Optical CDs akatanga kuwanikwa pachena muna 1982, prototype yakabudiswa kunyange kare - muna 1979. Pakutanga, maCD akagadzirwa sechinotsiva vinyl discs, semhando yepamusoro uye yakavimbika midhiya. Zvinotendwa kuti laser discs mhedzisiro yebasa rakabatana pakati pezvikwata zvemakambani maviri etekinoroji - yeJapan Sony neDutch Philips.
Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yekutanga tekinoroji ye "cold lasers", iyo yakaita kuti kutaridzika kwema discs kuvepo, yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti eSoviet. ΠΈ . Vakapiwa mubayiro weNobel nokuda kwekugadzira kwavo. Iyo tekinoroji yakawedzera kukura, uye mu70s Philips akagadzira nzira yekurekodha compact discs, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kweCD. Chekutanga, mainjiniya ekambani akagadzira ALP (odhiyo refu kutamba) seimwe nzira yevinyl rekodhi.
Iyo dhayamita yeALP discs yaive ingangoita masendimita makumi matatu. Kwapera chinguva, mainjiniya akadzikisa dhayamita yedhisiki, uye nguva yekutamba yakaderedzwa kusvika 30 awa. Laser discs uye mudziyo wekutamba kwavari ndiwo waive wekutanga Philips muna 1979. Mushure meizvi, kambani yakatanga kutsvaga shamwari yeimwezve basa pachirongwa - vagadziri vakaona tekinoroji seyepasirese, uye zvaive zvakaoma kuigadzira kusvika padanho raidiwa uye kuikurudzira ivo pachavo.
Kutanga kwezvinhu zvose
Iwo manejimendi akafunga kuyedza kumisikidza kutaurirana nemakambani ehunyanzvi kubva kuJapan, panguva iyoyo nyika iyi yaive pamberi pehi-end tekinoroji. Kuti vaite izvi, vamiririri vePhilips vakaenda kunyika uye vakakwanisa kusangana nemutungamiri weSony, uyo akatanga kufarira teknolojia.
Pakarepo paivepo boka revaPhilips-Sony mainjiniya, vakagadzira zvirevo zvekutanga zvetekinoroji. Mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weSony akasimbirira kuwedzera vhoriyamu yedhisiki; aida kuti kompakiti ikwanise kugarisa Beethoven yepfumbamwe symphony, iyo iyo disc volume yakawedzerwa kubva paawa imwe kusvika kumaminitsi makumi manomwe nemana (kune zvakare pfungwa yekuti iyi ingori. nyaya yakanaka yekutengesa). Huwandu hwe data hunoenderana nedhisiki rakadaro ndeye 1 MB. Mainjiniya vakagadzirawo ma parameter emhando yepamusoro. Semuenzaniso, sampling frequency yemasaini estereo yakadzorwa pa74 kHz (yeimwe chiteshi 640 kHz) ine hupamhi hushoma hwemabhiti gumi nematanhatu imwe neimwe. Aya ndiwo maratidziro akaita Red Book standard.
Iro zita reiyo tekinoroji nyowani harina kuoneka kamwe kamwe - rakasarudzwa kubva kune akati wandei sarudzo, kusanganisira Minirack, Mini Disc, Compact Rack. Somugumisiro, Developers akabatanidza mazita maviri, zvichiita kuti hybrid Compact Disc. Zvisiri zvishoma pane zvese, zita iri rakasarudzwa nekuda kwekuwedzera kukurumbira kwemaodhiyo makaseti (tekinoroji ).
Philips naSony vakaitawo basa rakakosha mukugadzira iyo yekutanga dhijitari compact disc, inonzi Yellow Book kana CD-ROM. Iyo nyowani nyowani yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza kwete chete odhiyo, asiwo zvinyorwa uye graphic data pamadisiki. Rudzi rwedhisiki rwakatemwa otomatiki kana uchiverenga musoro. Dambudziko raive rekuti Yellow Book-inoenderana CD yaigona chete kushanda neimwe mhando yekutyaira, iyo yaive isiri yepasirese.
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 17, 1982, CD rekutanga rakaburitswa mufekitori yePhilips muLangenhagen, Germany. Iyo album yakarekodhwa pairi ABBA boka. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti varnish yekuputira ekutanga discs yakanga isiri yemhando yepamusoro, saka vatengi vemakompakiti vaiwanzovakuvadza. Nokufamba kwenguva, kunaka kwema discs kwakavandudzwa. Kwemakore mashoma ekutanga aishandiswa chete mumidziyo ye-hi-fi, yakashandiswa sechinotsiva marekodhi evinyl uye makaseti.
Kubva 2000, 700 MB discs akatanga kuoneka pakutengeswa, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kurekodha odhiyo nehurefu hwenguva inosvika 80 maminetsi. Vakasundira zvizere 650 MB madhiraivha kunze kwemusika. Kune zvakare 800 MB midhiya, asi yaive isina kukodzera kune ese madhiraivha, saka madhisiki akadaro aive asina kunyanya kupararira. Zvaikwanisika kuwedzera huwandu hwenzvimbo iripo yekuchengetedza data nekudzikisa kureba pakati pemakwara. Saka, semuenzaniso, kune madhisiki ane huwandu hwe650 MB, kureba pakati pemakwara ndeye 1,7 microns, uye ye800 MB dhisiki iyi nhamba inoderedzwa kusvika 1,5 microns. Uyezve, kune yekare, kumhanya ndeye 1,41 m / s, uye kune yekupedzisira, 1,39 m / s.
Sei basa iri
Iyo dhisiki ine akati wandei akaturikidzana. Iyo substrate ndeye polycarbonate, ukobvu hwayo 1,2 mm, dhayamita 120 mm. Imwe dhizaini yakaiswa pane substrate - simbi (inogona kuva goridhe, sirivha kana, kazhinji, aluminium). Zvadaro, simbi yesimbi inodzivirirwa nevarnish, iyo magirafu anoshandiswa. Iyo substrate inodzivirira yakavimbika simbi yesimbi, saka zvakadzika zvakanyanya kukwenya zvinokanganisa kuverenga. Iyo dhayamita yegomba mu diski ndeye 15 mm.
Kuchengetedza data fomati yemadhisiki - (yakurukurwa pamusoro). Zvikanganiso zvekuverenga zvinogadziriswa uchishandisa Reed-Solomon kodhi, kuitira kuti zvigwere zvemwenje zvisaderedze kuverenga kwe disc.
Dhata inonyorerwa kudhisiki nenzira yepiral track yeanonzi makomba (recesses), ayo anoburitswa mu polycarbonate base. Kudzika kwegomba rega rega kunosvika 100 nm uye hupamhi i500 nm. Gomba kureba kubva 850 nm kusvika 3,5 Β΅m. Makomba anoparadzira kana kutora chiedza, iyo substrate inoratidzira. Saka, iyo dhisiki yakanyorwa muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wekuratidzira diffraction grating.
Iyo disc inoverengwa uchishandisa laser beam ine wavelength ye780 nm, iyo inoburitswa ne semiconductor laser. Nheyo yekuverenga ndeyekunyoresa shanduko mukusimba kwechiedza chakaratidzwa. Nekudaro, iyo laser beam inotenderera pane yeruzivo layer, dhayamita yenzvimbo yechiedza mune ino kesi 1,2 microns. Chiratidzo chepamusoro chakanyorwa pakati pemakomba. Kana ikarova gomba, kuderera kwechiedza kunorekodhwa. Kuchinja kwesimba kunoshandurwa kuva chiratidzo chemagetsi, iyo iyo michina inoshanda nayo.
Iyo disc inogadzirwa sei
- Nhanho yekutanga ndeyekugadzirira iyo data yekutangisa mune yakatevedzana;
- Photolithography ndiyo nhanho yechipiri uye ndiyo nzira yekugadzira dhisiki chitambi. Kutanga, girasi regirazi rinogadzirwa, pane iro jira re photoresist rinoshandiswa, uye ruzivo rwakanyorwa pairi. Zvinhu zvinoshandura zvinhu zvayo zvepanyama uye zvemakemikari pasi pesimba rechiedza;
- Data inorekodhwa uchishandisa laser beam. Kana simba relaser richiwedzera (kana zvichidikanwa kugadzira gomba), zvisungo zvemakemikari zvemamorekuru eiyo photoresist zvinhu zvinoparadzwa uye zvinoomesa;
- Iyo photoresist yakasungirirwa (nenzira dzakasiyana, kubva kuplasma kusvika kuasidhi), nzvimbo dzisina kukanganiswa ne laser dzinobviswa kubva kumatrix;
- Iyo diski inoiswa mubhati yegalvanic, apo jira re nickel rinoiswa pamusoro payo;
- Iwo madhisiki akadhindwa nekuumbwa kwejekiseni, uchishandisa iyo yepakutanga girazi disc seyakabva zvinhu;
- Tevere, simbi inopfapfaidzwa pachikamu cheruzivo;
- Varnish inodzivirira inoshandiswa kune rumwe rutivi rwekunze, pane iyo graphic image yakatoiswa.
Zvakadini neCD-RW?
CD-RW imhando ye compact disc yakatangwa muna 1997. Chiyero chacho chaimbonzi (CD-E, Compact Disc Inodzimwa).
Uku kwaive budiriro chaiyo mundima yekurekodha nekuchengetedza ruzivo. Mushure mezvose, kuwana isingadhure uye inogonesa kuchengetedza svikiro kwaive kurota kwezviuru zvemainjiniya nevashandisi. CD-RW yakafanana muchimiro uye musimboti wekushanda kune yenguva dzose CD, asi iyo yekurekodha layer yakasiyana - iyo yakasarudzika alloy ye chalcogenides. Inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye silver-indium-antimony-tellurium. Kana ichipisa pamusoro penzvimbo yakanyunguduka, alloy yakadaro inoshandura kubva kune crystalline state kuenda kune amorphous.
Kuchinja kwechikamu munyaya iyi kunodzokororwa, inova ndiyo hwaro hwekunyora patsva. Ukobvu hweiyo inoshanda layer ye diski ingori 0,1 microns, saka zviri nyore kupesvedzera chinhu nelaser. Maitiro ekurekodha anoitika kana akafumurwa kune laser beam; mune iyi kesi, iyo inoshanda layer inoshanduka kuita kunyungudika (idzo nzvimbo dzayo dzakakanganiswa nelaser). Zvadaro, kupisa kunopararira mu substrate, uye kunyunguduka kunoshanduka kuita amorphous state. Kune zvikamu zveamorphous, maitiro akadai se dielectric constant, reflectance, uye, naizvozvo, kusimba kwekuratidzwa kwekuchinja kwechiedza. Inotakura ruzivo pamusoro pekurekodha pane diski. Kuverenga kunoitwa uchishandisa yakaderera simba laser, iyo isingagone kukanganisa iyo inoshanda layer. Panguva yekurekodha, iyo inoshanda yakatsetseka inopisa kusvika ku200 degrees Celsius, iyo inobvumira kuti iite zvakare chikamu chekuchinja kune crystalline state.
Kudzokorora kushandiswa kweCD-RW kunotungamirira kuneta kuneta kwechigadziro chekushanda. Naizvozvo, mainjiniya akagadzira tekinoroji akashandisa zvinhu zvine yakaderera kuneta coefficient. CD-RW inokwanisa kumirisana nechuru chekunyora patsva.
DVD - yakatowanda kugona!
MaDVD akatanga kuoneka muJapan muna 1996, semhinduro kune zvinodiwa nevatengi uye zvebhizinesi kuti iwedzere kukura midhiya yekuchengetedza. Pakutanga, madhisiki epamusoro-soro akagadzirwa nemakambani akawanda panguva imwe chete. Nzira mbiri dzakazvimiririra dzekusimudzira dzakabuda: Multimedia Compact Disc (Philips uye Sony), - Super Disc (8 makambani makuru, kusanganisira Toshiba uye Time Warner). Kwapera chinguva, nzira mbiri dzakabatanidzwa kuita imwe pasi pesimba reBMM. Akanyengetedza vadyidzani kuti vasadzokorore zviitiko zve "format war", paive nehondo yekukosha pakati peVhidhiyo Yepamba System uye Betamax vhidhiyo kaseti zviyero.
Iyo tekinoroji yakaziviswa munaGunyana 1995, uye vanogadzira vakaburitsa zvakatemwa gore rimwe chetero. Yekutanga DVD burner yakaburitswa muna 1997.
Zvakanga zvichikwanisika kuwedzera huwandu hwekurekodha uchichengetedza zviyero zvakafanana kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweraser tsvuku ine wavelength ye650 nm. Iyo track pitch ihafu yeCD uye iri 0,74 microns.
Blu-Ray ndiyo yakanyanya kusimira optical media
Imwe mhando ye optical media ine yakanyanya data density pane CD kana DVD. Chiyero chakagadzirwa neInternational Consortium BDA. Yekutanga prototype yakaonekwa muna Gumiguru 2000.
Iyo tekinoroji inosanganisira kushandiswa kweapfupi-wave laser (wavelength 405 nm), saka zita. Izwi rekuti "e" rakabviswa nekuti izwi rekuti blue ray rinowanikwa muChirungu uye harigone kupihwa patent. Kushandiswa kweblue (blue-violet) laser kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kupfupisa track kusvika 0,32 microns, kuwedzera data rekodhi density. Iyo media kuverenga kumhanya yakawedzera kusvika 432 Mbit / s.
UDF - Universal Disk Format
UDF ndeye faira system fomati yakatarwa iyo OS yakazvimirira. Yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza mafaera pane optical media - ese CD, DVD uye Blu-Ray. UDF haina muganho we2GB kana 4GB wemafaira anonyorwa, saka yakanakira maDVD epamusoro uye Blu-Rays.
Optical discs uye Internet
Tekinoroji makambani anoramba achivandudza optical discs. Nekudaro, Sony nePanasonic vakakwanisa kuwedzera huwandu hweoptical media kusvika ku2016 TB kumashure muna 3,3. Panguva imwecheteyo, kushanda kwema disks kunoramba, maererano nevamiririri veSony, kusvika kumakore zana.
Zvisinei, marudzi ose e-optical disks ari kurasikirwa zvishoma nezvishoma - nekuvandudzwa kweInternet, kudiwa kwevashandisi kuunganidza data pa disks kunopera. Ruzivo runogona kuchengetwa mugore, iro rinonyanya nyore (kuchengetedzeka kwakadii mumwe mubvunzo). MaCD haachadavire kufarirwa sezvaaive makore mashoma apfuura, asi kazhinji haazosangana nekukanganwa zvachose (sezvakaita makaseti ekuteerera) - achashandiswa kugadzira zvinyorwa zvemashoko akakosha ebhizinesi.
Kana terabyte optical disks ikapinda mukugadzirwa, kushandiswa kwavo kuchave kushoma - pamwe ichashandiswa kugovera mafirimu e4K nemitambo yemazuva ano ine mabhonasi akasiyana. Asi zvakanyanya pane zvese zvichashandiswa kugadzira backups. Uye kana Sony ichitaura chokwadi nezve kuchengetedzeka kwemazana emakore kwedata rakarekodhwa, saka bhizinesi richashandisa tekinoroji nyowani nesimba.
Source: www.habr.com
