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Kuenderera mberi kwezvinyorwa zvedu zvezvinyorwa, takasarudza kuti kuti tinzwisise nheyo dze "digital chemistry" tinoda kutaura zvishoma pamusoro pezvakakosha zvebhizimisi rekambani. Zviripachena, isu ticharerutsa munzira kuitira kuti tisashandure nyaya kuita hurukuro inofinha inonyora tafura ye periodic yese (nenzira, 2019 igore remutemo weperiodic mutemo, mukuremekedza makore zana nemakumi mashanu ekuwanikwa kwayo. )
Vanhu vazhinji, pavanopindura mubvunzo "Chii chinonzi petrochemicals uye chii chinogadzirwa?" Vanopindura nechivimbo - mafuta, peturu uye zvimwe zvinwiwa zvinopisa. Kutaura zvazviri, kutaura zvinyoro, izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi zvachose. Sekambani yepetrochemical, isu tiri kunyanya kuita basa rekugadzirisa mafuta uye gasi-zvigadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzira izvo zvinoumba chikamu chakakosha chenzvimbo yemunhu wese. Pane maonero ekuti kubva pazvinhu zvishanu zvakatikomberedza chero nguva, 5 inogadzirwa nekuda kwe petrochemicals. Aya ndiwo makesi elaptop, mapeni, mabhodhoro, machira, mabumpers uye matai emota, mahwindo epurasitiki, kurongedza kwemachipisi aunofarira, mapaipi emvura, midziyo yekudya, midziyo yekurapa uye zvinodyiwa ... Kazhinji, hezvino izvi:
Zita rangu ndinonzi Alexey Vinnichenko, ndine mutoro we "Advanced Analytics" kutungamira kuSIBUR. Tichishandisa analytical modhi, tinomisa nzira dzakakwana dzetekinoroji maitiro, kuderedza njodzi dzekuparara kwemidziyo, kufanotaura mitengo yemusika yezvinhu zvakabikwa uye zvigadzirwa, nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Nhasi ini ndichakuudza kuti zvigadzirwa izvi ndezvipi uye kuti tinozvigadzira sei kubva kune inonyanya kubatanidzwa petroleum gasi.
Gasi nzira
Kana vashandi vemafuta vachipomba oiri, inosanganisirwa petroleum gasi (APG) inouya nayo; pamwe nemafuta, chivharo chegasi, icho chinowanzo kuwanikwa muzvikamu zvepasi pamwe neoiri, zvakare inokwira kumusoro. Mumakumi emakore eSoviet, mazhinji acho aingopiswa, sezvo nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza dzaive chinhu chechipiri, uye kushandisa APG zvakakosha kuvaka zvivakwa zvinodhura, kunyanya sezvo minda yemafuta epamba iri kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma dzeWestern Siberia. Izvi zvakaita kuti mwenje wematochi unyatsooneka kunyange uri muchadenga. Nokufamba kwenguva, nzvimbo yehurumende pamusoro pekupisa yakave yakasimba, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa, uye naizvozvo kudiwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira kwavari, kwakawedzera, uye maonero pamusoro pedambudziko reAPG combustion akagadziridzwa. Kunyangwe pasi peUSSR, nyika yakatanga kuvandudza kugadziridzwa kweAPG kuita zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira, asi maitiro acho akatangwazve mukutanga kwe2000s. Nekuda kweizvozvo, SIBUR yoga ikozvino inoshandisa anenge mabhiriyoni 23 cubic metres eAPG pagore, ichidzivirira kubuda kwematani ane mamirioni manomwe ezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye matani ane mamirioni 7 emagasi egreenhouse, ayo akaenzana nokubudiswa kwegore negore kwemotokari muavhareji nyika yeEurope. .
Saka, makambani emafuta anotitengesera yakabatana petroleum gas. Isu takagadzira yakakura network yemapaipi muWestern Siberia, iyo inovimbisa kuendeswa kwegasi kune yedu gasi kugadzira magasi. Pazvidyarwa izvi, gasi rinotanga kugadziridzwa, kupatsanura kuita gasi rechisikigo, iro rinopinda muGazprom gasi yekufambisa system uye yobva yatumirwa, semuenzaniso, kumba kwako kana ukashandisa chitofu chegasi, uye mune inonzi "yakafara." chikamu chema hydrocarbons akareruka" (NGL) musanganiswa watinozobva watora zvakasiyana siyana zvezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari pasi pemusanganiswa wakasiyana wetembiricha nekumanikidza.
Isu tinounganidza NGLs kubva kumiti yedu yeSiberia kuburikidza nepipeline system uye tinoidururira mune imwe yakakura 1100-kilomita-yakareba pombi - kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweWestern Siberia - inotakura chigadzirwa kunzvimbo yedu yakakura yekugadzira muTobolsk. Nenzira, guta rinonakidza kwazvo, rakazara nenhoroondo - Ermak, Mendeleev, Decembrists, Dostoevsky, uye Rasputin haisi kure. Dombo rokutanga Kremlin muSiberia. Chikamu chenyaya iyi chinogona kuonekwa mufirimu "Tobol", iyo ichabudiswa pakupera kwaFebruary. Nenzira, vashandi vedu vakaitawo sekuwedzera mufirimu. Asi ngatidzokere kukugadzira muTobolsk.
Ikoko tinopatsanura zvinhu zvakabuda muzvikamu nezvidimbu, togadzira zvigadzirwa kuita liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Liquefied gasi pachayo chigadzirwa chakagadzirirwa-chakagadzirwa chinogona kupihwa kumusika nevatengi. Propane, butane - gasi midziyo yedzimba dzekumaruwa, magaba ekuzadza mabheti, mafuta ane hushamwari emotokari. Kazhinji, izvi zvose zvinogona kutengeswa kune mutengi. Ndizvo zvatinoita zvishoma. Asi chii chinoitika pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasara, izvo zvisingashandiswi kugadzira gasi rakanyungudutswa, muTobolsk uye pamakambani ekugadzira zvinhu muTomsk, Perm, Tolyatti, Voronezh nemamwe maguta ane petrochemical plant dzedu.
Gasi kuparadzanisa chirimwa. Column midziyo
Kugadzirwa
Polymers
LPG inopfuura nepadanho re pyrolysis (kana mamwe makemikari tekinoroji), kwatinowana anonyanya kukosha monomers ekugadzirwa kwemapolymers - ethylene uye propylene. Wepakati munhu haasangane nezvinhu izvi, sezvo zvisingapinde mumusika wakavhurika. Isu tinogadzira monomers kuita mapolymer, ari epurasitiki granules. Kazhinji, mapolymers pachawo (polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, PET, polystyrene nevamwe) zvinoonekwa mumhando yegranules zvakasiyana zvishoma kubva kune mumwe. Iye zvino tinogadzira marudzi ese makuru emapolymers - polyethylene (inonyanya kufarirwa polymer munyika maererano ne tonnage), polypropylene PVC.
Nzvimbo huru dzekushandiswa kwepolyethylene uye polypropylene idzimba uye masevhisi emunharaunda, kurongedza chikafu, zvekuvaka, indasitiri yemotokari, mushonga uye kunyange manapukeni.
Pyrolysis ovheni
PVC inogona kunge yakajairika kune wese munhu kunyanya kubva kumahwindo epurasitiki nemapombi. Kana zvasvika kune polystyrene, unoiona anenge mazuva ese. Inowanzo shandiswa kugadzira matireyi emiriwo nemichero muzvitoro zvikuru; inogona kushandiswa kurongedza chikafu chinotorwa mumakofi nemaresitorendi. Asi isu tinogadzira imwe vhezheni yeyakawedzera polystyrene - kuvaka, iyo inokwirisa mune yayo yekupisa yekudzivirira zvinhu kune mineral wool uye zvimwe zvekudzivirira zvinhu. Inoshandiswawo kugadzira mikoko inoshamwaridzana nemamiriro ekunze. Unoyeuka Luzhkov? Anofarira mikoko yefuro.
Mazai mu polystyrene foam packaging
Iye zvino tiri kuvaka yakakura petrochemical chirimwa muRussian Federation muTobolsk, , ine huwandu hwemamiriyoni maviri ematani emapolymer pagore. Kana iwe ukatora zvigadzirwa zvese zvechirimwa ichi mugore uye kugadzira mapaipi epurasitiki kubva mairi, zvinokwanisika kutsiva ese ane ngura pombi muRussian Federation (anopfuura mamirioni maviri emakiromita emvura).
25 kg bhegi re polypropylene granules
Isu tinotengesa mapurasitiki mumagranules - iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakira yekufambisa (iwe unogona kudururira magranules mubhegi re25 kg kana mumabhegi mahombe kune akati wandei) uye nekugadzirisa kunotevera pachirimwa chemutengi. Ikoko iwe unongoda kudurura iyi plastiki mumidziyo uye ichinyungudusa pasi pekumanikidzwa kunodiwa uye tembiricha, kugadzira maumbirwo anodiwa uye kupa hunhu hunodiwa.
Ruoko rwepurasitiki granules
Nei pane tembiricha dzakasiyana uye kumanikidza - nekuti kubva kune imwecheteyo polymer unogona kugadzira akati wandei epurasitiki emhando dzakasiyana mune yavo yemuviri nemakemikari zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, iwo magranules akafanana anogona kushandiswa kugadzira ese bhegi repurasitiki rakatetepa uye pombi yakasimba. Vatengi, vachigamuchira granules kubva kwatiri, vanogona kuwedzera kune avo kuti vawane zvivakwa zvavanoda. Nokudaro, kune marudzi akawanda akasiyana-siyana emhando imwechete yepurasitiki.
Isu tinogadzirawo PET, inoshandiswa neCoca-Cola nePepsiCo kugadzira midziyo yezvigadzirwa zvavo.
Rubber
Zviya. Isu tinogadzirawo rubber. Kune maviri marubha munyika - echisikigo uye ekugadzira. Uyezve, mutengo uye kudiwa kwekugadzira kwakanyatso kusungirirwa pamutengo uye kudiwa kwechisikigo. Izvi zvakaitika kare, sezvo rabha rechisikigo rakatanga kupinda mumusika. Rabha yechisikigo inounganidzwa nevarimi mune imwe nyika yekumaodzanyemba, mushure mezvo vanoiendesa kumakambani ekugadzirisa. Synthetic chigadzirwa che petrochemical.
, chitubu chikuru cherabha yechisikigo
Isu tinotengesa rabha kumakambani ekunetesa mumabriquette.
Briquette yerabha
Makambani emaTire ndivo vatengi vakuru verabha; tinozvipa kuBridgestone, Pirelli, Michelin, Continental nevamwe vagadziri. Panguva imwecheteyo, izvo zvisingawanzo kuwanika kuRussia indasitiri nhasi, isu tine yakasarudzika tekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, pahwaro hwetekinoroji yedu, pamwe nevatinoshanda navo veIndia, tiri kuvaka chirimwa chitsva mudunhu reGujarat (kusiri kure neGoa).
Asi kwete matairi chete - shure kwezvose, mamwe akawanda, asinganyatsozivikanwi, asiwo zvinhu zvinodiwa zvinogadzirwa kubva murabha. Aya ndiwo marudzi ese emakasi, gaskets emotokari, zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvechikamu chepombi, izvo zvinowanikwawo mudzimba dzese, uye soles dzeshangu.
Voronezhsintezkauchuk
Izvi, nenzira, ndiyo yakasarudzika runako rwepetrochemicals seindasitiri. Iwe unogona kubvisa chimwe chinhu woenda kuchitengesa, kana iwe unogona kuwana nzira yekuchigadzirisa uye kuwana chiverengero chezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine mutengo wakawedzerwa.
Kupfupikisa
Hazvina mhosva kuti zvinonzwika sei, mapolima uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zve petrochemical zvave zvakakosha muhupenyu hwevanhu vemazuva ano. Muchidimbu nekuti zvese izvi zvinyowani kubva pakuona kwepasirese, kune dzakawanda ngano uye dzinotyisa nyaya dzinoti iwe unofanirwa kuchenjerera nezvinhu zvekugadzira nekukasira nekuti iwo makemikari. Nenzira, mune imwe yeanotevera mapositi, vamwe vaunoshanda navo vachazeza akati wandei engano dzakakurumbira pamusoro pekuti plastiki iri mumicrowave inovimbiswa kukanganisa hutano hwako uye manzwiro, uye soda yaunofarira mugirazi inogara * inonaka kupfuura soda imwechete mubhodhoro repurasitiki.
* nguva dzose, kunze kwekuedzwa kwemapofu
Bhonasi kune avo vanoverenga kusvika kumagumo ndiyo katuni yedu, iyo inotsanangura zvakadzama mamwe ematanho ekugadzira mapolymer.
Source: www.habr.com