Chero mupi wegore anopa masevhisi ekuchengetedza data. Izvi zvinogona kutonhora uye zvinopisa zvekuchengetera, Ice-inotonhora, nezvimwe. Kuchengeta ruzivo mugore kuri nyore. Asi data rakachengetwa sei makore gumi, makumi maviri, makumi mashanu apfuura? Cloud10Y yakashandura chinyorwa chinonakidza chinotaura nezve izvi chete.
A byte yedata inogona kuchengetwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, sezvo midhiya mitsva, yepamusoro uye nekukurumidza kuchengetedza inooneka nguva dzese. A byte chikamu chekuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa ruzivo rwedhijitari, iyo ine mabhiti masere. Rimwe bhiti rinogona kunge riine 0 kana 1.
Muchiitiko chemakadhi akarohwa, chidimbu chinochengetwa sekuvapo / kusavapo kwegomba mune kadhi pane imwe nzvimbo. Kana tikadzokera kumashure zvishoma kuBabbage's Analytical Engine, maregister aichengeta manhamba aive magiya. Mune magineti ekuchengetedza zvishandiso sematepi uye dhisiki, zvishoma inomiririrwa neiyo polarity yeimwe nzvimbo yeiyo magineti firimu. Muchimanjemanje dynamic random access memory (DRAM), diki rinowanzo miririrwa sematanho maviri emagetsi echaji yakachengetwa mumudziyo unochengeta simba remagetsi mundima yemagetsi. Chigaba chakachajwa kana chakaburitswa chinochengeta data shoma.
Chikumi 1956 akavamba shoko kureva boka remabhiti anoshandiswa kukodha mutsara mumwe . Ngatitaure zvishoma nezve encoding yehunhu. Ngatitangei neAmerican standard code yekuchinjana ruzivo, kana ASCII. ASCII yaibva paarufabheti yechirungu, saka mavara ese, nhamba nechiratidzo (az, AZ, 0-9, +, - , /, ",!, etc. ) vaimiririrwa se7-bit integer kubva pa32 kusvika 127. Izvi zvaisanyanya "ushamwari" kune mimwe mitauro Kutsigira mimwe mitauro, Unicode yakawedzera ASCII. , mavara madiki j ndiye U+006A, apo U inomiririra Unicode uyezve nhamba ine hexadecimal.
UTF-8 chiyero chekumiririra mavara semabhiti masere, achibvumira imwe neimwe kodhi poindi muchikamu 0-127 kuti ichengetwe mune imwechete byte. Kana tikarangarira ASCII, izvi zvakajairika kumavara echiRungu, asi mamwe mavara emitauro anowanzo kuratidzwa mumabhayithi maviri kana anopfuura. UTF-16 chiyero chekumiririra mavara se16 bits, uye UTF-32 chiyero chekumiririra mavara se32 bits. MuASCII, hunhu hwega hwega ndeye byte, asi muUnicode, izvo kazhinji zvisiri zvechokwadi zvachose, hunhu hunogona kutora 1, 2, 3 kana anopfuura mabheti. Chinyorwa chichashandisa hukuru hwakasiyana mapoka emabits. Huwandu hwebhiti mubhaiti hunosiyana zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwenhau.
Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichafamba tichidzoka nenguva kuburikidza neakasiyana ekuchengetedza midhiya kuti tiongorore munhoroondo yekuchengetedza data. Hazvina mhosva isu tichatanga kudzidza zvakadzama yega yega yekuchengetera nzira yakambogadzirwa. Ichi chinyorwa chinonakidza cheruzivo chisingambozviti chakakosha encyclopedic.
Ngatitange. Ngatitii tine data byte yekuchengetedza: tsamba j, ingave se encoded byte 6a, kana sebhinari 01001010. Sezvatinofamba nekufamba kwenguva, data byte ichashandiswa mune dzakawanda kuchengetedza teknolojia iyo ichatsanangurwa.
1951
Nyaya yedu inotanga muna 1951 neUNIVAC UNISERVO tape drive yekombiyuta yeUNIVAC 1. Yaiva yekutanga tepi drive yakagadzirwa kune kombiyuta yekutengesa. Bhendi racho rakagadzirwa kubva pamucheka mutete webronze-yakazara nickel, 12,65 mm yakafara (inonzi Vicalloy) uye inoda kusvika 366 metres kureba. Mabhaiti edu e data anogona kuchengetwa pa7 mavara pasekondi patepi inofamba pa 200 metres pasekondi. Panguva ino munhoroondo, unogona kuyera kumhanya kwealgorithm yekuchengetera nedaro rakafambwa tepi.
1952
Nekukurumidza mberi kwegore kusvika May 21, 1952, apo IBM yakazivisa kusunungurwa kwekutanga magnetic tape unit, IBM 726. Our byte of data zvino inogona kutamiswa kubva kuUNISERVO metal tape kuenda kuIBM magnetic tape. Imba nyowani iyi yakave yakanakisa kune yedu diki byte yedata, sezvo tepi inogona kuchengeta madhijitari anosvika mamirioni maviri. Iyi 2-track magnetic tepi yakafamba pa 7 metres pasekondi ine baud rate ye1,9. kana 7500 (panguva iyoyo ainzi mapoka emakopi) pasekondi. Zvekureva: avhareji chinyorwa paHabrΓ© chine mavara angangoita gumi,10.
Iyo IBM 726 tepi yaive nematepi manomwe, matanhatu acho aishandiswa kuchengetedza ruzivo, uye imwe yekutonga kweparity. Imwe reel yaigona kugarisa tepi yemamita 400 nehupamhi hwemasendimita 1,25. Iyo yekumhanyisa dhata yakasvika 12,5 zviuru zvemavara pasekondi; kurekodha density i40 bits per centimita. Iyi sisitimu yakashandisa "vacuum chiteshi" nzira umo loop ye tepi yakatenderera pakati pemapoinzi maviri. Izvi zvakabvumira kuti tepi itange uye kumira muchidimbu chesekondi. Izvi zvakawanikwa nekuisa makoramu marefu evacuum pakati pematepi spools uye misoro yekuverenga / kunyora kuti itore kuwedzera kamwe kamwe kwekunetsana mutepi, pasina iyo tepi yaiwanzo kutyora. Mhete yepurasitiki inobvisika kuseri kwetepi reel yakapa dziviriro yekunyora. Imwe reel ye tepi inogona kuchengeta inenge 1,1 .
Rangarira matepi eVHS. Chii chawaifanira kuita kuti uone firimu zvakare? Dzorera zvakare tepi! Kangani pawakaruka kaseti yemutambi wako papenzura, kuti usatambise mabhatiri uye kuwana tepi yakabvaruka kana yakajamirwa? Zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pematepi anoshandiswa kumakombiyuta. Zvirongwa zvaisakwanisa kungosvetuka-svetuka tepi kana kuwana data zvisina tsarukano, vaigona kuverenga nekunyora data zvakatevedzana.
1956
Nekukurumidza kumberi kwemakore mashoma kusvika 1956, uye nguva yekuchengetera magineti disk yakatanga nekupedzwa kweIBM RAMAC 305 komputa system, iyo Zellerbach Pepa yakapihwa . Komputa iyi ndiyo yakatanga kushandisa hard drive ine musoro unofamba. Iyo RAMAC disk drive yaive nemakumi mashanu ane magnetized simbi ndiro ine dhayamita ye60,96 cm, inokwanisa kuchengetedza anosvika mamirioni mashanu mavara edata, 7 bits pahunhu, uye kutenderera pa1200 revolutions paminiti. Iyo yekuchengetera inokwana 3,75 megabytes.
RAMAC yakabvumira-chaiyo-nguva kuwana kune yakakura data, kusiyana nemagineti tepi kana punched makadhi. IBM yakashambadza RAMAC ichikwanisa kuchengeta yakaenzana ne64 . Pakutanga, RAMRAC yakaunza iyo pfungwa yekuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa mafambisirwo sezvaanoitika, kuitira kuti data rigone kutorwa nekukasira richiri nyowani. Yedu data muRAMAC yave kukwanisa kuwanikwa nekumhanya kwe100 . Kare, pakushandisa matepi, taifanira kunyora nekuverenga data yakatevedzana, uye taisakwanisa kusvetukira netsaona kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzematepi. Real-time random access to data was really revolutionary panguva iyoyo.
1963
Ngatikurumidzei kusvika muna 1963 pakatangwa DECTape. Iro zita rinobva kuDigital Equipment Corporation, inozivikanwa seDEC. DECtape yakanga isingadhuri uye yakavimbika, saka yakashandiswa muzvizvarwa zvakawanda zveDEC makomputa. Yakanga iri 19mm tepi, yakashongedzwa uye yakaiswa pakati pezvikamu zviviri zveMylar pane ina-inch (10,16 cm) reel.
Kusiyana neinorema, yakawanda yakatangira, DECtape inogona kutakurwa nemaoko. Izvi zvakaita kuti ive sarudzo yakanakisa yemakomputa emunhu. Kusiyana neayo 7-track mamwe, DECtape yaive ne6 data tracks, 2 cue tracks, uye 2 yewachi. Data yakanyorwa pa 350 bits per inch (138 bits per cm). Yedu data byte, inova 8 bits asi inogona kuwedzerwa kusvika pagumi nembiri, inogona kuendesa kuDECtape pa12 8325-bit mazwi pasekondi pamatepi kumhanya kwe12 (Β±93) inches pa. . Iyi i8% yakawanda manhamba pasekondi pane UNISERVO simbi tepi muna 1952.
1967
Makore mana gare gare, muna 1967, boka diki IBM rakatanga kushanda paIBM floppy drive, codenamed. . Ipapo timu yakapihwa basa rekugadzira yakavimbika uye isingadhure nzira yekuisa microcode mukati IBM System/370. Iyo purojekiti yakazodzokororwa uye yakadzokororwa kurodha microcode mune controller yeIBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, codenamed Merlin.
Byte yedu zvino yaigona kuchengetwa pakuverenga-chete 8-inch magnetically coated Mylar floppy disks, anozivikanwa nhasi se floppy disks. Panguva yekuburitswa, chigadzirwa chainzi IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Madhisiki anogona kubata 80 kilobytes yedata. Kusiyana nemadhiraivha akaomarara, mushandisi anogona kufambisa zviri nyore floppy disk mugoko rekudzivirira kubva kune imwe drive kuenda kune imwe. Gare gare, muna 1973, IBM yakaburitsa iyo kuverenga / kunyora floppy disk, iyo yakazove yeindasitiri. .
1969
Muna 1969, Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) ine tambo yekuyeuka yakatangwa muchikepe cheApollo 11, icho chakatakura vazivi venyeredzi vekuAmerica kuenda kuMwedzi nekudzoka. Iyi ndangariro yetambo yakagadzirwa nemaoko uye yaigona kubata 72 kilobytes yedata. Kugadzirwa kwendangariro yetambo kwainyanya kushanda, kunononoka, uye kunoda unyanzvi hwakafanana nokuruka; zvinogona kutora . Asi chaive chishandiso chakakodzera chenguva idzo pazvaive zvakakosha kuenderana nepamusoro-soro munzvimbo yakaganhurwa. Kana waya yaipfuura neimwe yetambo yedenderedzwa, yaimiririra 1. Waya yaipfuura nepakati petambo yaimiririra 0. Data byte yedu yaida kuti munhu aruke maminetsi akati wandei mutambo.
1977
Muna 1977, iyo Commodore PET, yekutanga (yakabudirira) komputa yega, yakaburitswa. Iyo PET yakashandisa Commodore 1530 Datasette, zvinoreva data pamwe nekaseti. PET yakashandura iyo data kuita analog audio masaini, ayo akabva achengetwa . Izvi zvakatibvumira kugadzira mhinduro inodhura uye yakavimbika yekuchengetedza, kunyangwe ichinonoka. Yedu diki byte yedata inogona kutamiswa nekumhanya kwe60-70 bytes pa . Makaseti aigona kubata 100 kilobytes padivi remaminitsi makumi matatu, aine mativi maviri patepi. Semuenzaniso, rimwe divi rekaseti rinogona kubata maviri 30 KB mifananidzo. Datasettes yakashandiswawo muCommodore VIC-55 uye Commodore 20.
1978
Kwapera gore, muna 1978, MCA naPhilips vakaunza LaserDisc pasi pezita rekuti "Discovision". Jaws raive firimu rekutanga kutengeswa paLaserDisc muUnited States. Yayo odhiyo uye vhidhiyo mhando yaive nani kupfuura vakwikwidzi vayo, asi iyo laserdisc yaidhura zvakanyanya kune vazhinji vatengi. Iyo LaserDisc haigone kurekodhwa, kusiyana nematepi eVHS ayo vanhu vakarekodha zvirongwa zveterevhizheni. Laserdiscs yakashanda neanalog vhidhiyo, analog FM stereo odhiyo uye pulse kodhi , kana PCM, digital audio. Madhisiki acho aive nedhayamita 12 inches (30,47 cm) uye aisanganisira maviri-sided aruminiyamu discs akaputirwa nepurasitiki. Nhasi LaserDisc inorangarirwa sehwaro hwemaCD uye maDVD.
1979
Kwapera gore, muna 1979, Alan Shugart naFinis Conner vakatanga Seagate Technology nepfungwa yekuyera hard drive kusvika pakukura kwe5 ΒΌ-inch floppy disk, yaive yakajairwa panguva iyoyo. Chigadzirwa chavo chekutanga muna 1980 yaive Seagate ST506 hard drive, yekutanga hard drive yemakomputa makomputa. Iyo dhisiki yakabata mamegabytes mashanu edata, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive yakakura zvakapetwa kashanu pane standard floppy disk. Vagadziri vakakwanisa kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo chekudzikisa dhisiki saizi kusvika kuhukuru hwe5ΒΌ-inch floppy disk. Chishandiso chitsva chekuchengetera data chaive chigadziko chesimbi chakaomeswa mativi ese ane chitete chemagineti chekuchengetera data. Yedu data byte inogona kuendeswa kune disk nekumhanya kwe625 kilobytes pa . Zvinenge .
1981
Nekukurumidza mberi kwemakore akati wandei kusvika 1981, apo Sony yakaunza yekutanga 3,5-inch floppy disks. Hewlett-Packard akave wekutanga kutora tekinoroji iyi muna 1982 aine HP-150 yayo. Izvi zvakaita kuti 3,5-inch floppy disks ive nemukurumbira uye zvakavapa kushandiswa kwakapararira pasi rose. . Mafloppy disks aive ane divi rimwe chete ane chimiro chakarongeka che161.2 kilobytes uye isina kurongeka ye218.8 kilobytes. Muna 1982, shanduro yemativi maviri yakaburitswa, uye Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) consortium yemakambani enhau makumi maviri nematatu akavakirwa iyo 23-inch floppy yakatarwa pamagadzirirwo ekutanga aSony, achisimbisa fomati munhoroondo sezvatinoziva nhasi. . Ikozvino data yedu byte inogona kuchengetwa pane yekutanga vhezheni yeimwe yakajairwa kuchengetedza midhiya: iyo 3,5-inch floppy disk. Gare gare, peya ye3,5-inch floppies ine rakava rutivi runokosha zvikurusa rwouduku hwangu.
1984
Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, muna 1984, kubudiswa kweCompact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) kwakaziviswa. Aya aive 550 megabyte CD-ROMs kubva kuSony nePhilips. Mamiriro acho akakura kubva mumaCD ane digital audio, kana CD-DA, akashandiswa kugovera mimhanzi. CD-DA yakagadziridzwa naSony naPhilips muna 1982 uye yaive nesimba remaminetsi makumi manomwe nemana. Sekureva kwengano, Sony naPhilips pavakanga vachitaurirana nezveCD-DA standard, mumwe wevanhu vana akasimbirira kuti inogona. iyo yose yeNinth Symphony. Chigadzirwa chekutanga chakaburitswa paCD yaive Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia, yakabudiswa muna 1985. Iyo encyclopedia yaive nemamiriyoni mapfumbamwe emazwi, ayo aitora chete 12% yenzvimbo iripo disk, inova 553. . Tingave nenzvimbo inodarika yakakwana yeencyclopedia uye nebyte yedata. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 1985, makambani emakombuta akashanda pamwechete kugadzira mwero wedhisiki madhiraivha kuitira kuti chero komputa iverenge.
1984
Uyewo muna 1984, Fujio Masuoka akatanga rudzi rutsva rwendangariro yegedhi rinoyangarara inonzi flash memory, iyo yaikwanisa kudzimwa uye kunyorwazve kakawanda.
Ngatitorei chinguva kutarisa flash memory tichishandisa inoyangarara gedhi transistor. Transistors magedhi emagetsi anogona kubatidzwa nekudzimwa ega. Sezvo imwe neimwe transistor inogona kunge iri mumatunhu maviri akasiyana (pakudzima nekudzima), inogona kuchengeta nhamba mbiri dzakasiyana: 0 uye 1. Gedhi rinoyangarara rinoreva gedhi rechipiri rinowedzerwa kune yepakati transistor. Iri gedhi rechipiri rinoiswa insulated nekatete oxide layer. Aya ma transistors anoshandisa diki voltage rinoiswa kugedhi re transistor kuratidza kuti rakabatidzwa here kana kuti rakavharwa, iro rinozoshandura kune 0 kana 1.
Nemagedhi anoyangarara, kana magetsi akakodzera akaiswa kuburikidza neiyo oxide layer, maerekitironi anoyerera nemo uye anonamira pamasuwo. Nokudaro, kunyange kana simba radzimwa, maerekitironi anoramba ari paari. Kana pasina maerekitironi pamagedhi anoyangarara, anomiririra 1, uye kana maerekitironi akanamira, anomiririra 0. Kudzoreredza nzira iyi uye kushandisa voltage yakakodzera kuburikidza neokisisa layer iri mhiri kunoita kuti maerekitironi ayerere nepamagedhi anoyangarara. uye dzorera transistor kudzokera kune yayo yekutanga. Naizvozvo masero anoitwa programmable uye . Yedu byte inogona kurongwa mu transistor se 01001010, ine maerekitironi, ane maerekitironi akanamira mumasuwo anoyangarara kumiririra zero.
Dhizaini yaMasuoka yaive isingadhurike zvishoma asi isingachinjiki pane yemagetsi inodzimika PROM (EEPROM), sezvo yaida mapoka akawanda emaseru aifanira kudzimwa pamwechete, asi izvi zvakare zvakaverengera kumhanya kwayo.
Panguva iyoyo, Masuoka akanga achishandira Toshiba. Akazoenda kubasa kuTohoku University nekuti aisafara kuti kambani haina kumubairo nebasa rake. Masuoka akamhanβarira Toshiba, achida muripo. Muna 2006, akabhadharwa mamiriyoni 87 yuan, yakaenzana ne758 zviuru zvemadhora ekuAmerica. Izvi zvichiri kuita sezvisingakoshi kupihwa maitiro ane simba flash memory ave muindasitiri.
Tichiri kutaura nezve flash memory, zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti musiyano uripi pakati peNOR neNAND flash memory. Sezvatinotoziva kubva kuMasuoka, flash inochengeta ruzivo mumaseru ekurangarira anosanganisira anoyangarara gedhi transistors. Mazita etekinoroji ane hukama zvakananga nekurongeka kwemasero endangariro.
MuNOR flash, masero endangariro ega ega anobatanidzwa mukufanana kuti ape kuwana zvisina tsarukano. Ichi chivakwa chinoderedza nguva yekuverenga inodiwa kuti uwane zvisina tsarukano kune microprocessor mirairo. NOR flash memory yakanakira yakaderera density maapplication ayo anonyanya kuverenga-chete. Ichi ndicho chikonzero maCPU mazhinji anorodha firmware yavo, kazhinji kubva kuNOR flash memory. Masuoka nevamwe vake vakaunza kugadzirwa kweNOR flash muna 1984 uye NAND flash mukati .
NAND Flash Vagadziri vakasiya yakasarudzika yekuwana ficha kuti vawane diki ndangariro sero saizi. Izvi zvinoguma nekukura kwechip diki uye mutengo wakaderera pabhiti. NAND flash memory architecture ine masere-zvidimbu memory transistors akabatana munhevedzano. Izvi zvinowana yakakura kuchengetedza density, diki ndangariro sero saizi, uye nekukurumidza kunyora data uye kudzima nekuti inogona kuronga mabhuraki edata panguva imwe chete. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuda kuti data inyorwe patsva kana isina kunyorwa sequentially uye data yatovepo .
1991
Ngatienderei ku1991, pakaitwa prototype solid-state drive (SSD) neSanDisk, yaizivikanwa se . Iyo dhizaini yakabatanidza flash memory array, isina-volatile memory machipi, uye akangwara controller kuti aone otomatiki uye kugadzirisa akaremara maseru. Iyo disk capacity yaive 20 megabytes ine 2,5-inch form factor, uye mutengo wayo waifungidzirwa pamadhora zviuru gumi. Iri dhisiki raishandiswa neIBM mukombuta .
1994
Imwe yeyangu yandaifarira kuchengetedza midhiya kubva paudiki yaive Zip Disks. Muna 1994, Iomega akaburitsa Zip Disk, 100-megabyte cartridge mune 3,5-inch fomu factor, yakakora zvishoma pane yakajairwa 3,5-inch drive. Gare gare shanduro dzemadhiraivha dzinogona kuchengeta kusvika ku2 gigabytes. Izvo zviri nyore zveaya madhisiki ndeokuti aive saizi yefloppy disk, asi aive nekwaniso yekuchengeta huwandu hukuru hwe data. Mabhaiti edu edata anogona kunyorerwa kuZip disk pa1,4 megabytes pasekondi. Kuenzanisa, panguva iyoyo, 1,44 megabytes ye 3,5-inch floppy disk yakanyorwa nekumhanya kweanenge 16 kilobytes pasekondi. PaZip dhisiki, misoro inoverenga / inonyora data pasina kuonana, sekunge ichibhururuka pamusoro pepamusoro, iyo yakafanana nekushanda kweiyo hard drive, asi inopesana nemusimboti wekushanda kweimwe floppy disks. Zip disks dzakabva dzapera basa nekuda kwekuvimbika uye kuwanikwa kwezvinhu.
1994
Gore rimwe chetero, SanDisk yakaunza CompactFlash, iyo yaishandiswa zvakanyanya mumakamera evhidhiyo edhijitari. Sezvinoita maCD, kumhanya kweCompactFlash kunobva pazviyero zve "x" se8x, 20x, 133x, nezvimwewo. Iyo yakawanda yekufambisa data inoverengerwa zvichienderana neiyo bit rate yeyakatanga audio CD, 150 kilobytes pasekondi. Chiyero chekufambisa chinotaridzika seR = Kx150 kB/s, apo R ndiyo chiyero chekutamisa uye K ndiyo inomhanya yezita. Saka kune 133x CompactFlash, data byte yedu ichanyorwa pa133x150 kB/s kana nezve 19 kB/s kana 950 MB/s. Iyo CompactFlash Association yakavambwa muna 19,95 nechinangwa chekugadzira indasitiri chiyero cheflash memory makadhi.
1997
Makore mashoma gare gare, muna 1997, Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW) yakabudiswa. Iyi optical disk yaishandiswa kuchengetedza data uye kukopa uye kuendesa mafaera kune akasiyana midziyo. MaCD anogona kunyorwa patsva kanenge ka1000, izvo zvanga zvisiri zvekugadzirisa panguva iyoyo sezvo vashandisi vasingawanzo nyora data.
MaCD-RWs anobva pane tekinoroji inoshandura kutaridzika kwenzvimbo. Muchiitiko cheCD-RW, chikamu chinoshanduka mumucheka wakakosha unosanganisira sirivheri, tellurium uye indium inokonzera kukwanisa kuratidza kana kusaratidza danda rekuverenga, zvinoreva 0 kana 1. Kana iyo chidimbu chiri mu crystalline state, ndiyo. translucent, zvinoreva 1. Kana musanganiswa unyunguduka kuita amorphous state, unova opaque uye usingaratidzi, 0. Saka tinogona kunyora data byte yedu se 01001010.
MaDVD akazotora chikamu chikuru chemusika kubva kuCD-RWs.
1999
Ngatienderei ku1999, apo IBM yakaunza madhiraivha madiki pasirese panguva iyoyo: iyo IBM 170MB uye 340MB microdrives. Aya aive madiki 2,54 cm hard drives akagadzirirwa kukwana muCompactFlash Type II slots. Yakanga yakarongwa kugadzira mudziyo waizoshandiswa seCompactFlash, asi nehukuru hwekurangarira. Nekudaro, ivo vakakurumidza kutsiviwa ne USB flash drives uyezve neakakura CompactFlash makadhi paave kuwanikwa. Kufanana nemamwe ma hard drive, mamicrodrive aive emuchina uye aine madiki madhisiki ekutenderera.
2000
Kwapera gore, muna 2000, ma USB flash drives akaunzwa. Iwo madhiraivha aisanganisira flash memory yakavharirwa mune diki fomu factor ine USB interface. Zvichienderana neshanduro ye USB interface inoshandiswa, kumhanya kunogona kusiyana. USB 1.1 inogumira ku1,5 megabits pasekondi, ukuwo USB 2.0 inokwanisa kubata 35 megabits pasekondi. , uye USB 3.0 ine 625 megabits pasekondi. Yekutanga USB 3.1 Type C madhiraivha akaziviswa muna Kurume 2015 uye akange averenga / kunyora kumhanya kwe530 megabits pasekondi. Kusiyana nemafloppy disks uye optical drives, USB midziyo yakanyanya kuoma kukwenya, asi ichine hunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza data, pamwe nekuendesa uye kutsigira mafaera. Floppy uye maCD madhiraivha akakurumidza kutsiviwa ne USB ports.
2005
Muna 2005, vanogadzira hard disk drive (HDD) vakatanga kutumira zvigadzirwa vachishandisa perpendicular magnetic rekodha, kana PMR. Sezvineiwo, izvi zvakaitika panguva imwe chete iyo iPod Nano yakazivisa kushandiswa kweflash memory pane 1-inch hard drive muiPod Mini.
Yakajairika hard drive ine imwechete kana anopfuura madhiraivha akaputirwa negineti rinonzwa firimu rakagadzirwa nediki remagineti tsanga. Dhata inorekodhwa kana iyo magineti yekurekodha musoro ichibhururuka pamusoro peiyo spinning disk. Izvi zvakafanana chaizvo neyekare giramufoni rekodhi mutambi, mutsauko chete ndewekuti mugiramufoni chinyoreso chiri mukubata kwenyama nerekodhi. Sezvo madhisiki anotenderera, mhepo inosangana nawo inogadzira kamhepo kanyoro. Sezvinongoita mhepo iri pabapiro rendege inoita kuti munhu asimuke, mhepo inogadzira kusimudza pamusoro pemhepo . Musoro unokurumidza kushandura magineti enzvimbo imwe yemagineti yezviyo kuitira kuti danda rayo remagineti inongedze kumusoro kana pasi, zvichiratidza 1 kana 0.
Yakatangira PMR yaive longitudinal magineti kurekodha, kana LMR. Kurekodha density yePMR inogona kudarika katatu iyo yeLMR. Musiyano mukuru pakati pePMR neLMR ndewekuti chimiro chezviyo uye kutaridzika kwemagineti kweiyo data yakachengetwa yePMR media ndeye columnar kwete kureba. PMR ine kugadzikana kurinani kwekupisa uye yakagadziridzwa chiratidzo-kune-ruzha ratio (SNR) nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kwezviyo zviri nani uye kufanana. Iyo zvakare inoratidzira yakagadziridzwa kurekodha nekuda kune yakasimba musoro minda uye zvirinani magineti midhiya kurongeka. Kufanana neLMR, izvo zvakakosha zvipimo zvePMR zvakavakirwa pakudzikama kwekupisa kwemabhiti edata ari kunyorwa nemagineti uye kukosha kwekuve neSNR yakakwana yekuverenga ruzivo rwakanyorwa.
2007
Muna 2007, yekutanga 1 TB hard drive kubva kuHitachi Global Storage Technologies yakaziviswa. Iyo Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 yakashandisa mashanu 3,5-inch 200GB ndiro uye yakaruka pa rpm Uku ndiko kuvandudzwa kwakakosha pamusoro peiyo hard drive yekutanga pasi rose, iyo IBM RAMAC 350, iyo yaive nehuremu hunosvika 3,75 megabytes. Haiwa, tasvika kure zvakadini mumakore 51! Asi mira, pane chimwe chinhu.
2009
Muna 2009, basa rehunyanzvi rakatanga pakugadzira ndangariro dzisiri-inotenderera, kana . Non-volatile memory (NVM) imhando yendangariro inokwanisa kuchengeta data zvachose, kusiyana nekusagadzikana ndangariro, iyo inoda simba rinogara richichengeta data. NVMe inogadzirisa kudiwa kweiyo scalable host controller interface yePCIe-inogonesa semiconductor-yakavakirwa peripheral components, saka zita rekuti NVMe. Makambani anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe akabatanidzwa muboka rekushanda kuti rigadzirise chirongwa. Izvi zvese zvaibva pabasa rekutsanangura iyo Isiri-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification (NVMHCIS). Mazuva ano akanakisa maNVMe madhiraivha anogona kubata anenge mazana matatu nemazana mashanu megabytes pasekondi yekuverenga uye 90 megabytes pasekondi yekunyora. Kunyora iyo j data byte yatakatanga nayo inokurumidza zvikuru kana ichienzaniswa nemaminetsi mashoma etambo-yekuruka tambo memory yeApollo Guidance Computer.
Parizvino neramangwana
Kuchengetedza Kirasi Yekurangarira
Izvozvi zvatafamba kudzoka nenguva (ha!), ngatitarisei mamiriro azvino eKuchengeta Kirasi Memory. SCM, seNVM, yakasimba, asi SCM inopawo kuita kwepamusoro kana kuenzaniswa nendangariro huru, uye . Chinangwa cheSCM ndechekugadzirisa mamwe emazuva ano cache matambudziko, senge low static random access memory (SRAM) densities. NeDynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), tinogona kuwana density iri nani, asi izvi zvinouya nemubhadharo wekuwana zvishoma. DRAM zvakare inotambura nekudiwa kwesimba rinogara richizorodza ndangariro. Ngatinzwisisei izvi zvishoma. Simba rinodiwa nokuti magetsi emagetsi pa capacitors anobuda zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinoreva kuti pasina kupindira, data pa chip ichakurumidza kurasikirwa. Kuti udzivise kuvuza kwakadaro, DRAM inoda yekunze ndangariro yekuzorodza yedunhu iyo nguva nenguva inonyora zvakare data mune capacitors, ichidzosera kune yavo yekutanga kuchaji.
Phase-change memory (PCM)
Pakutanga, takatarisa kuti chikamu chinoshanduka sei cheCD-RW. PCM yakafanana. Iyo chikamu chekuchinja zvinhu chinowanzo Ge-Sb-Te, inozivikanwawo seGST, inogona kuvapo mumatunhu maviri akasiyana: amorphous uye crystalline. Iyo amorphous state ine yakakwirira kuramba, inoreva 0, kupfuura iyo crystalline state, inoreva 1. Nekupa data data kune yepakati kuramba, PCM inogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza akawanda nyika se. .
Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM)
STT-RAM ine maviri ferromagnetic, anogara magineti akapatsanurwa ne dielectric, insulator inogona kufambisa simba remagetsi pasina kuitisa. Inochengetedza zvidimbu zve data zvichienderana nekusiyana kwemagineti nzira. Imwe magineti layer, inodaidzwa kuti referensi layer, ine magineti yakamisikidzwa, nepo imwe magineti layer, inonzi free layer, ine magineti nzira inodzorwa neinodarika ikozvino. Kune 1, iyo magnetization inotungamira yezvikamu zviviri inowirirana. Kune 0, mativi ese ane magineti akatarisana.
Resistive random access memory (ReRAM)
Sero reReRAM rine maelectrode maviri esimbi akapatsanurwa nesimbi oxide layer. Zvakati senge dhizaini yaMasuoka flash memory, uko maerekitironi anopinda muoxyde layer yonamira pagedhi rinoyangarara, kana zvakasiyana. Nekudaro, neReRAM, iyo cell state inotemerwa zvichibva pakusangana kweyemahara okisijeni musimbi oxide layer.
Kunyangwe matekinoroji aya achivimbisa, achine zvimhingamupinyi. PCM uye STT-RAM vane yakanyanya kunyora latency. PCM latencies yakakwira zvakapetwa kagumi pane DRAM, nepo STT-RAM latencies yakakwira zvakapetwa kagumi pane SRAM. PCM neReRAM vane muganho wenguva yakareba sei kunyora kusati kwaitika kukanganisa kwakakomba, zvichireva kuti chinhu chendangariro chinobatirira pa. .
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2015, Intel yakazivisa kuburitswa kweOptane, yayo 3DXPoint-yakavakirwa chigadzirwa. Optane inotaura ka1000 kuita kweNAND SSDs pamutengo wakapetwa kana kana kashanu kupfuura flash memory. Optane chiratidzo chekuti SCM haingori tekinoroji yekuyedza. Zvichave zvinonakidza kutarisa kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji idzi.
Hard drive (HDD)
Helium HDD (HDD)
A helium dhisiki idhisiki yepamusoro-chaiyo hard disk drive (HDD) iyo yakazadzwa nehelium uye yakavharirwa hermetically panguva yekugadzira maitiro. Kufanana nemamwe madhiraivha akaomarara, sezvatakambotaura, yakafanana neturntable ine magineti yakavharidzirwa kutenderera ndiro. Madhiraivha akajairika anongove nemhepo mukati megomba, asi mhepo iyi inokonzeresa kushomeka sekutenderera kwendiro.
Mabharumu eHelium anoyangarara nekuti helium yakareruka pane mhepo. Kutaura zvazviri, helium i1/7 kuwanda kwemhepo, izvo zvinoderedza simba rekubhureki sezvo mahwendefa anotenderera, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwesimba hunodiwa kutenderera ma disc. Zvisinei, chinhu ichi ndechechipiri, chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa helium chaiva chokuti inokubvumira kurongedza 7 wafers muchimiro chimwe chete chinowanzobata 5. Kana tikayeuka kuenzanisa kwebapiro rendege yedu, saka iyi ndiyo analogue yakakwana. . Nekuti helium inoderedza kudhonza, mhirizhonga inobviswa.
Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti mabharuni ehelium anotanga kunyura mushure memazuva mashoma nekuti helium inobuda maari. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pemidziyo yekuchengetedza. Zvakatora makore vagadziri vasati vakwanisa kugadzira mudziyo waidzivirira helium kutiza kubva muchimiro chehupenyu hwese hwekutyaira. Backblaze yakaita ongororo uye yakaona kuti helium hard drive yaive neyepagore kukanganisa mwero we1,03%, zvichienzaniswa ne1,06% yemadhiraivha akajairwa. Zvechokwadi, kusiyana uku kuduku zvokuti munhu anogona kutora mhedziso yakakomba kubva pairi .
Iyo helium-yakazadzwa fomu chinhu chinogona kunge chine hard drive yakavharirwa uchishandisa PMR, yatakakurukura pamusoro, kana microwave magineti kurekodha (MAMR) kana kupisa-inobatsira magineti kurekodha (HAMR). Chero magineti yekuchengetedza tekinoroji inogona kusanganiswa nehelium panzvimbo yemhepo. Muna 2014, HGST yakabatanidza matekinoroji maviri ekucheka-kumucheto mune yayo 10TB helium hard drive, iyo yaishandisa host-inodzorwa shingled magineti kurekodha, kana SMR (Shingled magineti kurekodha). Ngatitaurei zvishoma nezve SMR tozotarisa MAMR neHAMR.
Tile Magnetic Recording Technology
Pakutanga, takatarisa perpendicular magineti kurekodha (PMR), yaive yakatangira kuSMR. Kusiyana nePMR, SMR inorekodha mateki matsva anodarika chikamu cheyakamborekodhwa magineti track. Izvi zvinobva zvaita kuti track yapfuura ive diki, zvichibvumira kukwira kwetrack density. Iro zita reiyo tekinoroji rinobva pachokwadi chekuti lap tracks dzakanyanya kufanana nematairi edenga remba.
SMR inoguma mune yakanyanya kuomarara maitiro ekunyora, sezvo kunyorera kune imwe track kunodarika iyo iri padhuze. Izvi hazviitike kana dhisiki substrate isina chinhu uye data iri sequential. Asi kana ukangorekodha kune akatevedzana emateki ane data kare, iyo iripo data yepedyo inodzimwa. Kana track iri padyo iine data, inofanirwa kunyorwazve. Izvi zvakangofanana neNAND flash yatakambotaura nezvayo.
Zvishandiso zveSMR zvinovanza kuoma uku nekugadzirisa firmware, zvichikonzera chimiro chakafanana nechero imwe hard drive. Nekune rimwe divi, madhiraivha anotariswa neSMR, pasina kuchinjika kwakakosha kwemaapplication uye masisitimu anoshanda, haabvumire kushandiswa kwemadhiraivha aya. Muridzi anofanira kunyorera kune zvishandiso zvakanyatsotevedzana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushanda kwemidziyo ndeye 100% inofanotaurwa. Seagate yakatanga kutumira madhiraivha eSMR muna 2013, ichiti 25% yakakwira density. PMR density.
Microwave magineti kurekodha (MAMR)
Microwave-assisted magineti kurekodha (MAMR) igineti yekuyeuka tekinoroji inoshandisa simba rakafanana neHAMR (yakurukurwa inotevera) Chikamu chakakosha cheMAMR iSpin Torque Oscillator (STO). Iyo STO pachayo iri padyo nepedyo nemusoro wekurekodha. Kana ikozvino yaiswa kuSTO, denderedzwa remagetsi emagetsi ane frequency ye20-40 GHz inogadzirwa nekuda kwekupolarization kwema electron spins.
Kana yakafumurwa kumunda wakadaro, resonance inoitika muferromagnet inoshandiswa MAMR, inotungamira kumberi kweiyo magineti nguva dzemadomasi mune ino ndima. Chaizvoizvo, iyo magineti nguva inotsauka kubva paaxis yayo uye kuti ichinje kwairi kuita (flip), iyo yekurekodha musoro inoda zvakanyanya kushoma simba.
Kushandiswa kweMAMR tekinoroji kunoita kuti zvikwanise kutora ferromagnetic zvinhu nesimba guru rekumanikidza, izvo zvinoreva kuti saizi yemagineti domains inogona kuderedzwa pasina kutya kukonzeresa superparamagnetic mhedzisiro. Iyo STO jenareta inobatsira kuderedza ukuru hwemusoro wekurekodha, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kurekodha ruzivo pane madiki magineti domains, uye saka inowedzera kurekodha density.
Western Digital, inozivikanwawo seWD, yakaunza tekinoroji iyi muna 2017. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna 2018, Toshiba akatsigira iyi tekinoroji. Ipo WD naToshiba vari kutevera tekinoroji yeMAMR, Seagate iri kubheja paHAMR.
Thermomagnetic kurekodha (HAMR)
Kupisa-inobatsira magineti kurekodha (HAMR) isimba-inoshanda magineti yekuchengetedza data tekinoroji iyo inogona zvakanyanya kuwedzera huwandu hwe data inogona kuchengetwa pane magineti mudziyo, senge hard drive, nekushandisa kupisa kunopihwa nelaser kubatsira kunyora. iyo data kune yepamusoro hard drive substrates. Kupisa kunokonzeresa kuti data bits iiswe padhuze zvakanyanya padhisiki substrate, zvichibvumira kuwedzera kwedata density uye kugona.
Iyi tekinoroji yakaoma kuita. 200 mW laser nekukurumidza nzvimbo diki inosvika 400 Β° C isati yarekodha, pasina kupindira kana kukuvadza imwe data pane dhisiki. Iko kupisa, kurekodha data uye kutonhora maitiro kunofanirwa kupedzwa mune isingasviki nanosecond. Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kwaida kugadzirwa kwenanoscale surface plasmons, inozivikanwawo semasurface-guided lasers, panzvimbo yekudziya yakananga laser, pamwe nemhando nyowani dzemagirazi egirazi uye mabhanhire ekutonga anopisa kuti amire nekukurumidza kupisa pasina kukuvadza musoro wekurekodha kana chero padyo. data, uye mamwe akasiyana ehunyanzvi matambudziko aifanira kukundwa.
Zvisinei nekutaura kwakawanda kwekupokana, Seagate yakatanga kuratidza tekinoroji iyi muna 2013. Madhisiki ekutanga akatanga kutumirwa muna 2018.
Kupera kwefirimu, enda pakutanga!
Takatanga muna 1951 uye tinopedzisa chinyorwa nekutarisa mune ramangwana rekuchengetedza tekinoroji. Kuchengetedzwa kwedata kwakachinja zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva, kubva pamatepi epepa kuenda kusimbi uye magineti, tambo yekurangarira, kutenderera disks, optical disks, flash memory nezvimwe. Kufambira mberi kwakakonzera kukurumidza, kudiki, uye kune simba rekuchengetedza zvishandiso.
Kana iwe uchienzanisa NVMe neUNISERVO simbi tepi kubva 1951, NVMe inogona kuverenga 486% mamwe manhamba pasekondi. Kana ndichienzanisa NVMe neyandinoda yehudiki, Zip inotyaira, NVMe inogona kuverenga 111% mamwe manhamba pasekondi.
Chinhu chimwe chete chinoramba chiri chechokwadi kushandiswa kwe0 uye 1. Nzira dzatinoita nadzo izvi dzinosiyana zvikuru. Ndinovimba kuti nguva inotevera paunopisa CD-RW yenziyo dzeshamwari kana kuchengetedza vhidhiyo yekumba kuOptical Disc Archive, iwe unofunga nezve iyo isingataridzike nzvimbo inoturikira kune 0 uye inotarisisa nzvimbo inoturikira ku1. Kana kana iwe uchirekodha mixtape pane kaseti, yeuka kuti inowirirana zvakanyanya neDatasette inoshandiswa muCommodore PET. Pakupedzisira, usakanganwa kuva nemutsa uye kudzorera shure.
Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈ nokuda kwemashoko (ini handigoni kuzvibatsira) munyaya yacho yose!
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Nyorera kune yedu -chiteshi kuti usapotsa chinyorwa chinotevera! Isu tinonyora kwete kanopfuura kaviri pavhiki uye chete pabhizinesi. Isu tinokuyeuchidza zvakare kuti Cloud4Y inogona kupa yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika kure kure kune bhizinesi maapplication uye ruzivo rwakakosha kuti bhizinesi rienderere mberi. Basa rekure ndechimwe chipingamupinyi chekupararira kwekoronavirus. Kuti uwane ruzivo, bata maneja edu pa .
Source: www.habr.com