Chii chinonzi SAP? Nei pasi pano ichikosha mabhiriyoni 163 emadhora?
Gore rega rega, makambani anoshandisa $41 bhiriyoni pane software ye Enterprise Resource Planning, inozivikanwa nechidimbu ERP. Nhasi, rinenge bhizinesi hombe rakaita imwe kana imwe ERP system. Asi makambani madiki mazhinji haawanzo kutenga ERP masisitimu, uye vagadziri vazhinji vangangove vasina kuona imwe ichiita. Saka kune isu vasina kushandisa ERP, mubvunzo ndewekuti ... chii chinonakidza? Ko kambani yakaita seSAP inokwanisa sei kutengesa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu pagore muERP?
Uye zvakaitika sei izvozvo , kusanganisira 78% yezvokudya zvinopinda kuburikidza nemapurogiramu eSAP?
ERP ndiko uko makambani anochengeta yakakosha data data. Tiri kutaura nezve mafungidziro ekutengesa, maodha ekutenga, inventory, uye maitiro anotangwa zvichienderana neiyo data (sekubhadhara vatengesi kana maodha aiswa). Neimwe nzira, ERP ndiyo "brains" yekambani - inochengeta data rese rakakosha uye zviito zvese zvinokonzereswa neiyi data mukufamba kwebasa.
Asi isati yanyatsotora nyika yebhizinesi yemazuva ano, software iyi yakatovapo sei? Nhoroondo yeERP inotanga nebasa rakakomba rekuita otomatiki zviitiko zvehofisi muma1960s. Pakutanga, muma40s uye 50s, kwaive neakawanda otomatiki eblue-collar mechanic jobs - funga General Motors, iyo yakagadzira dhipatimendi rayo otomatiki muna 1947. Asi automation ye white-collar jobs (kazhinji nerubatsiro rwemakombiyuta!) Yakatanga mu60s.
Automation ye60s: kubuda kwemakomputa
Maitiro ekutanga ebhizinesi kuve otomatiki uchishandisa makomputa aive payroll uye invoicing. Zvaimboitika kuti mauto ose evashandi vemuhofisi aiverengera nemaoko maawa evashandi pamabhuku, achiwanzwa nechiyero cheawa, obva abvisa mitero nemaoko, kubviswa kwekubatsira, nezvimwewo... zvese kungoverengera muripo wemwedzi mumwe chete! Iyi yekushanda-yakanyanya, inodzokorodza maitiro aive akajairwa kukanganisa kwevanhu, asi yaive yakanaka kune komputa otomatiki.
Pakazosvika ma60, makambani mazhinji aishandisa IBM makomputa kuita otomatiki mubhadharo uye invoice. Kugadziriswa kwedata inguva yechinyakare, iyo chete kambani inosara . Nhasi tinoti "IT" pane kudaro. Panguva iyoyo, indasitiri yekuvandudza software yakanga isati yaumbwa, saka madhipatimendi eIT aigara achihaya vaongorori uye akavadzidzisa maitiro ekuronga panzvimbo. Dhipatimendi rekutanga reComputer Science muUnited States rakavhurwa nePurdue University muna 1962, uye wekutanga akapedza kudzidza muhunyanzvi akaitika makore mashoma gare gare.
Kunyora otomatiki/mapurogiramu ekugadzirisa dhata muma60s raive basa rakaoma nekuda kwekukanganisa kwendangariro. Pakanga pasina mitauro yemhando yepamusoro, pasina masisitimu ekushanda akaenzana, pasina makomputa emunhu - makuru chete, anodhura mainframes ane ndangariro shoma, uko mapurogiramu aimhanya pamareel ematepi emagetsi! Vagadziri vezvirongwa vaiwanzoshanda pakombuta husiku kana yakasununguka. Zvaive zvakajairika kuti makambani akaita seGeneral Motors anyore masystem awo ega ega kuti awane zvakanyanya kubva mumaframes avo.
Nhasi tinomhanyisa application software pane akati wandei akajairika masisitimu anoshanda, asi izvi handizvo kusvika kuma1990s. IN 90% yeese software yakanyorerwa kuodha, uye chete 10% yakatengeswa yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akakanganisa zvakanyanya kuti makambani akagadzira sei matekinoroji avo. Vamwe vakakurudzira kuti ramangwana richange rakamisikidzwa hardware ine yakagadziriswa OS uye mutauro wechirongwa, senge yeindasitiri yendege (iyo ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi!) Mazhinji makambani akaramba achigadzira ega software yakasarudzika, kazhinji achigadzirazve vhiri.
Kuzvarwa kweSoftware Yakajairwa: SAP Extensible Software
Muna 1972, mainjiniya mashanu akasiya IBM kuti atore kontrakiti yesoftware nefemu hombe yemakemikari inonzi ICI. Vakatanga kambani itsva inonzi SAP (Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung kana "systems analysis uye chirongwa chekuvandudza"). Kufanana nevazhinji vanogadzira software panguva iyoyo, ivo vainyanya kubatanidzwa mukubvunzana. Vashandi veSAP vakauya kumahofisi evatengi uye vakagadzira software pamakomputa avo, kunyanya yekutarisira zvinhu.
Bhizinesi raive rakanaka: SAP yakapedza gore rekutanga nemari ye620 zviuru mamaki, inongodarika $1 miriyoni mumadhora anhasi. Nenguva isipi vakatanga kutengesa software yavo kune vamwe vatengi, vachiiendesa kune akasiyana masisitimu anoshanda sezvinodiwa. Mumakore mana akatevera, vakawana vatengi vanopfuura 40, mari yakawedzera yakapetwa katanhatu, uye nhamba yevashandi yakawedzera kubva pa9 kusvika ku25. Pamwe inguva refu. , asi remangwana reSAP rairatidza kuti rakajeka.
SAP software yaive yakakosha nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Panguva iyoyo, mapurogiramu akawanda aimhanya usiku uye aidhinda mugumisiro pamatepi emapepa, ayo wawakaongorora mangwanani aitevera. Pane kudaro, mapurogiramu eSAP akashanda munguva chaiyo, uye chigumisiro chakaratidzwa kwete pamapepa, asi pavatariri (iyo panguva iyoyo inodhura madhora zviuru makumi matatu).
Asi zvinonyanya kukosha, SAP software yakagadzirwa kuti iwedzere kubva pakutanga. Muchibvumirano chepakutanga neICI, SAP haina kuvaka software kubva pakutanga, sezvaiitwa panguva iyoyo, asi yakanyora kodhi pamusoro pepurojekiti yapfuura. Apo SAP yakabudisa purogiramu yezvemari yezvemari muna 1974, pakutanga yakaronga kunyora mamwe ma modules epurogiramu pamusoro payo mune ramangwana uye kuvatengesa. Uku kuwedzera kwave kuri kutsanangura chimiro cheSAP. Panguva iyoyo, kudyidzana pakati pevatengi kwaionekwa sechinhu chitsva. Zvirongwa zvakanyorwa kubva pakatanga kumutengi wega wega.
Kukosha kwekubatanidzwa
Apo SAP yakaunza purogiramu yayo yechipiri yekugadzira software mukuwedzera kune yekutanga mari module, ma modules maviri akakwanisa kutaurirana nyore nyore kune mumwe nemumwe nokuti vakagovana dheta rakafanana. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakaita kuti kusanganiswa kwemamodule kuve kwakakosha kudarika zvirongwa zviviri zvakasiyana.
Nekuti iyo software yakazviitira mamwe mabhizinesi maitiro, maitiro ayo aienderana zvakanyanya nekuwana data. Kutenga odha data inochengetwa mumodule yekutengesa, data yezvinyorwa zvechigadzirwa inochengetwa mudura remodule, nezvimwe. Uye sezvo masisitimu aya asingadyidzane, anogara achifanirwa kuwiriraniswa, ndiko kuti, mushandi akakopa nemaoko data kubva kune imwe dhata kuenda kune imwe. .
Yakabatanidzwa software inogadzirisa dambudziko iri nekufambisa kutaurirana pakati pekambani masisitimu uye kugonesa mhando nyowani dzeautomation. Rudzi urwu rwekubatanidza-pakati pemabhizinesi akasiyana maitiro pamwe chete nedata masosi-chinhu chakakosha cheERP masisitimu. Izvi zvakanyanya kukosha sezvo Hardware yakashanduka, ichivhura mikana mitsva ye automation-uye ERP masisitimu akabudirira.
Iko kumhanya kwekuwana ruzivo mune yakabatanidzwa software inobvumira makambani . Compaq, ichishandisa ERP, yakaunza mhando itsva ye "make-to-order" (kureva, kuvaka komputa chete mushure mekunge murairo wakajeka wagamuchirwa). Iyi modhi inochengetedza mari nekudzikisira zvinyorwa, zvichivimba nekukurumidza kutendeuka-chaizvo izvo zvakanaka ERP inobatsira nazvo. IBM payakatevera, yakaderedza nguva yekutumira yezvikamu kubva pamazuva makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika matatu.
Chii ERP Inonyatso Kutaridzika
Mashoko okuti "enterprise software" haabatanidzi nefashoni uye inoshandiswa-user-friendly interface, uye SAP haisi iyo. A basic SAP yekuisa ine 20 database matafura, 000 ayo ari matafura ekugadzirisa. Aya matafura ane zvingangoita 3000 sarudzo dzekugadzirisa dzinoda kuitwa chirongwa chisati chatanga kushanda. Ndosaka - iri ibasa chairo!
Pasinei nekuoma kwekugadzirisa, SAP ERP software inopa kukosha kwakakosha - kubatanidzwa kwakafara pakati pemaitiro akawanda ebhizinesi. Kubatanidzwa uku kunoguma nezviuru zvezviitiko zvekushandisa musangano rese. SAP inoronga zviitiko izvi zvekushandisa mu "transactions," izvo zviito zvebhizimisi. Mimwe mienzaniso yekutengeserana inosanganisira "gadzira odha" uye "ratidza mutengi". Izvi zvekutengeserana zvakarongwa mune nested directory format. Saka, kuti uwane Gadzira Sales Order transaction, unoenda kune iyo Logistics dhairekitori, wobva watengesa, wobva waOdha, uye ikoko iwe unowana chaiyo yekutengeserana.
Kudaidza ERP kuti "transaction browser" ingave rondedzero inoshamisa. Yakada kufanana nebrowser, ine bhatani rekumashure, mabhatani ekuzoom, uye ndima yemavara ye "TCodes," inofanana nekero yebrowser. SAP inotsigira , saka kufamba nemuti wekutengesa kunogona kuoma pasina makodhi aya.
Kunyangwe nehuwandu hunotyisa hwezvigadziriso uye matransferensi aripo, makambani achiri kutarisana neakasarudzika kesi dzekushandisa uye anofanirwa kugadzirisa mashandiro avo. Kuti ubate basa rakasiyana-siyana rakadaro, SAP ine yakavakirwa-mukati programming nharaunda. Heino mashandiro anoita chikamu chimwe nechimwe:
dhata
MuSAP interface, vagadziri vanogona kugadzira matafura avo epa database. Aya ndiwo matafura ehukama senge akajairwa SQL dhatabhesi: makoramu emarudzi akasiyana-siyana, makiyi ekunze, zvipingaidzo zvekukosha, uye mvumo yekuverenga / kunyora.
Logic
SAP yakagadzira mutauro unonzi ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, pakutanga Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for "general reporting processor"). Iyo inobvumira vanogadzira kuti vamhanye tsika bhizinesi logic mukupindura kune chaiyo zviitiko kana pane hurongwa. ABAP mutauro wakapfuma-syntax, une mazwi akapetwa katatu seJavaScript (ona pazasi). ) Paunenge wanyora chirongwa chako (SAP ine yakavakirwa-mukati programming mupepeti), unoiburitsa seyako kutengeserana, pamwe chete neTCode yega. Iwe unokwanisa kugadzirisa maitiro aripo uchishandisa yakakura system yezvikorekedzo inonzi "bhizinesi rekuwedzera-ins," apo chirongwa chinogadziriswa kuti chishande kana chaiyo kutengeserana kunoitika-yakafanana neSQL inokonzeresa.
UI
SAP inouyawo nemugadziri wekugadzira UI. Inotsigira kudhonza-n-kudonha uye inouya nezvinhu zvinobatsira senge mafomu akagadzirwa akavakirwa patafura yeDB. Pasinei neizvi, zvakaoma kushandisa. Chikamu changu chandinofarira chemugadziri ndechekudhirowa makoramu etafura:
Zvinetso zveERP kuita
ERP haina kudhura. Kambani hombe yepasi rose inogona kushandisa kubva pamadhora zana kusvika kumadhora mazana mashanu emamiriyoni mukuita, kusanganisira madhora mazana matatu emamiriyoni emadhora ekubhadharisa marezenisi, madhora mazana maviri emamiriyoni emabasa ekubvunzana, uye mamwe ese pahardware, kudzidzisa mamaneja nevashandi. Kuitwa kwakazara kunotora makore mana kusvika matanhatu. akati: "Mukana wekukwikwidza muindasitiri uchapihwa kambani inogona kuita basa reSAP kuita zvirinani uye zvakachipa."
Uye hazvisi zvemari chete. Kuita ERP ibasa rine njodzi uye mhedzisiro inosiyana zvakanyanya. Imwe yematambudziko akabudirira ndeyekushandiswa kweERP kuCisco, iyo yakatora mwedzi 9 nemadhora mamiriyoni 15. Kuenzanisa, kushandiswa paDow Chemical Corporation kunodhura madhora 1 bhiriyoni uye kwakatora makore masere. . Kare tenda kuti kuitwa kwehurongwa hweERP kune "mukana uri pakati nepakati wekukuvadza bhizinesi." Ichi chinhu chausinganzwe kazhinji kana uchiongorora software!
Iyo yakabatanidzwa yeERP inoreva kuti kuita kwayo kunoda kushanda nesimba kwekambani. Uye sezvo makambani anobatsirwa chete mushure ubiquitous kuita, izvi zvine njodzi zvakanyanya! Kuita ERP haingori sarudzo yekutenga: kuzvipira kushandura nzira yaunobata nayo mashandiro ako. Kuisa software iri nyore, kugadzirisazve mashandiro ekambani yese ndiko kune basa chairo.
Kushandisa ERP hurongwa, vatengi vanowanzohaya femu yekubvunza yakaita seAccenture uye kuvabhadhara mamirioni emadhora kuti vashande nemayuniti ebhizinesi ega. Vaongorori vanosarudza nzira yekubatanidza ERP mumaitiro ekambani. Uye kana kubatanidzwa kwatanga, kambani inofanira kutanga kudzidzisa vashandi vese mashandisiro ehurongwa. Gartner chengetedza 17% yebhajeti chete yekudzidziswa!
Pasinei nekuoma kwese, makambani mazhinji eFortune 500 akange ashandisa ERP masisitimu ne1998, maitiro akakwidziridzwa neY2K kutyisa. Musika weERP unoramba uchikura nhasi . Icho chimwe chezvikamu zvakakura muindasitiri yesoftware yepasi rose.
Yemazuva ano ERP Indasitiri
Vatambi vakuru ndivo Oracle uye SAP. Kunyangwe vese vari vatungamiriri vemusika, zvigadzirwa zvavo zveERP zvakasiyana zvinoshamisa. Chigadzirwa cheSAP chakanyanya kuvakwa mukati-mumba, nepo Oracle nechisimba akawana vakwikwidzi vakaita sePeopleSoft uye NetSuite.
Oracle neSAP vane masimba zvekuti kunyangwe pachinzvimbo chezvayo Microsoft Dynamics ERP chigadzirwa.
Nekuti maindasitiri mazhinji ane chaiwo chaiwo ERP zvinodiwa, Oracle neSAP vane pre-yakavakwa zvigadziriso zvemaindasitiri mazhinji akadai sechikafu, mota nemakemikari, pamwe nekumira kwakamira sekunge nzira dzekutengesa. Nekudaro, pane nguva dzose nzvimbo yevatambi niche vanowanzo tarisa pane chaiyo yakamira:
- kumayunivhesiti
- uye McKesson inopa ERP yemasangano ehutano
- yekugadzira uye logistics
Vertical ERPs inyanzvi mukubatanidzwa uye mafambiro ebasa akananga kumusika unotarirwa: semuenzaniso, ERP yehutano hwehutano. .
Nekudaro, hunyanzvi hausi iwo wega mukana wekutsvaga niche yako mumusika. Mamwe ekutanga ari kuyedza kuunza mamwe emazuva ano software mapuratifomu kumusika. Muenzaniso ungava : Inopa mukana wekubatanidzwa (neERPs dzakasiyana!) nekunyorera. Kutanga seAnaplan uye Zoho inopa chinhu chimwe chete.
ERP iri kuwedzera here?
SAP iri kuita zvakanaka muna 2019: mari yaive β¬24,7 bhiriyoni gore rapfuura uye capitalization yayo yemusika ikozvino . Asi iyo software yenyika haisi iyo yayaimbova. Apo SAP yakatanga kubuda, data yakasvibiswa uye yakaoma kubatanidza, saka kuichengeta yose muSAP yakaita semhinduro yakajeka.
Asi iye zvino mamiriro acho ezvinhu ari kuchinja nokukurumidza. Mazhinji emazuva ano bhizinesi software (e.g. Salesforce, Jira, nezvimwewo) vane backend ine maAPI akanaka ekutumira data kunze. Madhamu edhata anoumbwa: semuenzaniso, inofambisa kubatanidzwa kwedatabase izvo zvanga zvisingagoneke makore mashoma apfuura.
Source: www.habr.com