Makore makumi matatu eMinix OS Tutorial

Musi waNdira 14, zuva rekutanga reGore Idzva rekare 2017, chinyorwa "Munhu. Mutungamiriri Norton".

1987 gore

Pashure pokurirava, uko kwakamutsa mirangariro yakawanda, gore ra1987 rakauya mundangariro, nenzira yaro rimene gore rinokosha muupenyu hwangu. Iri ndiro gore randakava mukuru werimwe remadhipatimendi anotungamira pane imwe nzvimbo yekutsvagisa, iro rakapihwa basa rekuona otomatiki yakakura yesainzi yekutsvagisa.

Uye saka, makore makumi matatu apfuura, ikozvino kumashure mu30, Andrew Tanenbaum akanyora iyo Unix-inoenderana Minix inoshanda sisitimu sebhuku rebhuku rake "Operating Systems: Design uye Implementation" (1987, ISBN 1987-0-13-637406) . Iyo yakapfupikiswa zviuru gumi nezviviri mitsetse yekodhi sosi, yakanyorwa zvakanyanya mumutauro weC programming, weMinix kernel, memory management subsystem, uye faira system zvakadhindwa mubhuku. Andrew Tanenbaum akagadzira Minix OS yeBM PC uye IBM PC/AT makomputa aivepo panguva iyoyo. Panguva ino, munyika yedu makombiyuta ega anowirirana neBMM PC akatanga kuonekwa EU-1840/41/42 uye kunyange ES-1845, iyo, sezvazvakazoitika, yakabudirira kumhanya Minix OS.

Mugore rimwe chetero ra1987, ndakatanga kunyora “ENGINEER AND COMPUTER” mumagazini ye“Technology and Science”. Chinyorwa chekutanga muchikamu chino yaive nyaya iri muNo. 7 yemagazini ine musoro unoti “Operating masisitimu: nei mainjiniya achivada" Uye chinyorwa ichi chinoti masisitimu anoshanda anokubvumira kuti uchinje kune "iwe" kubva pakombuta.

Asi nechekare mumagazini inotevera chinyorwa chakaburitswa chine musoro wekuti "Nhanganyaya yeUNIX inoshanda system":

Munguva iyi, United States yakaisa mberi Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), uye USSR yakagadzira chirongwa cheAnti-SDI.

Simulation stand

Sechikamu chechirongwa ichi, chakarongwa kugadzira chimiro chekutevedzera (SIM) uye komputa-inobatsira dhizaini yedhizaini (CADR) system, iyo yaizobvumira kwete kungotevedzera mhedzisiro yekuitwa kweSOI, asiwo kuisa mberi. zvinodiwa kune masisitimu anoderedza mhedzisiro iyi. Iyo tekinoroji hwaro hweSIM/SAIPR hwaizove ine simba komputa network inobatanidza emuno makomputa network emadhipatimendi esainzi:

Iyo network yaifanirwa kusanganisira yakakura ES makomputa, mhando ES-1066, pamwe nemakomputa emunhu anenge 200 zvidimbu. Asi chinonyanya kukosha, makomputa aya aifanirwa kuisa UNIX-compatible operating systems MOS EC. Uye kana pakanga pasina matambudziko nemichina mikuru uye OS MOS EC yakaiswa pavari, ipapo pakanga paine matambudziko nekuiisa pamakomputa seES-1840, nekuti. hard drive yaidiwa, uye kuburitswa kweOS kwakanonoka. Uye kuendeswa kwemakomputa ega pachayo yaive nyaya yakaoma kwazvo. Vakanga vachishaya zvakanyanya. Vaingogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza neSarudzo yeCentral Committee yeCPSU uye Council of Ministers yeUSSR, vakambobvumirana zvese izvi nemadhipatimendi aifarira, akadai seState Planning Committee yeUSSR (yava kunzi Federal Assembly yeRussia. Federation iri chivako chayo), State Committee of VTI (State Committee on Computer Engineering uye Informatics, USSR State Committee pamusoro kombiyuta michina, yakavambwa muna April 1986) uye vamwe vanoverengeka.

Chiitiko chinosetsa chakaitika pakubvumirana pane chirongwa chekupihwa kwemidziyo yemakomputa kuVTI Group.

Vakakuvinga

Takasvika tiri vatatu ipapo - ini ndine renki yemukuru, ndakapfeka bhutsu yechrome, nepfuti muholster pabhande rangu, uye ndakabata sutukesi yakavharwa mumaoko angu. Kwete, yakanga isiri sutukesi yenyukireya, yakanga ine chinyorwa cheramangwana Resolution yeDare reVakuru veUSSR No. 931-226 yaAugust 8.08.87, XNUMX. Ndakaperekedzwa nekuda kwekuremekedzwa (iyi yaiva murairo we mukuru wesangano racho, Lieutenant General Volkov L.I.) Major General Bordyukov M .M. uye chaiye Colonel Boyarsky A.G. Patakaenda kuimba yekusvikira vaChairman, takashamiswa nezvinhu zviviri - munyori ane tsvarakadenga akanaka chaizvo uye mabhokisi ePC Olivetty akanga akazara munyonganyonga munzvimbo yose yokugamuchira vanhu. Zvaive zviroto zvemusango kuva nemakomputa akati wandei pachikoro ichi.

Kumubvunzo wedu wokuti zvaiita here kuti tisvike kuna Chairman, munyori akapindura kuti akanga asati avapo, asi aifanira kusvika chero miniti akati amirire. Pashure penguva yakati, Sachigaro nomubatsiri wake vanooneka. Kumubvunzo wakanyarara waSachigaro, munyori akapindura nemoyo wese: - "Zviri kwauri!". Anopinda muhofisi chinyararire, isu tinomutevera.

Uye paakaziva zvatauyira tose, takagamuchira siginicha yake yokutendera pasina mimwe mibvunzo. Panguva iyoyo, izvi zvaive zvakakura zvekushandisa - gumi nemaviri nehafu makomputa makuru, kusvika kuES-1066, uye anenge 200 ES-1841/45 maPC, angangoita gore rose kugadzirwa kwemakomputa muUSSR. Uye ndinofanira kutaura, kunyangwe nekunonoka, takagamuchira makomputa aya:

Ibva pano!

Asi paiva nemimwe mienzaniso. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuwana vhiza kubva kuMutevedzeri Mukuru weCommunication weUSSR Armed Forces.
Nzvimbo iyi yakaitwa panguva iyoyo naLieutenant General Kirill Nikolaevich Trofimov, mubatanidzwa muHondo Yenyika Yese, Hero yeSocialist Labor. Panguva yekusangana naTrofimov K.N. Ndakasvika, senguva dzose, ndichiperekedzwa ne "duty" general. Trofimov K.N. akandikoka kutafura uye takakurukura kwenguva yakareba matambudziko e automation, kugadzirira masangano eMoscow Region nemichina yekombuta. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti sei panofanirwa kuve nezvaunofarira iwe. Asi pakupedzisira akati: “Ndipe mapepa ako, ndichasaina.” Asi pandakanga ndichivabudisa kunze, inzwi re "basa" mukuru (handizopa zita rake rekupedzisira) rakanzwika: "Sei usinganzwisisi kukosha kwakakwana kwe...". Uye izvi zvakataurwa kuna K.N. Trofimov... Ndakanga ndave nechiveve. Uye nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. General Trofimov K.N. chinyararire akasimuka, akatora folda nemapepa edu ndokukanda akananga kunobudapo: “Ibva pano!” Asi zvese zvakanaka izvo zvinopera zvakanaka. Ndakauya kuzomuona zvakare, ndikakumbira ruregerero uye visa rikagamuchirwa. Nehurombo, mukuru airemekedzwa zvikuru uyu akafa ari mumutsara webasa musi wa19 Gumiguru 1987 mutsaona yendege paMi-8 helikopta muHungary.

Wekutanga Sachigaro weState Technical Commission yeRussia/FSTEC yeRussia

Panguva imwe chete nekubatanidzwa kwezvirongwa zvekugoverwa kwemidziyo yekombuta, kusimudzira uye kubvumidzwa kweTechnical Specifications yekugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kweSIM/CAIPR kwaive kuenderera. The Institute of Technical Cybernetics yeAcademy of Sciences yeBSSR, mutungamiriri Semenkov O.I., akasarudzwa semutungamiri wekondirakiti. Nenzira, pane imwe nguva Institute of Cybernetics yeUkraine SSR Academy yeScience yakaonekwawo. Asi zvakange zvichiri kupihwa kuITK yeBSSR Academy yeSainzi. Uye pakupera kwa1986, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rwakanga rwagadzirira, chakasara kwaive kutora vhiza kubva kuMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Mukuru, Colonel-General Yu. Sayenzi yeBSSR, Academician yeUSSR Academy yeScience N. A. Borisevich. uye Mutungamiriri waVakuru. Mushure meizvozvo, simudza maoko ako uye upedze basa rawakapihwa. Zvino pakati paDecember ndakaziva kuti General Yu.A. Yashin akanga asvika pachikoro. Ini ndinobata sutukesi ine dhizaini tekinoroji uye kumhanyisa kudzika nematanho epadivi ndakananga kunzvimbo yekugamuchira yemukuru wechikoro. Uye pamatanho ndinouya chiso nechiso nemukuru wesangano uye General Yashin Yu.A. Pasina kuzeza, ndinokumbira Yu.A. Yashin mvumo. taura nemukuru wesangano. Akashamiswa, asi akazvibvumira. Ndakashuma kumukuru wesangano racho kuti takanga tava kupera nguva uye taifanira kuwana vhiza kubva kuYu.A. Yashin. Uye tarisai, vhiza iyi yakawanikwa ipapo pakufamba kwemasitepisi.
Muna January 1992, Yashin Yu.A. anova Sachigaro, uye muna Ndira 18, 1993 akagadzwa Sachigaro weiyo yakarongwazve State Technical Commission pasi peMutungamiriri weRussian Federation, basa uye chimiro chakawedzera zvakanyanya (Sachigaro weKomisheni aive akaenzana neGurukota). Kubva kuboka remauto rine hunyanzvi, State Technical Commission yakava sangano remubatanidzwa rinotarisira kuchengetedza ruzivo. Parizvino, State Technical Commission yeRussia yakashandurwa kuita Federal Service yeTechnical and Export Control (FSTEC yeRussia). Uye muna Kukadzi 4, 2002, muranda wenyu anozvininipisa akapiwa wachi yaSachigaro weState Technical Commission yeRussia pasi peMutungamiriri weRussian Federation.

Pasina mahwindo nemagonhi

Zvose zvakasara yaiva danho rekupedzisira - kubvuma Mutungamiriri weAcademy of Sciences yeBSSR, Academician yeAcademy of Sciences yeU.SR yeU.S. Borisevich. Uye mazuva mana pamberi peGore Idzva 1987, mukubvumirana nemutungamiriri weITK weAcademy of Sciences yeBSSR, Semenkov O.I. Ndiri kuuya kuHero City Minsk. Ndiri kusangana naO.I. Semenkov. uye ndapota tsanangurai kana tave kuenda kuMutungamiriri weChikoro cheScience cheBSSR. Uye zvino zvinhu zvisinganzwisisike zvinotanga, ivo vanoti akabatikana, vobva vatanga kumubata kuma caramel pillows kubva kune director director, nezvimwewo, uye masikati vanongoerekana vataura kuti vangada kubvisa kana kushandura ichi kana icho pfungwa. technical specification. Kunyanya, ivo vakaerekana vataura kuti havangade kushandisa Unix-inoenderana OS. Ndakaona kuti ndaifanira kudzokera kuMoscow. Uye ndakazviita. Uye pandakauya kuzoshanda zuva rakatevera, vakatofona kubva kuMinsk, vakakumbira ruregerero uye vakandikumbira kuti ndiuye kuzosaina zvinyorwa zvekutsvaga. Manheru ndaive ndatove mutrain. Papuratifomu, mutungamiriri pachake akasangana neni paVolga uye takabva taenda kunoona Mutungamiriri.

Takapinda muhofisi yaPresident, takagara patafura, pandakatarisa kumusiwo wataipinda nawo wanikwe haumo: masherufu aiva nemabhuku kumativi ose.
Ndakaona kuti ndaigona kungobva pano ndine hunyanzvi hwekuita. Takataura kweawa nehafu, tichikurukura tarisiro yetekinoroji yekombuta yemumba (kana sezvazvave mufashoni kutaura nezve kutsiva kunze), uyezve nemasaini akasainwa ehunyanzvi ndakaenda kuchiteshi. Ndakapemberera Goredzva kumba.

Vashandi vanosarudza zvese

Uye saka, kuitira kudzidzisa vashandi, dzidzisa vashandi ava kushanda paUnix masisitimu (uye munhu wese asati ashanda paEU OS), dzidzisa mutauro weC (uye munhu wese akamboshandisa PL/1, Fortran, Pascal), Unix. -kufanana nehurongwa hwekushandisa hwaidiwa nekukurumidza. Uye Andrew Tanenbaum akatipa. Uye izvi zvose, kufanana nengano, zvakaitika muna 1987, uye akashandira EU-1840!

Asi taifanira kuwedzera chimwe chinhu, kuchinja chimwe chinhu mairi. Iko kugona kubhutsu kubva kune hard drive yakawedzerwa, iyo Cyrillic alphabet yakawedzerwa, asi chinonyanya kukosha kubva pakuona kweavhareji mushandisi yaive kuvandudzwa kwemushandisi wekutarisa akafanana mukugona kune sisitimu. NORTON COMANDER muMS-DOS, uchishandisa kutiza kutevedzana.

Panguva ino, yaitosanganisira vatyairi vekuchinjana data kuburikidza neCOM ports pakati pePC neMinix/MINOS.

Muna 1991, paAll-Union Scientific and Practical Conference muGomel, mushumo wakaitwa pa "Mobile instrumental operating system MINOS":

Orlov V.N., Moscow
Mobile instrumental operating system MINOS
Iyo MINOS system iUNIX-class inoshanda sisitimu yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hwevhezheni 7. Iyo sisitimu inoitirwa kunyanya kushandiswa mumayunivhesiti kudzidzisa masystem programmer mukugadzira yakaoma software masisitimu.
Mamiriro akasiyana eiyo system:

• Kushanda paEC 184x PC (kusanganisira EC 1840 PC pasina dhiraivha), PC AT-286, PC AT 386 uye maPC anoenderana;
• Iyo sisitimu inoshanda mune ese ekutanga uye mamwe encodings;
• Kushanda kwehurongwa nemafloppy disks e360 KB, 720 KB uye 1.2 MB;
• Kugadziriswa kwemakiyi ebasa pane system kernel level, inoita kuti iwanikwe chero nguva, zvisinei nekuti ndeapi maitiro ari kushanda muhurongwa;
• Kana zvichidiwa, kugadzirisa kwekernel kwemakiyi ekushanda kunogona kudzimwa;
• Kugona kugadzirisa zvakare makiyi ebasa;
• Kuitwa kweRendezvous mechanism muhurongwa;
• Kuitwa muhurongwa, mukuwedzera kune goko rekuraira muturikiri, yemushandisi anotarisisa zvakafanana mukugona kune iyo NORTON system muMS-DOS;
• Kuvepo kweiyo yakavakirwa-mukati yekuraira dhairekitori muhurongwa.

Iyo sisitimu inoshandisa inodarika mirairo makumi manomwe, kusanganisira zvinyorwa uye hexadecimal edhita, mirairo yekushanda neMS-DOS faira system, tar archiver inobvumidza iwe kuchinjanisa mafaera nemamwe maUNIX-mhando masisitimu, fomati yemavara, nezvimwe.
Iyo sisitimu ine C complators, Assembler, uye TWINDOW package.
Nheyo yehurongwa ndeye 90 KB, iyo yakazara vhoriyamu yehurongwa ndeye 20000 zvirevo muC uye mitauro yeGungano.
Sisitimu inopihwa pamafloppy disks mashanu e5 KB, kana pa360 floppy disks e2 KB uye 360 mafloppy disks e2 KB, kana pa729 floppy disks e2 KB uye 360 MB.
Iyo system source codes inopihwa zvakasiyana. Vhoriyamu yavo ndeye 10 floppy disks e360 KB imwe neimwe.

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 25, 1991, mwedzi mishanu atanga basa purojekiti yake, Linus Torvalds ane makore makumi maviri nerimwe (panguva iyoyo achiri mudzidzi) akataura nezvekugadzira prototype yeOs itsva yainzi Linux, uye munaGunyana 21, 17, yekutanga. kuburitswa pachena kweLinux kernel kwakaitika.

Uye saka, muna 1991 takanga tine Minix OS, Linux OS uye MINOS OS. Panguva imwecheteyo, maviri ekupedzisira mune imwe nzira kana imwe aivimba neruzivo rweMinix.

Panguva imwecheteyo, Andrew Tanenbaum kubva pakutanga akaramba zvirevo zvekuvandudza Minix kana kugamuchira zvigamba zvakabva kuvaverengi vebhuku rake. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei Torvalds 'Linux yakatungamira. Linux yakatora basa repurojekiti umo vaverengi vaAndrew Tanenbaum vaizoziva chishuwo chavo chekugadzira masisitimu anoshanda, uye yakabatsirwa nekusingaperi kubva pazviri.
Zvakadini neOS MINOS? 1991 ndiro gore rokupedzisira reSoviet Union. Nyika iri kuparara, hupfumi huri kuparara. Hapana nguva yekushanda masisitimu pano.

Ndarama inotonga pasi rose

Zvakadini nechimiro chekuedzesera, dhizaini yekugadzira inobatsirwa nekombuta, uye network yayo yekombuta?

Zvose zvakapera zvinosiririsa. Mafashamo emakombiyuta akadirana munyika. Kuti uzviwane, waida mari uye mari chete. Pakasarudzwa kutambidza midziyo yese yekombuta yeEU nhevedzano yekudzokorodza goridhe, uye kushandisa mari yacho pakugadzirisa zvakare. Zvibvumirano zvose zvakagamuchirwa, paka yemuchina yakabviswa ndokupiwa, asi makombiyuta matsva haana kumbosvika. Dai zvese zvanga zvasiyana, ndiani anoziva kwaive neMINOS izvozvi!

Asi vanhu vakagadzira SIM/SAIPR vakawana ruzivo rwakakura uye ruzivo. Vose vakavabatsira kupona mumakore ekuma90 akaoma.

Uye Torvalds 'Linux iri kusimukira zvinobudirira, ichikunda nzvimbo dzakawanda uye dzakawanda. Iye zvino maforogo epamba / ma clones eLinux "ari kufamba kubva kuMoscow kuenda kunze chaiko." Andrew Tanenbaum's Minix ari kukurawo zvinobudirira, uye mabhuku ake mukudiwa kukuru.

Andrew Tanenbaum ari pakati pezvivheneko zveIT zvakadai saDenis Ricci, Brian Carnigan, Ken Thompson ane Unix inoshanda sisitimu, mumwe chete Ken Thompson naDennis Ritchie vane mutauro weC, Elgar Codd ane relational data modhi, Linus Torvalds ine Linux inoshanda system.

Uye ndiani anoziva mamwe maTorvalds achakura achiverenga mabhuku aAndrew Tanenbaum uye Minix yake yekudzidzisa bhuku !!!

Source: www.habr.com