kwainobva, ndeapi mabasa nematambudziko aripo, kuitira kuti izviwo zvive zvakajairika.
Makambani ane kudiwa kukuru kwevanhu vanonzwisisa chimwe chinhu pamusoro peizvi, uye kune vashoma vanhu vakadaro. Patinowedzera kugadzira zvakatenderedza izvi uye mukana wekudzidza kubva mazviri, patinowedzera kupa vanhu mikana yekubvunza mibvunzo iri mumhepo, isu tinowedzera mukana wekufamba munzira iyi.
prehistory
β Musangano uyu uri kuitwa kekutanga, asi aka hakasi kekutanga pachikoro ichi. Zvose izvi zvakamuka uye zvakakura sei?
- Iyi inyaya inonakidza. Makore maviri apfuura, muna Chivabvu 2017, takagara muKyiv naNikita Koval (), nyanzvi mumunda wemultithreading. Uye akandiudza kuti yaizoitirwa muSt .
Musoro weiyo multithreaded programming yanga iri inonakidza inonakidza mumakore matatu apfuura ebasa rangu reinjiniya. Uye zvakazoitika kuti muzhizha, vanhu vakakurumbira zvikuru vanouya kuSt. Petersburg, Maurice Herlihy naNir Shavit, maererano yandakadzidza. Uye vazhinji veshamwari dzangu vaive nechekuita neizvi - semuenzaniso, Roma Elizarov () Ndakaona kuti hapana chandaizopotsa chiitiko chakadaro.
Pazvakava pachena kuti chirongwa chechikoro che2017 chaizova chikuru, pfungwa yakamuka yokuti hurukuro dzinofanira kunyorwa pavhidhiyo. Isu paJUG.ru Boka taive nekunzwisisa kwakazara kwekuti hurukuro dzakadai dzinofanirwa kurekodhwa sei. Uye isu tinokodzera muSPTCC sevarume vakagadzira vhidhiyo yechikoro. Somugumisiro, hurukuro dzose dzechikoro paYouTube chiteshi.
Ndakatanga kukurukura naPyotr Kuznetsov, uyo akanga ari mukuru wepfungwa uye murongi wechikoro ichi, uye naVitaly Aksenov, uyo akabatsira kuronga zvose izvi muSt. Ndakaona kuti izvi zvinotonhorera uye zvinonakidza uye, zvichida, zvakashata kuti vatori vechikamu zana chete vanogona kubata runako.
Peter paakafunga kuti aifanira kutanga chikoro zvakare (muna 2018 pakanga pasina simba uye nguva, saka akasarudza kuzviita muna 2019), zvakava pachena kuti tinogona kumubatsira nekungobvisa zvinhu zvese zvesangano kubva kwaari. Izvi ndizvo zviri kuitika ikozvino, Peter anobata nezviri mukati, uye isu tinoita zvimwe zvese. Uye ichi chinoita senge chirongwa chakakodzera: Peter angangove anonyanya kufarira chirongwa pane "kupi uye riini munhu wese achadya masikati." Uye isu tiri shasha pakushanda nehoro, nzvimbo, uye zvichingodaro.
Panguva ino, pane SPTCC, chikoro chinonzi SPTDC, kwete "concurrent computing", asi "distributed computing". Saizvozvo, uyu ndiwo mutsauko: nguva yekupedzisira kuchikoro havana kutaura nezve masisitimu akagoverwa, asi panguva ino tichataura nezvavo.
β Sezvo chikoro chisiri kuitwa kekutanga, tinogona kutotora mhedziso kubva munguva yakapfuura. Chii chakaitika nguva yadarika?
- Pakagadzirwa chikoro chekutanga makore maviri apfuura, zvaitarisirwa kuti paizova nechiitiko chedzidzo, chinonyanya kufarirwa nevadzidzi. Uyezve, vadzidzi vanobva kumativi ose enyika, nokuti chikoro chiri muChirungu chete, uye zvaifungidzirwa kuti nhamba inokosha yevadzidzi vekune dzimwe nyika vaizouya.
Muchokwadi, zvakazoitika kuti mainjiniya mazhinji akabva kumakambani makuru eRussia seYandex. Kwaive naAndrey Pangin () kubva kuOdnoklassniki, paiva nevakomana veJetBrains vari kushanda nesimba panyaya iyi. Kazhinji, pakanga paine zviso zvakawanda zvaizivikanwa kubva kumakambani evamwe vedu ipapo. Handisi kushamisika, ndinonzwisisa zvakakwana kuti sei vakauya ikoko.
Chaizvoizvo, varongi vaive netarisiro yekuti paChikoro pachava nevanhu vezvidzidzo, asi kamwe kamwe vanhu veindasitiri vakauya, uye zvakabva zvandijekera kuti pane zvaidiwa muindasitiri iyi.
Kana chiitiko chisina kusimudzirwa chero kupi zvako, panguva yekutanga kudzvanya kwemunwe, chakaunganidza vateereri vevakuru, zvinoreva kuti pane kufarira chaiko. Zvinoita sekuti chikumbiro chenyaya iyi chanonoka.
Maurice Herlihy pamusangano weJUG.ru
- Mukuwedzera kuchikoro, Maurice Herlihy akataura muSt. Petersburg pamusangano weJUG.ru muna 2017, nezve transactional memory, uye izvi zvishoma padyo nefomati yemusangano. Ndiani akauya ipapo - vanhu vakafanana vanowanzouya kuJUG.ru kusangana, kana vateereri vakasiyana?
- Zvainakidza nekuti takanzwisisa kuti Maurice aizova nereport yeruzhinji, kwete yakanangana neJava, uye takaita chiziviso chakati kurei kupfuura zvatinowanzoitira vanyoreri vedu venhau veJUG.
Vanhu vazhinji vandinoziva vakabva kunharaunda dzisiri dzeJava zvachose: kubva muboka re.NET, kubva kumhomho yeJavaScript. Nekuti iyo musoro wetransactional memory hauenderane neiyo tekinoroji yekuvandudza. Kana nyanzvi yepasi rose yauya kuzotaura nezve transactional memory, kupotsa mukana wekuteerera munhu akadaro uye kumubvunza mibvunzo imhosva. Zvinongofadza zvikuru kana munhu ane bhuku rauri kudzidza achibva auya kwauri okuudza chimwe chinhu. Simply fantastic.
- Uye chii chaive mhinduro semhedzisiro? Maitiro acho aive akanyanya kudzidza uye asinganzwisisike kune vanhu veindasitiri?
- Ongororo yeshumo yaHerlihy yaive yakanaka. Vanhu vakanyora kuti akataura zviri nyore uye zvakajeka izvo zvisingatarisirwe kubva kuna purofesa wezvidzidzo. Asi isu tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti takamukoka nechikonzero, inyanzvi ine mukurumbira pasi rose ine ruzivo rwakakura mukutaura uye nhoroondo kubva muboka remabhuku uye zvinyorwa. Uye, zvichida, akava nemukurumbira munzira dzakawanda nekuda kwekugona kwake kuendesa zvinhu kuvanhu. Naizvozvo, izvi hazvishamisi.
Anotaura Chirungu chakajairika, chinonzwisisika, uye, chokwadi, ane kunzwisisa kukuru kwezvaari kutaura nezvazvo. Ndiko kuti, unogona kumubvunza zvachose chero mibvunzo. Zvikurukuru, vanhu vakanyunyuta kuti takapa Maurice nguva shoma zvikuru nokuda kwomushumo wake: maawa maviri haana kukwana nokuda kwechinhu chakadaro, anenge maviri anodiwa. Zvakanaka, takakwanisa kuita zvatakakwanisa mumaawa maviri.
Chikonzero
- Kazhinji JUG.ru Boka rinobata nezviitiko zvakakura, asi musoro uyu unoratidzika kunge wakanyanya hunyanzvi. Sei wakasarudza kuitora? Pane here chido chekuita chiitiko chidiki, kana vataridzi vazhinji vanogona kuungana panhau yakadai?
- Chokwadi, kana iwe ukaita chiitiko uye uchiisa imwe nhanho yekukurukurirana, mubvunzo unogara uchimuka wekuti hurukuro iyi yakapararira sei. Vangani vanhu - gumi, zana kana chiuru - vanofarira izvi? Pane kutengeserana pakati pehuwandu nekudzika. Uyu mubvunzo wakajairika, uye munhu wese anougadzirisa zvakasiyana.
Mune ino kesi, ini ndoda kuita chiitiko "changu." Ndichiri kunzwisisa chimwe chinhu nezve multithreading (ini ndakapa hurukuro pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi pamisangano, uye ndakaudza vadzidzi chimwe chinhu kakawanda), asi ini ndiri muzivi kana zvasvika kune akagoverwa masisitimu: Ndakaverenga zvimwe zvinyorwa uye ndakaona akati wandei hurukuro, asi kwete. kunyange bhuku rimwe rakazara rakariverenga.
Tine komiti yepurogiramu inoumbwa nenyanzvi mumunda vanogona kuongorora huchokwadi hwemishumo. Uye kune chikamu changu, ndiri kuedza kuita chiitiko ichi chimwe icho ini, nekushaiwa kwangu hunyanzvi, ndingade kuenda kwachiri. Kana zvichikwanisika kufarira ruzhinji rwevanhu, handizive. Iri pamwe harisi iro rakakosha basa rechiitiko ichi panguva ino. Iye zvino zvinonyanya kukosha kugadzira purogiramu yakasimba munguva pfupi.
Pamwe, ikozvino ndakaita timu kwete basa re "kuunganidza vanhu chiuru kekutanga," asi "kuita kuti musangano uoneke." Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisingaite senge bhizinesi uye neimwe nzira isina njere, kunyangwe ini ndisiri altruist zvachose. Asi dzimwe nguva ndinogona kuzvibvumira mamwe rusununguko.
Pane zvinhu zvakakosha kupfuura mari uye kupfuura mari. Isu tinotoita nhamba huru yezviitiko zvakakura-zvikuru zvechiuru chevanhu kana kupfuura. Misangano yedu yeJava yakapfuura zviuru zvevanhu, uye zvino zvimwe zviitiko zviri kusvetuka pamusoro pebhawa iri. Ndiko kuti, mubvunzo kuti isu tave vane ruzivo uye vane mukurumbira varongi hauchakoshi. Uye, pamwe, izvo zvatinowana kubva muzviitiko izvi zvinotipa mukana wekudzoreredza mune izvo zvinonakidza kwatiri, uye mune iyi kesi, kwandiri pachangu.
Nekuita chiitiko ichi, ndiri kupesana nemimwe yemisimboti yesangano redu. Semuenzaniso, isu tinowanzo edza kugadzirira makonferensi pachine nguva, asi ikozvino tine nguva dzakasimba, uye isu tinopedzisa chirongwa kwangosara mwedzi pamberi pechiitiko chacho.
Uye chiitiko ichi chichava 70-80% Chirungu-mutauro. Pano, zvakare, nhaurirano nguva dzose inomuka pamusoro pekuti tinoda kuva pedyo nevanhu (vanonzwisisa zviri nani kana mishumo yakawanda iri muchiRussia) kana kunyika yose (nokuti nyika yeunyanzvi inotaura Chirungu). Isu tinowanzo edza kuita mishumo yakawanda muchiRussia. Asi kwete panguva ino.
Uyezve, isu tichakumbirawo vamwe vedu vanotaura chiRussian-vanotaura chiRungu. Izvi, neimwe nzira, inopesana nemushandisi zvachose uye ine hutsinye maitiro. Asi tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti parizvino hapana mabhuku emutauro weRussia panyaya iyi, uye chero munhu anofarira izvi anomanikidzwa kuverenga muchiRungu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anogona kunzwisisa Chirungu. Kana munyaya yeJavaScript, Java kana .NET kune vanhu vakawanda vasingazivi Chirungu zvakanyanya, asi panguva imwechete vanogona kuronga zvakanaka, saka, zvichida, zvirongwa zvakagoverwa inzvimbo umo pasina imwe chete. nzira yekudzidza ikozvino.
Ini ndinoda chaizvo kuita chiedzo ichi: kuti chiitiko che70-80% cheChirungu-chirungu chichaonekwa sei neveruzhinji muRussia. Ichapinda here kana kuti kwete? Hatizivi izvi pachine nguva nekuti hatisati tamboita izvi. Asi wadii kuzviita? Ngatitii ichi ndicho chiyedzo chikuru chandisingakwanise kubatsira asi kuedza.
Chirongwa chechikoro cheSPTDC chatove zvachose, uye munyaya yeHydra kare chikamu chinocherechedzwa, uye nokukurumidza tichabudisa nzvero yepurogiramu yose yekokorodzano.
Source: www.habr.com