Huwandu hwemazwi ekuti "kutanga" muchinyorwa hausi pamachati.
Chekutanga "Mhoro, Nyika" chirongwa, yekutanga MUD mutambo, wekutanga kupfura, wekutanga kufa, yekutanga GUI, yekutanga desktop, yekutanga Ethernet, yekutanga-bhatani mbeva, yekutanga bhora mbeva, yekutanga optical mouse, yekutanga yakazara-peji monitor -size monitor) , mutambo wekutanga wevazhinji ... yekutanga komputa yega.
Mwaka 1973
Muguta rePalo Alto, murabhoritari yeR&D yeXerox - PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated), musi waKurume 1 pakaburitswa muchina waizodaidzwa kuti komputa yekutanga yenyika (kwete komputa yepamba, asi kuti munhu ashandise).
Alto yaive prototype yekutsvagisa uye isiri chigadzirwa chekutengesa. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti Alto yaizova motokari yakawanda-yakagadzirwa, asi haina kumboiswa mukugadzirwa. Nekudaro, huwandu hwezviuru zveAltos hwakagadzirwa, mazhinji acho akashandiswa neXerox PARC pachayo nemayunivhesiti akasiyana.
Mutengo wemotokari imwe yeAlto unofungidzirwa kubva pamadhora gumi nemaviri kusvika kumakumi mana ezviuru.
Makore matanhatu mushure mekuburitswa kweAlto, Mabasa anozviona uye okwereta uye oratidza boka rezvinhu zvitsva kupasirese.
Kusikwa kwechikwata chekombuta (, , , ) muna 2004 yakagamuchirwa , uye Chuck Thacker akagamuchirawo Mubairo weTuring muna 2009.
MunaOctober 2014 Xerox Alto paComputer History Museum.
Ngatiedzei kutarisa pasi pehodhi uye tizive vanogadzira.
Kuvandudzwa kwekombuta kwakatanga muna 1972 nebepa ("Sei Alto?") rakanyorwa naButler Lampson (rakafemerwa nepfungwa yaDouglas Engelbart. . Yakagadzirwa naChuck Thacker.
"Dambudziko rega rega rekombuta rinogadziriswa neimwe nhanho yekubvisa"
Muma1960, Lampson akatora chikamu muBerkeley, panguva iyo Berkeley Timesharing System yakagadziridzwa yeScientific Data Systems SDS 940 komputa.
Muma1970, Lampson akave mumwe wevatangi verabhoritari , kwaakatora chikamu mukuvandudzwa kweAlto, pamwe nekuvandudza tekinoroji yekutsikisa laser, Ethernet network, kugadzirwa kwemavara mu. , (2 maPC), , chekutanga (LAN), yakagadzira mitauro yakati wandei yakakosha, semuenzaniso, .
Muma80s, Lampson akaenda kuDigital Equipment Corporation. Parizvino anoshanda muMicrosoft Research, kwaanoshanda nezvekuchengetedza uye anti-piracy nyaya. Anodzidzisa kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lapson's memo "Sei Alto?"
XEROX Inter-Office MemorandumTo CSL zuva December 19, 1972
From Butler Lampson nzvimbo Palo Alto
chidzidzo Nei Alto Sangano PARK
1. ziviso
Iyi memo inokurukura zvikonzero zvekugadzira nhamba yakakura (10-30) yemakopi ekombuta yega inonzi Alto iyo yakagadzirwa naChuck Thacker nevamwe. Kukurudzira kwekutanga kwemuchina uyu kwakapihwa naAlan Kay, uyo anoda nezve 15-20 'interim Dynabooks' Systems patsvakiridzo yake yedzidzo. Alto ine huwandu hwakakura hwemashandisirwo kupfuura aya angangoratidza, zvisinei. Ini ndichatanga nekutsanangura maitiro ayo, uye ndozoenderera mberi nekufunga mamwe emamwe akawanda anonakidza mashandisirwo ayo Alto anogona kuiswa. Zvinoitika kuti pane kudyidzana nechero chirongwa cheCSL chekutsvagisa.
2. Mamiriro
An Alto system inosanganisira
48-64K 16-bit mazwi endangariro (pamwe parity uye pamwe kukanganisa kukanganisa).
Disiki reDiablo rine 10 megabyte iro rinotamisa izwi rimwe chete pa7 isu, rinotenderera mu 25 ms, uye ine track-to-track yekutsvaga ye8 ms, uye yakaipisisa kutsvaga ye 70 ms.
Iyo 901 mutsara weTV yekutarisa ine nzvimbo yekuratidzira ingangoita saizi yepeji rino. Iyo inotungamirwa yakatwasuka, uye yakagadzirirwa kufambiswa kubva padiki mepu mundangariro. Zvinotora 32K yendangariro kuzadza nzvimbo yekuratidzira ine sikweya (825 × 620) raster. Aya madotsi anenge 1.4 miriyoni square. Zvinogoneka kudzikisa hupamhi hwazvo kusvika miriyoni imwe, iyo inopa 1 × 825 raster uye 860K yekuyeuka. Sikweya raster inogona kuratidza 44.3 8000 × 5 mavara ane vadzikisi kana 7 akanaka akaenzana-akapatsanurwa mavara.
Iyo undecoded keyboard iyo inobvumira processor kuti ione chaizvo kana kiyi yega yega yakaora moyo kana kuburitswa, uye mbeva kana chimwe chinongedzo.
Purosesa inoita mirairo yeNova ingangoita 1.5 us/irairo, uye inogona kuwedzerwa nemimwe mirairo inokodzera kududzira Lisp, Bcpl, MPS, kana chero.
Iyo yakakwira-bandwidth (10 MHz) yekutaurirana interface iyo ruzivo rwusati rwataurwa.
Sarudzo, yakagadziriswa-font character jenareta yakafanana neyakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa naDoug Clark. Izvi zvaizochengetedza ndangariro zhinji uye zvaizobvumidza mavara emhando yepamusoro kupfuura anogona kuitwa neskweya raster, asi anowedzera kwete hutsva hutsva. Inofanira kuita $500.
Sarudzo, Diablo printer, XGP, kana imwe hardcopy mudziyo.
Tafura inenge 45" yakafara uye 25" yakadzika yekuisa muchina uye kukwidza chiratidziro nekhibhodi.
Chinonyanya kukosha, mutengo we $ lO.5K, iyo inogona kuderedzwa kusvika $ 9.7K nekushandiswa kwe 2.5 megabyte disk. Mutengo wacho unenge wakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana pakati pe diski, ndangariro, uye zvimwe zvese. Takashandisa zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri paMaxc panhengo ye1974 CSL.
Iyo sisitimu inokwanisa kuita chero komputa iyo PDP-10 inogona kuita. Pamatambudziko mazhinji inogona kuunza kuita kurinani kumushandisi pane kugovaniswa nguva gumi, kunyangwe iyo yekupedzisira yakaremerwa (pachena kunze: yakawanda inoyangarara-poindi computation). Uyezve, isu tine pasi pekuvandudzwa Lisp, Bcpl, uye MPS masisitimu anogona kumhanya paNova uye nekudaro, nekuchinja kudiki, paAlto. Sezvo mazhinji ebasa redu remangwana software richitarisirwa kuitwa mune imwe yemitauro iyi, mazhinji acho anofanira kukwanisa kumhanya paAlto.
Ndima inotevera inoratidza kuti panofanirwa kuve neakawanda simba rekombuta. Zvese zviri zviviri Lisp neMPS zvichave neimwe mhando yehardware-yakabatsirwa mepu, sezvo iyo chaiyo yekurangarira saizi haizove dambudziko; hurongwa hwakafanana hweBcpl hunoita sehunogoneka, asi hahuna kuongororwa.
A 64K Alto ine akawanda Lisp maseru se32K yePDP-l0 ndangariro. BBN inoti inomhanyisa vashandisi veLisp neavhareji 25K inoshanda seti uye 30 ms peji yekukanganisa nguva. Makumi mana nemaviri disk tracks anobata 256K Lisp masero, uye avhareji yenguva yekuwana rekodhi pane imwe yeaya matiraki ingangoita makumi matatu nemaviri ms, zvichienzaniswa negumi nenomwe ms yechigubhu chegumi. Nekudaro, kana kumhanya kwekuita paAlto iri hafu yekumhanya kwegumi kana zvishoma, kupeja hakuzodhura kupfuura pagumi ezvirongwa zveLisp. Zvinogoneka kuti isu tinogona kuwana Lisp system paAlto ine mashoma mashoma mirairo iyo inogona kuendesa hafu yekuita kweTenex Lisp inomhanya munzvimbo ye32K yekuchinjana. Mibairo inofananidzwa inogona kutarisirwa kune mimwe mitauro.
3. Applications
Zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinotariswa pano zvinoenderana nezvinhu zviviri zvinopfupikisa zviri muchikamu chekupedzisira:
Alto ine simba kudarika VTS terminal yakabatana neTenex;
Alto yakachipa zvakakwana zvekuti tinogona kutenga imwe yenhengo yega yega yeCSL, kana izvo zvichifanira kuratidza zvinodiwa.
a) Distributed computing. Tinogona kuisa nyore nyore muAloha-kunge-point-to-point packet network pakati peAlto's, tichishandisa coax seether (kana microwave ine inodzokorora pachikomo chezviteshi zvekumba). Isu tinokwanisa ipapo kuita kwakakura kwakakura kwekuedza neakawanda emichina. Zviri nyore kuyedza zviedzo zvinoenderana nekuzvimirira kwevatori vechikamu pamwe neavo vanoshandisa zvinhu zvine hunyanzvi zvinofanirwa kubatana kuita chero chinhu. Kunyanya, isu tinokwanisa kumisa masisitimu umo mushandisi wega wega ane mafaera ake uye kutaurirana kunoitwa chete pakutsinhana kweruzivo rwunogovaniswa, uye nekudaro kujekesa kune gakava renguva refu pamusoro pekukodzera kwechirongwa ichi sekupokana nemafaira epakati.
b) Zvirongwa zvehofisi. Tinogona kumhanya Peter's Lisp-based NLS-competitor kana iyo xNLS system. Iyo computational overkill yeAlto ichatitendera kuti titarise pane kugona kweiyo sisitimu pane kukwenenzvera kuita kwayo. Ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva munzira iyi runofanira kuzadzisa izvo zvakawanikwa kubva kune akawanda-mushandisi xNLS kuyedza. Zvinogona zvakare kuita kumhanyisa izvi paAlto uye nekudaro kutiza kubva kuNova kuvimba; mukana uyu unoda kumwe kuongorora.
c) Personal computing. Kana dzidziso dzedu pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemakomputa akachipa, ane simba emunhu ari echokwadi, tinofanira kukwanisa kuaratidza zvinogutsa paAlto. Kana vakakanganisa, tinogona kuziva chikonzero. Isu tinofanirwa, semuenzaniso, kukwanisa kugutsa vanorema Lisp vashandisi vakaita saWarren naPeter neAlto. Izvi zvaizotorawo yakakura komputa mutoro kure neMaxc. Izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zviri nyore kutevedzera magadzirirwo ehardware emamwe makomputa anotsanangurwa ega (semu, akasiyana ndangariro mahierarchies) uye nekudaro kusimbisa iwo magadzirirwo. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti mamwe macomputer mashini anozoda mari yakakura kwazvo mukuvandudza engineering uye kunyatsoita optimization yendangariro system.
d) Graphics. Alto imotokari yakanakisa yebasa remifananidzo raBob Flegal, uye ichaita kuti zvibereko zvebasa iroro zviwanikwe kunharaunda yakakura. Haikwanise kuita zvinhu zvaDick Shoup.
4. Makwikwi
Alto inokwikwidza nezvimwe zvinhu isu kana SSL tiri kuita. Ini ndinofunga ichi chinhu chakanaka, sezvo ichikurudzira vatsigiri venzira mbiri kuti vabudirire. Zvakananga;
a) VTS inogona kuita emhando yepamusoro mavara, ine intensity control uye kubwaira, inodhura hafu kusvika pazvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvakanyanya kana iwe uchingoda terminal, uye unogona kutora mukana weiyo vhidhiyo switch. Iyo haigone kuita magiraidhi uye inogona kutambura kubva mumitsetse matambudziko eyakagovaniswa-zviwanikwa masisitimu (iyo inodzora Nova uye kutaurirana zvakagovaniswa). Uye, hongu, yakanaka chete sekombuta inoishandisa.
b) Maxc inogona kuverengera, uye kune maapplication anoshandisa software iripo, inoda makuru ekushanda seti, kana kuita akawanda kuwanda, zvichave nani. Zvakare, inozivikanwa kuve yakanaka kune Lisp, nezvimwewo, nepo kukodzera kweAlto kune yakakura masystem kunoramba kusingabvumirwe.
c) Novas iyo isina mainterface akaomarara kune mamwe mahardware (semuenzaniso, Toy, XGP) inogona kutsiviwa neAltos. Avo vanoita, seMaxc Nova kana, zvichida, VTS Nova, vakachengeteka.
d) Zvinorehwa neAlto kune network yemuno hazvina kujeka.
e) MaImlacs anodzimwa.
[]
Pamwe chete naButler Lampson nevamwe vakapedza kudzidza, akatanga Berkeley Computer Corporation, kwaakagadzira zvemagetsi zvemakombuta. Nekudaro, iyo kambani yanga isiri budiriro yekutengeserana uye Thacker akatora basa paXerox PARC yekutsvagisa nzvimbo.
Munguva yemakore ekuma1970 nema80s, akave mumwe wevagadziri veEthernet protocol uye akaitawo mipiro mikuru mukugadzirwa kwekutanga laser printer. Muna 1983, Thacker akatanga Digital Equipment Corporation research center (DEC Systems Research Center), uye muna 1997 akatora chikamu mukugadzirwa kweMicrosoft Research laboratory muCambridge. Mushure mekudzokera kuUnited States, Thacker akagadzira Hardware yeMicrosoft Tablet PC zvichibva pane yake ruzivo rwekushanda paDynabook paXerox PARC.
“Indaneti haisi yeruzivo rwemichina; ndezvekutaurirana. IInternet inobatanidza vanhu vakagovana zvavanofarira, mazano uye zvavanoda, zvisinei nejogirafi."
Aive director kuARPA's kubva 1965 kusvika 1969, muvambi uye director weXerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory kubva 1970 kusvika 1983, muvambi uye director weDigital Equipment Corporation's. kuna 1996.
Munyori weOOP pfungwa ("Ndakagadzira izwi rokuti chinhu-chinotarisana, uye ndichakuudza kuti chii, ndakanga ndisingareve C ++.") uye laptop.
Nenzira, Kay akataura mutsara wake wakakurumbira “Nzira yakanakisa yekufanotaura nezveramangwana kurigadzira” muna 1971, uye (Mubayiro weNobel, musiki weholography) - muna '63. Inventing the Future (1963): “Nguva yemberi haigoni kufanotaurwa, asi nguva yemberi inogona kugadzirwa.” (Kuongorora nezvenyaya iyi .)
TED vhidhiyo
Xerox High
Iron
Iyo Xerox Alto yaive ne128 KB ye RAM (yaidhura $4000), inowedzerwa kusvika ku512 KB, uye hard drive ine 2,5 MB inobviswa cartridge.
Dhisiki inodhiraivha
Monitor
Kuratidza ruzivo rwemifananidzo, monochrome monitor ine 606 × 808 pixels mune isiri-yechinyakare mifananidzo yekutarisa yakashandiswa.
Dombo
Chip: multi-chip chikamu che microprocessor arithmetic-logical unit (bit-slice arithmetic logic unit) zvichibva pa nerutsigiro rwemicrocode (kusvika gumi nematanhatu mabasa anofanana ane zvakatarwa zvekutanga). 16 MHz CPU
Klava
64-kiyi kiyibhodhi
Panyare
Makonzo ese aishandiswa neAlto aive matatu-mabhatani mbeva. Mbeva yekutanga yaive mechanic, ine mavhiri maviri akaiswa perpendicular kune rimwe nerimwe. Iyi modhi yakakurumidza kutsiviwa nembeva yebhora, yakagadzirwa naBill English. Gare gare, mbeva yemaziso yakaonekwa, yakatanga kushandisa chiedza chichena uye ipapo infrared radiation. Mabhatani pamakonzo ekutanga aive ari pamusoro peumwe neumwe, uye kwete padivi peumwe neumwe, setsika zvino.
Mazano aEngelbart akaiswa munyika chaiyo - mbeva uye :
[]
[]
Network kadhi
Ethernet
[]
Software
Zvirongwa zvekutanga zveAlto zvakanyorwa mumutauro wechirongwa (nenzira, yekutanga "Hello world" chirongwa uye yekutanga MUD yakanyorwa paBCPL), ipapo mutauro wakashandiswa. , iyo yakanga isinganyanyi kushandiswa kunze kwePARC, asi yakapesvedzera mimwe mitauro yapashure, yakadai seModula. Iyo Alto keyboard yaishaya underscore kiyi yaibata museve wekuruboshwe waishandiswa naMesa semushandisi webasa. Ichi chimiro cheAlto keyboard chinogona kunge chiri chikonzero cheCamelCase identifier yekutumidza zita. Chimwe chinhu cheAlto kwaive kugona kwemushandisi kuronga iyo processor microcode zvakananga.
Pasinei nehuwandu hushoma hwe RAM, mapurogiramu ane graphic menus, zvidhori uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakazozivikanwa chete nekuuya kweMac OS neMicrosoft Windows masisitimu anoshanda akagadzirwa uye akashandiswa kuXerox Alto.
- Bravo uye Gypsy - yekutanga WYSIWYG izwi processors
- Laurel naHardy - network E-mail vatengi
- Markup uye Dhirowa - bitmap edhita
- Neptune - faira maneja
- FTP uye zvekushandisa zvekutaura
- Mitambo - Chess, Pinball, Othello uye mutambo weAlto Trek naGene Bhora
- Sil - vector graphics edhita yeakabatanidzwa maseketi uye akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi
- Officetalk yekuedza mafomu-processing system
- Mitauro yekuronga - BCPL, LISP, Smalltalk, Mesa, uye Poplar
Mifananidzo yakawanda / zvidzitiro zvesoftware
Kutaura kudiki
Bravo
Cedar
Markup
Swedera
Sir
Laurel
[]
mamwe mascreenshots emapurogiramu
Ratidza kubva pane keyboard-test chirongwa:
Iyo Alto keyboard ine yakaparadzana siginecha mutsara kune yega yega kiyi uye inogona nokudaro kutaura kana chero nhamba yemakiyi ari kudzvanywa panguva imwe chete. Muchiratidziro, makiyi matema ari kubatwa pasi. Chikamu chidiki chiri pamusoro pekhibhodi chinomiririra mbeva (ona mufananidzo 4); kiyi imwe yembeva inodzvanywa zvakare.
Kuratidzwa kweAlto Executive, nemuenzaniso wenyeredzi uye mubvunzo-mucherechedzo wechiratidzo.
NetExecutive (yakafanana neAlto Executive, asi inobvumira kuwana zviwanikwa paEthernet.
Yakajairika Mesa chirongwa chiri kugadziridzwa naBravo; cherechedza mavara akasiyana anoshandiswa muchirongwa chechirongwa.
Dhairekitori kubva kuNeptune dhairekitori mupepeti. Mazita emafaira ari mutema akasarudzwa kuti aenderere mberi senge kudhinda kana kudzima. Iyo cursor inoratidzwa semuchinjikwa mudenderedzwa.
Kugona kwaBravo kushandura mafonti (kune mazana emafonti eAlto, kubva kuGothic kuenda kuElvish Runes; ndima yepakati muchiratidziro ichi yashandurwa kuita chiGreek). Gwaro riri pahwindo repasi rinofanirwa kushandurwa kuita fomu rinoratidzwa pahwindo repamusoro.
Mapoinzi anoiswa necursor, uye makoko nemitsetse zvinozadzwa nepurogiramu.
Mitsara inogona "kupendwa" nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze "brushstrokes" (iyo cursor yakashandurwa kuita bhurashi duku repende).
Texture inopiwa kumitsetse; mitsetse ine madoti inogadzirwa nechigero chekugezesa.
Mufananidzo unogona kugadzirwa nemasvomhu; chimiro chitsva chinogona kugadzirwa nekudzosera kumashure, kurereka, kana kutambanudza kopi yepakutanga.
Ziso rinomiririra chimiro chemuvengi. Chero Alto pamambure anogona kujoina kana kusiya mutambo chero nguva.
Mutambo wePinball:
Flippers inoshandiswa nemakiyi maviri ekuchinja; chiteshi cheAlto chinogona kubatanidzwa kune mukurukuri kuti ipe mabhero uye mabhero.
Iyo yevazhinji Trek chirongwa:
Mutambo uyu unotambwa zvachose pasi pemakonzo. Chikamu chezasi chechiratidziro chinoratidza pfupi-renji sensor scan; pamusoro pane chiratidziro chenguva refu, uye kufamba uye kutonga kwezvombo.
Cedar nharaunda paAlto
Yakakurumbira "muraraungu" skrini pane Alto
Games
- mutambo wekutanga wevazhinji
Iwe unodzora nyeredzi kubva kune imwe yemadzinza matatu: , kana
nemutambo
Mutambo wekutanga wekufa, wekutanga-munhu maonero.
uye:
- Astro-roids
- chesi
- VaGaratia
- Mazewar
- Chombo chekuraira
- Rinky Dink (chirongwa chePinball chaClint Parker)
- Space War
Screenshots
Ndizvo zvakaita makombiyuta
DUP
Ndakanga ndisina nguva yekutarisa, asi ndinofunga zvichabatsira:
gore ra2001. Iyo Xerox Alto: Yemunhu Retrospective
mhedziso
“Usambokahadzika kuti boka diki revanhu vanofunga uye vakazvipira vanogona kuchinja nyika. Kutaura zvazviri, ndivo chete vanounza kuchinja uku.” Margaret Mead
Mukuona kwangu, zvinotonhorera zvikuru kuva chapupu (uye kunyanya kunyanya kutora chikamu) mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva uye zvinonakidza. Ndakanga ndine rombo rakanaka kuva pedyo neboka revechidiki uye vane ushingi vakagadzira "Tsiferblat" (yekutanga anti-cafe), kunyange zvazvo isiri chigadzirwa cheIT, asi ichiri kutyaira uye inotonhorera. Ndakataura zvishoma nevagadziri , vane nyaya dzakawanda dzinonakidza. Ndakanakidzwa nekuona series . Kana paine anoziva zvinongedzo kuzvinhu zvinobatsira, ndapota govana, uye kana iwe pachako wakatora chikamu mukugadzira imwe nyowani, nyora mumashoko, ndichaonga.
Pamwe chete nekambani Tiri kutanga matsutso marathon ezvinyorwa.
Ini ndichaedza kusvika kuzasi kwekutanga masosi eIT tekinoroji, kuti ndinzwisise kuti vaifunga sei uye kuti ndeapi pfungwa dzaive mupfungwa dzemapiyona, izvo zvavairota, kuti vakaona sei nyika yeramangwana. Sei "komputa", "network", "hypertext", "intelligence amplifiers", "system yekubatana kwekugadzirisa matambudziko" yakaumbwa, chii chavakaisa mune idzi pfungwa, ndeapi maturusi avanoda kuti vawane mhedzisiro.
Ndinovimba zvinhu izvi zvinopa kurudziro kune avo vari kunetseka kuti vochinja sei (gadzira chinhu chisina kumbovapo). Ndinoda IT uye "programming" kuti irege kungova "kukodha mari", uye kukuyeuchidza kuti vakagadzirirwa sechitsiko chekuchinja nzira dzehondo, dzidzo, nzira yekubatana, kufunga nekukurukurirana, se kuedza kugadzirisa matambudziko enyika uye kupindura matambudziko, kumira pamberi pevanhu. Chinhu chakadai.
Kurume 0.
Kurume 1.
2 March
3 March
4 March
5 March
7 March
8 March
Source: www.habr.com