Hazvishamisi here kuti munyika yakanyura muruvengo rusina mufungo runotyisidzira budiriro pachayo, varume navakadzi, vose vakuru navaduku, murutivi kana kuti chose chose vanozviparadzanisa vamene norukova rwakashata rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva kuti vazvipire vamene kukukurira runako, kuparadzira ruzivo, kurapwa kwezvirwere, kuderedza kutambura, sekunge panguva imwe chete pakanga pasina vanonyanyisa vanowedzera marwadzo, kushata uye kurwadzisa? Nyika yagara iri nzvimbo inosuruvarisa uye inovhiringa, asi zvakadaro vanadetembi, vanyori nevasainzi vakafuratira zvinhu izvo, kana zvikagadziriswa, zvingadai zvakavaomesa mitezo. Kubva pakuona kunoshanda, hupenyu hwehungwaru uye hwemweya, pakutanga kuona, mabasa asina maturo, uye vanhu vanoita mazviri nokuti vanowana chiyero chikuru chekugutsikana nenzira iyi pane imwe nzira. Mune basa iri, ndinofarira mubvunzo kuti ndeipi nguva yekutsvaga iyi mifaro isina maturo isingatarisirwi inoshanduka kuva tsime rechimwe chinangwa chisina kumborota.
Tinoudzwazve kuti zera redu izera rezvinhu. Uye chinhu chikuru mairi ndiko kuwedzera kwemaketani ekugoverwa kwezvinhu zvenyama nemikana yenyika. Kutsamwa kweavo vasina mhosva yekunyimwa mikana iyi uye kugovaniswa kwakanaka kwezvinhu kuri kufambisa nhamba yakakosha yevadzidzi kure nesainzi iyo madzibaba avo akadzidza nayo, vakananga kune zvakakosha zvakaenzana uye zvisinganyanyi kukosha zvidzidzo zvemagariro, nyaya dzehupfumi nehurumende. Handina chandinopesana nemaitiro aya. Nyika yatinogara ndiyo chete nyika yatinopiwa mukunzwa. Kana iwe ukasazvinatsiridza uye kuita kuti zvive zvakanaka, mamirioni avanhu acharamba achifa mukunyarara, mukusuwa, neshungu. Ini pachangu ndanga ndichiteterera kwemakore akawanda kuti zvikoro zvedu zvive nemufananidzo wakajeka wenyika umo vadzidzi vavo nevadzidzi vakarongerwa kushandisa hupenyu hwavo. Dzimwe nguva ndinoshamisika kana ichi chazvino chave chakanyanya kusimba, uye kana paizova nemukana wakakwana wekurarama hupenyu hunogutsa dai nyika yakabvisa zvinhu zvisina maturo zvinopa kukosha kwemweya. Mune mamwe mazwi, pfungwa yedu yekubatsira yanyanya kutetepa kuti igamuchire shanduko uye isingafungidzike kugona kwemweya wemunhu.
Nyaya iyi inogona kutariswa kubva kumativi maviri: sainzi uye humanistic, kana zvemweya. Ngatizvitarisei nesainzi kutanga. Ndakayeuchidzwa nezvekurukurirano yandakaita naGeorge Eastman makore akati kuti apfuura pamusoro penhau dzebetsero. VaEastman, murume akachenjera, ane ruremekedzo, uye anoona zviri kure, ane chipo chemimhanzi neunyanzvi, akandiudza kuti vaida kuisa mari yavo yakawanda mukusimudzira kudzidziswa kwezvidzidzo zvinobatsira. Ndakazvishingisa kumubvunza kuti ndiani waaiona seanonyanya kubatsira mune zvesainzi. Akabva angopindura kuti: “Marconi.” Uye ndakati: "Zvisinei kuti tinowana mufaro wakadii kubva kuredhiyo uye kunyangwe mamwe matekinoroji asina waya anopfumisa hupenyu hwemunhu, mupiro waMarconi hauna kukosha."
Handifi ndakakanganwa chiso chake chakashamisika. Akanditi nditsanangure. Ndakamupindura chimwe chinhu chakadai sokuti: “VaEastman, chitarisiko chaMarconi chakanga chisingadzivisiki. Mubairo chaiwo wezvese zvakaitwa mumunda weiyo wireless tekinoroji, kana mibairo yakakosha yakadai inogona kupihwa chero munhu, inoenda kuna Muzvinafundo Clerk Maxwell, uyo muna 1865 akaita zvimwe zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuverenga mumunda wemagnetism uye. magetsi. Maxwell akapa mafomula ake asinganzwisisiki mubhuku rake resainzi rakabudiswa muna 1873. Pamusangano unotevera weBritish Association, Purofesa G.D.S. Smith weOxford akazivisa kuti “hapana nyanzvi yemasvomhu, kana yaverenga mabhuku aya, ingatadza kuziva kuti basa iri rinopa dzidziso inopindirana zvikuru nenzira uye nzira dzemasvomhu chaiwo.” Mumakore 15 akatevera, zvimwe zvakawanikwa nesayenzi zvakatsigira dzidziso yaMaxwell. Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1887 na1888, dambudziko resainzi richiri kushanda panguva iyoyo, rine chekuita nekuzivikanwa uye humbowo hwemasaisai emagetsi anotakura masaini asina waya, rakagadziriswa naHeinrich Hertz, mushandi weHelmholtz Laboratory muBerlin. Maxwell kana Hertz havana kufunga nezvekubatsira kwebasa ravo. Pfungwa dzakadaro hadzina kuuya kwavari. Havana kuzvigadza vavariro inoshanda. Muvambi mupfungwa yepamutemo, hongu, ndiMarconi. Asi chii chaakagadzira? Ingori yekupedzisira ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, icho nhasi chiri chishandiso chekare chekugamuchira chinonzi coherer, chakatosiiwa pese pese. "
Hertz naMaxwell vangangove vasina kugadzira chero chinhu, asi rakanga riri basa ravo redzidziso risingabatsiri, rakagumburwa neinjiniya akangwara, rakagadzira nzira nyowani dzekutaurirana nevaraidzo dzaibvumira vanhu vaive nehunhu hudiki kuti vawane mukurumbira uye kuwana mamirioni. Ndeupi wavo waibatsira? Kwete Marconi, asi Clerk Maxwell naHeinrich Hertz. Vaive shasha uye vaisafunga nezve mabhenefiti, uye Marconi aive mugadziri akangwara, asi aingofunga nezve mabhenefiti.
Zita rokuti Hertz rakayeuchidza Mr. Eastman nezvemasaisai eredhiyo, uye ndakakurudzira kuti abvunze nyanzvi dzefizikisi paYunivhesiti yeRochester kuti chii chaizvo chakanga chaitwa naHertz naMaxwell. Asi anogona kuva nechokwadi chechinhu chimwe: vakaita basa ravo vasingafungi nezvekushandisa kunoshanda. Uye munhoroondo yese yesainzi, zvakawanda zvezviwanikwa zvakakura chaizvo, izvo zvakazobatsira zvakanyanya kuvanhu, zvakaitwa nevanhu vasina kukurudzirwa nechido chekubatsira, asi nechishuwo chekugutsa kuda kwavo kuziva.
Kuda kuziva? vakabvunza VaEastman.
Hongu, ndakapindura, kuda kuziva, izvo zvinogona kana kusatungamira kune chero chinhu chinobatsira, uye icho chingave chiri chimiro chakatanhamara chekufunga kwemazuva ano. Uye izvi hazvina kuonekwa nezuro, asi zvakamuka zvakare munguva dzaGalileo, Bacon naSir Isaac Newton, uye vanofanira kuramba vakasununguka zvachose. Masangano edzidzo anofanirwa kutarisisa kusimudzira kuda kuziva. Uye zvishoma ivo vanovhiringidzwa nemafungiro ekushandiswa kwekukurumidza, ivo vanowanzoita kuti vabatsire kwete chete kune kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu, asiwo, uye sezvakakosha, kugutsikana kwechido chepfungwa, icho, munhu angati, yakatova simba rinosunda rehupenyu hwenjere munyika yanhasi.
II
Zvose zvakataurwa pamusoro paHeinrich Hertz, kuti akashanda sei akanyarara uye asingaonekwi mune imwe kona yerabhoritari yeHelmholtz pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvose izvi ndezvechokwadi kune masayendisiti uye masvomhu pasi rose kurarama mazana emakore akapfuura. Nyika yedu haina simba pasina magetsi. Kana tikataura pamusoro pekuwanikwa nekunyanya kujekesa uye kuvimbisa kushanda kwekushanda, saka tinobvumirana kuti magetsi. Asi ndiani akaita zviwanikwa zvakakosha zvakatungamira kune zvese zviri kuitika zvinoenderana nemagetsi mumakore zana anotevera.
Mhinduro ichave inofadza. Baba vaMichael Faraday vaiva mupfuri wesimbi, uye Michael pachake aidzidzira basa rokubhainda mabhuku. Muna 1812, paakanga atova nemakore makumi maviri nerimwe, mumwe weshamwari dzake akaenda naye kuRoyal Institution, kwaakateerera hurukuro 21 pamusoro pemakemikari kubva kuna Humphry Davy. Akachengeta zvinyorwa uye akatumira makopi awo kuna Davy. Gore rakatevera akava mubatsiri murabhoritari yaDavy, achigadzirisa zvinetso zvemakemikari. Makore maviri gare gare akaperekedza Davy parwendo rwokuenda kunyika huru. Muna 4, paakanga ava nemakore 1825, akava mutungamiriri werabhoritari yeRoyal Institution, kwaakapedza makore 24 ehupenyu hwake.
Zvido zvaFaraday zvakakurumidza kuchinjika kumagetsi nemagnetism, kwaakapa hupenyu hwake hwese. Basa rekare munharaunda iyi raiitwa naOersted, Ampere naWollaston, iro rakanga rakakosha asi rakaoma kunzwisisa. Faraday akabata nezvinetso zvavakasiya zvisina kugadziriswa, uye pakasvika 1841 akanga abudirira mukudzidza kushandiswa kwemagetsi. Makore mana gare gare, yechipiri uye isina kushomeka nguva yebasa rake yakatanga, paakaona mhedzisiro yemagnetism pachiedza chepolarized. Zviwanikwa zvake zvekutanga zvakaita kuti zvisaverengeke zvikumbiro zvekushandisa apo magetsi akadzikisa mutoro uye akawedzera huwandu hwemikana muhupenyu hwemunhu wemazuva ano. Nokudaro, zvaakawana gare gare zvakatungamirira kumigumisiro isinganyanyi kushanda. Pane zvachinja here kuna Faraday? Hapana zvachose. Akanga asingafariri zvekushandisa pane chero nhanho yebasa rake risingaenzaniswi. Akanyura mukuburitsa zvakavanzika zvechadenga: kutanga kubva kunyika yekemesitiri uyezve kubva kunyika yefizikisi. Haana kumbobvunza kubatsira. Chero kumufungira kwaizomutadzisa kuda kuziva. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mhedzisiro yebasa rake yakawana kushanda kunoshanda, asi ichi chaive chisiri mucherechedzo wekuedza kwake kunoenderera.
Zvichida tichifunga nezvemafungiro ari kutekeshera pasi rose nhasi, yave nguva yokuratidza chokwadi chokuti basa rinoitwa nesayenzi mukuita kuti hondo ive chiitiko chinoramba chichiparadza uye chinotyisa chazova chinhu chisingazivi uye chisingatarisirwi nechigadzirwa chesayenzi. Lord Rayleigh, Mutungamiriri weBritish Association for the Advancement of Science, muhurukuro ichangobva kupfuura iyi vakakwevera ngwariro kuidi rokuti upenzi hwomunhu, uye kwete vavariro dzemasayendisiti, ihwo hunokonzera kushandiswa kunoparadza kwavarume vanogashirwa kuita basa. hondo dzemazuva ano. Ongororo isina mhosva yekemikari yekabhoni komputa, iyo yakawana isingaverengeke maapplication, yakaratidza kuti kuita kwenitric acid pazvinhu zvakaita sebenzene, glycerin, cellulose, nezvimwewo, hazvina kutungamirira mukugadzirwa kunobatsira kwedhayi yeaniline, asiwo kusikwa kwe nitroglycerin, iyo inogona kushandiswa kune zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Kwapera kanguva, Alfred Nobel, achibata nezvenyaya imwe cheteyo, akaratidza kuti nekusanganisa nitroglycerin nezvimwe zvinhu, zvinokwanisika kugadzira zvinoputika zvakasimba zvakachengeteka, kunyanya dynamite. Imhaka yekuti isu tine chikwereti chekufambira mberi kwedu muindasitiri yezvicherwa, mukuvaka kwezvitima zvenjanji sezvazvino kupinda muAlps nemamwe makomo. Asi, chokwadika, vezvematongerwe enyika nemasoja vakashandisa zvisina kufanira dynamite. Uye kupa mhaka masayendisiti nokuda kwaikoku kwakafanana nokuvapa mhaka nokuda kwokudengenyeka kwapasi namafashamo. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezvegasi rine chepfu. Pliny akafa nekufema sulfur dioxide pakuputika kweGomo reVesuvius anenge makore 2000 XNUMX apfuura. Uye masayendisiti haana kuparadzanisa chlorine nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehondo. Zvose izvi ndezvechokwadi kune mustard gasi. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi kwaigona kuganhurirwa kuzvinangwa zvakanaka, asi apo ndege yakakwaniswa, vanhu vane mwoyo yakanga ine chepfu uye uropi hwakashatiswa vakaziva kuti ndege, kugadzirwa kusina mhaka, mugumisiro wenhamburiko refu, isina rusaruro uye yesayenzi, yaigona kuchinjwa kuva. mudziyo wekuparadza kukuru kwakadaro, oh hapana akarota nezvazvo, kana kutoisa chinangwa chakadaro.
Kubva kumunda wemasvomhu epamusoro munhu anogona kutaura nhamba isingaverengeki yezviitiko zvakafanana. Semuenzaniso, basa remasvomhu risinganzwisisike remuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX rainzi "Non-Euclidean Geometry." Mugadziri waro, Gauss, kunyangwe achizivikanwa nevenguva yake semasvomhu akasarudzika, haana kutsunga kuburitsa zvinyorwa zvake pa "Non-Euclidean Geometry" kwekota yezana ramakore. Muchokwadi, dzidziso yehukama pachayo, nezvose zvayo zvisingaperi zvinokonzeresa, zvingadai zvisingagoneke zvachose pasina basa iro Gauss akaita panguva yekugara kwake muGöttingen.
Zvekare, izvo zvinozivikanwa nhasi se "boka redzidziso" raive risinganzwisisike uye risingashandiswe dzidziso yemasvomhu. Yakagadzirwa nevanhu vanoda kuziva avo kuda kuziva uye kutengerera kwakavatungamira munzira isingazivikanwe. Asi nhasi, "boka dzidziso" ndiyo nheyo yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekufungidzira, iyo inoshandiswa zuva rega rega nevanhu vasingazivi kuti yakauya sei.
Zvese zvingangoitika zvakawanikwa nenyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzaive nechido chechokwadi chekubhejera. Izvo hazvina kushanda mukushanda kunoshanda, asi dzidziso iyi yakagadzira nzira yemarudzi ese einishuwarenzi, uye yakashanda sehwaro hwenzvimbo dzakakura dzefizikisi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Ndichatora kubva kumagazini ichangoburwa yeScience magazine:
“Kukosha kwenjere dzaProfessor Albert Einstein kwakasvika pakakwirira pazvakazivikanwa kuti nyanzvi yefizikisi yemasvomhu makore 15 apfuura yakagadzira michina yemasvomhu iyo yava kubatsira kufumura zvakavanzika zvekugona kunoshamisa kwehelium kusaomesa patembiricha dziri pedyo nedzakakwana. zero. Kunyange pamberi peAmerican Chemical Society's Symposium pamusoro peIntermolecular Interaction, Purofesa F. London weYunivhesiti yeParis, zvino ari purofesa anoshanyira paDuke University, akanga apa chikwereti kuna Purofesa Einstein nekugadzira pfungwa ye "yakanaka" gasi, iyo yakabuda mumapepa. rakabudiswa muna 1924 na1925.
Mishumo yaEinstein muna 1925 yakanga isiri pamusoro pedzidziso yehukama, asi nezvematambudziko aiita seasina kukosha kunoshanda panguva iyoyo. Vakatsanangura kuderera kwegasi "rakanaka" pamiganhu yakaderera yechiyero chekushisa. Nokuti Zvaizivikanwa kuti magasi ese anoshanduka kuita mvura patembiricha inotariswa, masayendisiti angangodaro akafuratira basa raEinstein makore gumi nemashanu apfuura.
Nekudaro, zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura musimba remvura helium zvakapa kukosha kutsva kupfungwa yaEinstein, iyo yanga yaramba iri parutivi nguva yese iyi. Kana zvatonhodzwa, zvinwiwa zvakawanda zvinowedzera muviscosity, zvinodzikira mumvura, uye zvinonamira. Munzvimbo isiri yehunyanzvi, viscosity inotsanangurwa nemutsara wekuti "inotonhora kupfuura molasses muna Ndira," iyo ichokwadi.
Zvichakadaro, mvura helium chinhu chinokatyamadza. Pane tembiricha inozivikanwa se "delta point," inongori 2,19 madhigirii pamusoro pe zero yakazara, mvura helium inoyerera zvirinani pane tembiricha yepamusoro uye, kutaura zvazviri, inenge yakasviba kunge gasi. Chimwe chakavanzika muhunhu hwayo hunoshamisa ndeyekupisa kwayo kwepamusoro conductivity. Pa delta point inokwira ka500 kupfuura mhangura patembiricha yemumba. Nezvese zvinokanganisa, mvura helium inoisa chakavanzika chikuru kune vefizikisi nemakemikari.
Muzvinafundo London akataura kuti nzira yakanakisa yekududzira simba remvura helium kufunga nezvayo seyakanaka Bose-Einstein gasi, uchishandisa masvomhu akagadzirwa muna 1924-25, uye zvakare tichifunga nezvepfungwa yemagetsi conductivity yesimbi. Kuburikidza neanologies akareruka, kuyerera kunoshamisa kwemvura helium kunogona kungotsanangurwa zvishoma kana kuyerera kwacho kuchiratidzwa sechinhu chakafanana nekudzungaira kwemaerekitironi musimbi pakutsanangura mafambisirwo emagetsi.
Ngatitarisei mamiriro acho kubva kune rimwe divi. Mundima yemishonga uye hutano, bacteriology yakaita basa rinotungamirira kwehafu yezana remakore. Nyaya yake ndeyei? Mushure meHondo yeFranco-Prussia muna 1870, hurumende yeGermany yakatanga Yunivhesiti huru yeStrasbourg. Purofesa wake wekutanga weanatomy aive Wilhelm von Waldeyer, uye akazova purofesa weanatomy muBerlin. Mundangariro dzake, akacherekedza kuti pakati pevadzidzi vakaenda naye kuStrasbourg mukati memesita yake yokutanga, kwakanga kune mumwe asingaonekwi, akazvimirira, murume wechiduku mupfupi ane makore gumi namanomwe okukura ainzi Paul Ehrlich. Iyo yakajairika anatomy kosi yaisanganisira dissection uye microscopic kuongororwa kwematishu. Ehrlich haana kukoshesa kuparadzaniswa, asi, sezvakataurwa naWaldeyer muzvinyorwa zvake:
"Ndakaona pakarepo kuti Ehrlich aigona kushanda padhesiki rake kwenguva yakareba, akanyura zvizere mukutsvagisa kusingaoneki. Uyezve, tafura yake inofukidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemavara ane mavara emarudzi ose. Pandakamuona ari kubasa rimwe zuva, ndakaenda kwaari ndokumubvunza kuti aiitei nemaruva aya ane mavara akasiyana-siyana. Ipapo uyu mudzidzi muduku wemesita yokutanga, sezvingabvira zvikuru achiita kosi yenguva dzose yeanatomi, akanditarira ndokupindura noruremekedzo, kuti: “Ich probiere.” Mutsara uyu unogona kuturikirwa uchinzi “Ndiri kuedza”, kana kuti “Ndiri kungopusa”. Ndakamuudza kuti, "Zvakanaka, ramba uchipusa." Nenguva isipi ndakaona kuti, pasina rairo kwandiri, ndakanga ndawana muEhrlich mudzidzi wemhando inoshamisa. "
Waldeyer aive akachenjera kumusiya ega. Ehrlich akashanda nzira yake kuburikidza nechirongwa chekurapa aine mwero wakasiyana-siyana wekubudirira uye akazopedza kudzidza, zvakanyanya nekuti zvaive pachena kumapurofesa ake kuti aive asina chinangwa chekudzidzira mushonga. Akabva aenda kuWroclaw, kwaakashandira Purofesa Konheim, mudzidzisi weDr. Welch wedu, muvambi uye muumbi wechikoro chezvokurapa chaJohns Hopkins. Ini handifunge kuti zano rekushandisa rakamboitika kuna Ehrlich. Aifarira. Aida kuziva; ndokuenderera mberi nekupusa. Hongu, iyi tomfoolery yake yaidzorwa neruzivo rwakadzama, asi yaingove yesainzi, uye kwete yekushandisa, kukurudzira. Izvi zvakaguma nei? Koch nevabatsiri vake vakatanga sayenzi itsva - bacteriology. Iye zvino kuedza kwaEhrlich kwakaitwa nemumwe wake mudzidzi Weigert. Akasvibisa mabhakitiriya, izvo zvakabatsira kusiyanisa. Ehrlich pachake akagadzira nzira yekusvibisa mavara akawanda eropa smears nedhayi pakavakirwa ruzivo rwedu rwemazuva ano rwe morphology yemasero matsvuku nemachena eropa. Uye zuva rega rega, zviuru zvezvipatara pasi rose zvinoshandisa nzira yeEhrlich mukuongororwa ropa. Saka, chimbuzi chisina chinangwa muimba yaWaldeyer muStrasbourg chakakura kuva chinhu chikuru chetsika dzemazuva ose dzokurapa.
Ini ndichapa muenzaniso mumwechete kubva kuindasitiri, inotorwa chero, nekuti... kune gumi nevaviri vavo. Purofesa Berle weCarnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh) anonyora zvinotevera:
Muvambi wekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwemachira ekugadzira ndiye French Count de Chardonnay. Anozivikanwa kuti akashandisa mhinduro
III
Handisi kutaura kuti zvese zvinoitika mumarabhoritari zvinozopedzisira zvawana zvisingatarisirwi zvinoshanda, kana kuti zvikumbiro zvinobatika ndicho chikonzero chaicho chezviitiko zvese. Ndiri kukurudzira kubvisa izwi rekuti "application" uye kusunungura mweya wemunhu. Zvechokwadi, nenzira iyi tichasunungurawo eccentrics isingakuvadzi. Chokwadi tichapambadza imwe mari nenzira iyi. Asi chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti isu tichasunungura pfungwa dzemunhu kubva kumaketani ayo, uye toisunungura yakanangana nekushanya uko, kune rimwe divi, kwakatora Hale, Rutherford, Einstein nevamwe vavo mamirioni nemamiriyoni emakiromita mukati mepasi kure. makona echadenga, uye kune rumwe rutivi, vakasunungura simba risingaperi rakavharirwa mukati meatomu. Zvakaitwa naRutherford, Bohr, Millikan nemamwe masayendisiti nokuda kwokuda kuziva mukuedza kunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu akasunungurwa masimba anogona kushandura upenyu hwomunhu. Asi iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti mhedzisiro yakadai uye isingafungidzike haisi chikonzero chezviitwa zvavo kuna Rutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr kana chero vavanoshanda navo. Asi ngativasiye vakadaro. Zvichida hapana mutungamiri wedzidzo anokwanisa kugadza gwara rinofanira kuitwa nevamwe vanhu. Kurasikirwa, uye ndinobvuma zvakare, kunoratidzika kunge kwakakura, asi muchokwadi zvese hazvina kudaro. Zvose zvinodhura mukugadzirwa kwebhakitiriya hazvisi chinhu kana zvichienzaniswa nemabhenefiti akawanikwa kubva kune zvakawanikwa naPasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith nevamwe. Izvi zvingadai zvisina kuitika kudai mufungo wokugona kushanda wakadzora mundangariro dzavo. Ava vatenzi vakuru, kureva masayendisiti uye mabhakitiriya, vakagadzira mhepo yakakunda mumarabhoritari umo vaingotevera kuda kuziva kwavo kwepanyama. Ini handisi kushoropodza zvikoro zvakaita sezvikoro zveinjiniya kana zvikoro zvemutemo, uko zvinoshandiswa zvinotonga. Kazhinji mamiriro ezvinhu anoshanduka, uye matambudziko anoshanda anowanikwa mumaindasitiri kana mumarabhoritari anokurudzira kubuda kweongororo yedzidziso iyo inogona kana kusagadzirisa dambudziko riripo, asi iyo inogona kupa nzira nyowani dzekutarisa dambudziko. Aya maonero anogona kunge asina basa panguva iyoyo, asi nekutanga kwezvichaitwa mune ramangwana, mune inoshanda pfungwa uye mune yekufungidzira.
Nekukurumidza kuunganidza "zvisina maturo" kana ruzivo rwezvinyorwa, mamiriro ezvinhu akamuka umo zvakazobvira kutanga kugadzirisa matambudziko anoshanda nesainzi nzira. Kwete chete vanogadzira, asiwo masayendisiti "echokwadi" anopinda mune izvi. Ndakadudza Marconi, muvambi uyo, nepo ari mubetseri worudzi rwomunhu, chaizvoizvo “akashandisa njere dzavamwe.” Edison ari muchikamu chimwe chete. Asi Pasteur akanga akasiyana. Akanga ari musayendisiti mukuru, asi haana kunyara kugadzirisa matambudziko anoshanda, akadai semazambiringa echiFrench kana matambudziko ekubika. Pasteur haana kungotarisana nematambudziko ekukurumidzira chete, asi zvakare akatorwa kubva mumatambudziko anoshanda mamwe anovimbisa edzidziso mhedziso, "isina basa" panguva iyoyo, asi pamwe "inobatsira" neimwe nzira isingatarisirwe mune ramangwana. Ehrlich, ainyanya kufunga, akatora zvine simba dambudziko renjovhera uye akashanda pariri nekusindimara kusingawanzo kusvika awana mhinduro yekukurumidza kushandiswa kunoshanda (mushonga "Salvarsan"). Kuwanikwa kwaBanting kwe insulin yekurwisa chirwere cheshuga, uye kuwanikwa kwechiropa chakatorwa naMinot naWhipple kurapa chirwere chinokanganisa anemia, ndechekirasi imwechete: zvese zvakaitwa nemasayendisiti akaona kuti ruzivo "rusina maturo" rwakanga rwakaunganidzwa nevanhu , vasina hanya zvinobatika, uye ino ndiyo nguva yakakodzera yekubvunza mibvunzo yekushandisa mumutauro wesainzi.
Saka, zvinova pachena kuti munhu anofanira kungwarira kana zviwanwa zvesayenzi zvichinzi ndezvemunhu mumwe chete. Zvinenge zviwanikwa zvese zvinotangirwa nenyaya refu uye yakaoma kunzwisisa. Mumwe akawana chimwe chinhu pano, uye mumwe akawana chimwe chinhu ipapo. Padanho rechitatu, kubudirira kwakabata, uye zvichingodaro, kusvikira nyanzvi yemumwe munhu yaisa zvese pamwe chete uye ichiita mupiro wayo wakasimba. Sainzi, seRwizi Mississippi, inotangira kuhova diki mune rimwe sango riri kure. Zvishoma nezvishoma, dzimwe hova dzinowedzera huwandu hwayo. Nokudaro, kubva mumanyuko asingaverengeki, rwizi rune ruzha runoumbwa, ruchipwanya madhamu.
Ini handikwanise kutaura nyaya iyi zvizere, asi ndinogona kutaura izvi muchidimbu: mukati memakore zana kana mazana maviri, mupiro wezvikoro zvehunyanzvi kumhando dzakakodzera dzebasa haungangove zvakanyanya mukudzidzisa vanhu avo, pamwe mangwana. , vachava mainjiniya, magweta, kana kuti vanachiremba, zvokuti kunyange mukuronda nharidzano chaidzoidzo, basa guru rinoratidzika kuva risina maturo richaitwa. Muchiito chisina basa ichi chinobuda zviwanikwa zvinogona kuratidza zvakanyanya kukosha kupfungwa nemweya wemunhu pane kubudirira kwezvinangwa zvinobatsira izvo zvikoro zvakasikirwa.
Zvinhu zvandataura zvinosimbisa, kana kusimbisa kuchidikanwa, kukosha kukuru kwerusununguko rwemweya nerwepfungwa. Ndakataura sainzi yekuedza nemasvomhu, asi mazwi angu anoshandawo kumimhanzi, hunyanzvi, uye kumwe kutaura kwemweya wemunhu wakasununguka. Icho chokwadi chekuti zvinounza kugutsikana kumweya unovavarira kunatswa nekusimudzirwa ndicho chikonzero chakakosha. Nekupembedza neiyi nzira, pasina kujeka kana kujeka kunongedzera kune utility, tinoona zvikonzero zvekuvapo kwemakoreji, mayunivhesiti, uye masangano ekutsvagisa. Masangano anosunungura zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvemweya yevanhu ane kodzero dzose dzekuvapo, pasinei nokuti uyu kana kuti akapedza kudzidza anoita izvo zvinonzi zvinobatsira kune ruzivo rwevanhu kana kwete. Nhetembo, symphony, pendi, chokwadi chesvomhu, chokwadi chitsva chesainzi - zvese izvi zvatotakura mukati mazvo zvikonzero zvinodikanwa izvo mayunivhesiti, makoreji uye masangano ekutsvagisa.
Nyaya yekukurukurirana panguva ino yakanyanya kuoma. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo (kunyanya muGermany neItaly) vari kuedza kudzikamisa rusununguko rwemweya wemunhu. Mayunivhesiti akashandurwa kuita zvishandiso mumaoko eavo vanobatisisa zvitendero zvezvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi kana zvemarudzi. Nguva nenguva, mumwe munhu asina hanya mune imwe yeashoma asara edemocracy munyika ino anotozopokana kukosha kwakakosha kwerusununguko rwedzidzo rwakakwana. Muvengi wechokwadi wevanhu haarare mumufungo asingatyi uye asingatarisi, zvakanaka kana zvakaipa. Muvengi wechokwadi ndiye murume anoedza kuisa chisimbiso mweya wemunhu kuitira kuti usatya kutambanudza mapapiro awo, sezvakamboitika muItaly neGermany, pamwe chete neGreat Britain neU.SA.
Uye iyi pfungwa haisi itsva. Ndiye akakurudzira von Humboldt kuti awane Yunivhesiti yeBerlin apo Napoleon akakunda Germany. Ndiye akakurudzira Mutungamiri Gilman kuti avhure Johns Hopkins University, mushure mezvo yunivhesiti yega yega munyika ino, kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki, yakatsvaga kuzvivaka patsva. Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yokuti munhu wose anokoshesa mweya wake usingafi achave akatendeka kune zvisinei. Nekudaro, zvikonzero zverusununguko rwemweya zvinoenda zvakanyanya kupfuura chokwadi, ingave mumunda wesainzi kana humanism, nekuti ... zvinoreva kushivirira kune huwandu hwakazara hwekusiyana kwevanhu. Chii chingave chisingatauriki kana chinosekesa kupfuura zvatinoda kana kusada zverudzi kana zvechitendero munhoroondo yevanhu? Vanhu vanoda symphonies, pendi uye chokwadi chakadzama chesainzi, kana vanoda symphonies dzechiKristu, pendi nesainzi, kana maJuda, kana maMuslim? Kana kuti pamwe Egipita, Japanese, Chinese, American, German, Russian, communist kana conservative kuratidzwa kwehupfumi husingagumi hwemweya wemunhu?
IV
Ndinotenda kuti imwe yemhedzisiro inoshamisa uye yekukurumidza yekusashivirira kwezvinhu zvese zvekunze kukurumidza kusimudzira kweInstitute for Advanced Study, yakavambwa muna 1930 naLouis Bamberger nehanzvadzi yake Felix Fuld muPrinceton, New Jersey. Yakanga iri muPrinceton muchikamu nekuda kwekuzvipira kwevakatanga kuhurumende, asi, sendinogona kutonga, zvakare nekuti pakanga paine dhipatimendi diki asi rakanaka rakapedza kudzidza muguta iro kudyidzana kwepedyo kwaibvira. Iyo Institute ine chikwereti kuPrinceton University iyo isingambofa yakayemurwa zvizere. The Institute, apo chikamu chikuru chevashandi vayo chakanga chatotorwa, chakatanga kushanda muna 1933. Masayendisiti akakurumbira eAmerica akashanda pamasimba ayo: masvomhu Veblen, Alexander naMorse; vanhu vanonzi Meritt, Levy naMiss Goldman; vatori venhau nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Stewart, Riefler, Warren, Earle naMitrany. Pano isu tinofanirawo kuwedzera akakosha masayendisiti akatoumba kuyunivhesiti, raibhurari, uye marabhoritari eguta rePrinceton. Asi Institute for Advanced Study ine chikwereti kuna Hitler che masvomhu Einstein, Weyl na von Neumann; kune vamiririri vevanhu Herzfeld nePanofsky, uye kune vanoverengeka vechidiki avo, mumakore matanhatu apfuura, vakafurirwa neboka iri rakakurumbira, uye vari kutosimbisa nzvimbo yedzidzo yeAmerica mumakona ose enyika.
The Institute, kubva pakuona kwesangano, ndiyo yakapfava uye isina kurongeka masangano ayo munhu anogona kufungidzira. Iyo ine zvikamu zvitatu: masvomhu, humanities, economics uye sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aisanganisira boka rechigarire revaporofesa uye gore negore kuchinja boka revashandi. Imwe neimwe fakisi inoita zvinhu zvayo sezvainoona zvakakodzera. Muboka, munhu mumwe nomumwe anozvisarudzira mashandisiro aangaita nguva yake uye kugovera simba rake. Vashandi vacho, vakabva kunyika 22 nemayunivhesiti makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe, vakagamuchirwa muUnited States mumapoka akati kuti kana vakaonekwa sevakakodzera. Vakapiwa rusununguko rwakafanana nemapurofesa. Vaigona kushanda nemumwe kana mumwe purofesa nechibvumirano; vaibvumirwa kushanda vari voga, vachibvunza nguva nenguva nomumwe munhu aigona kubatsira.
Hapana maitiro, hapana kupatsanurana pakati pemapurofesa, nhengo dzeInstitute kana vashanyi. Vadzidzi nemapurofesa paPrinceton University uye nhengo nemapurofesa paInstitute for Advanced Study vakavhengana zviri nyore zvekuti vakanga vasingaonekwi. Kudzidza pachako kwakasakurirwa. Migumisiro yemunhu uye nzanga yakanga isiri mukati mechikamu chekufarira. Hapana misangano, hapana makomiti. Saka, vanhu vane pfungwa vainakidzwa nemhoteredzo yaikurudzira kufungisisa uye kuchinjana. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu inokwanisa kuita masvomhu pasina zvinovhiringa. Izvi zvakafanana kune mumiriri wevanhu, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi, uye nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika. Ukuru uye chiyero chekukosha kwedhipatimendi rekutonga zvakaderedzwa kusvika padiki. Vanhu vasina pfungwa, vasina kugona kuisa pfungwa pazviri, vanganzwa kusagadzikana muchikoro ichi.
Pamwe ndinogona kutsanangura muchidimbu nemashoko anotevera. Kuti akwezve mumwe purofesa weHarvard kuti ashande paPrinceton, muhoro wakagoverwa, uye akanyora, kuti: “Ndeapi mabasa angu?” Ndakapindura kuti, “Hapana mitoro, mikana chete.”
Imwe nyanzvi yemasvomhu inopenya, mushure mekupedza gore paPrinceton University, yakauya kuzondioneka. Paakanga oda kubuda akati:
"Munogona kufarira kuziva kuti gore rino rakarevei kwandiri."
“Hungu,” ndakapindura kudaro.
“Mathematics,” akaenderera mberi. - inokura nekukurumidza; kune mabhuku akawanda. Patova nemakore gumi kubva pandakapihwa dhigirii rangu. Kwenguva yakati ndakaramba ndichienda nenyaya yangu yekutsvagisa, asi munguva pfupi yapfuura zvave zvakanyanya kuoma kuita izvi, uye kunzwa kwekusava nechokwadi kwakaonekwa. Zvino, mushure megore rapera pano, maziso angu asvinudzwa. Chiedza chakatanga kuchena uye kufema kwakava nyore. Ndiri kufunga nezvenyaya mbiri dzandinoda kutsikisa munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
- Izvi zvichagara kwenguva yakareba sei? – ndakabvunza.
- Makore mashanu, pamwe gumi.
- Zvino chii?
- Ndichadzoka pano.
Uye muenzaniso wechitatu unobva kune ichangopfuura. Mumwe purofesa anobva kuyunivhesiti huru yekuMadokero akauya kuPrinceton pakupera kwaZvita gore rapfuura. Akaronga kutangazve basa naProfessor Moray (wePrinceton University). Asi akakurudzira kuti abate Panofsky naSvazhensky (kubva kuInstitute for Advanced Study). Uye zvino anoshanda nevatatu vese.
“Ndinofanira kugara,” akawedzera kudaro. - Kusvikira Gumiguru anotevera.
“Muchapisa muno muchirimo,” ndakadaro.
"Ndichange ndakabatikana uye ndinofara zvakanyanya kuti ndive nehanya."
Nokudaro, rusununguko haruiti kuti umire, asi huzere nengozi yekushanda zvakapfurikidza. Nguva pfupi yapfuura mudzimai womumwe mutezo wechiNgezi weInstitute akabvunza, kuti: “Munhu ari wose anoshanda chaizvoizvo kutozosvikira paXNUMX:XNUMX mangwanani here?”
Kusvikira ikozvino, Institute yakanga isina zvivakwa zvayo. Nyanzvi dzeMasvomhu parizvino dziri kushanyira Fine Hall muPrinceton Dhipatimendi reMasvomhu; vamwe vamiriri vevanhu - muMcCormick Hall; vamwe vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeguta. Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzava mukamuri muPrinceton Hotel. Hofisi yangu iri muchivakwa chehofisi muna Nassau Street, pakati pevatengesi vezvitoro, vanachiremba vemazino, magweta, vatsigiri vechiropractic, uye vaongorori vePrinceton University vari kuita tsvakiridzo yehurumende nenharaunda. Zvidhinha nematanda hazvina mutsauko, sekuratidzira kwakaita Mutungamiri Gilman muBaltimore makore makumi matanhatu apfuura. Zvisinei, tinosuwa kutaurirana. Asi ichi chikanganiso chicharuramiswa apo chivako chakaparadzana chinonzi Fuld Hall chinovakirwa nokuda kwedu, izvo zviri izvo vatangi vechikoro vakatoita. Asi apa ndipo panofanira kuguma hurongwa. Sangano rinofanirwa kuramba riri diki, uye zvichave zvekufunga kuti vashandi veInstitute vanoda kuve nenguva yemahara, kunzwa vadzivirirwa uye vakasununguka kubva kune zvesangano nyaya uye maitiro, uye, pakupedzisira, panofanirwa kuve nemamiriro ekutaurirana zvisina kurongwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuPrinceton. Yunivhesiti uye vamwe vanhu, vanogona kukwezvwa nguva nenguva kuenda kuPrinceton kubva kunzvimbo dziri kure. Pakati pevarume ava paiva naNiels Bohr wokuCopenhagen, von Laue wokuBerlin, Levi-Civita wokuRoma, André Weil weStrasbourg, Dirac naH. H. Hardy vokuCambridge, Pauli wokuZurich, Lemaitre wokuLeuven, Wade-Gery wokuOxford, uyewo vokuAmerica vokuAmerica vaibva. mayunivhesiti eHarvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, California, Johns Hopkins University nedzimwe nzvimbo dzechiedza nekuvhenekerwa.
Hatiiti zvipikirwa kwatiri timene, asi tinokoshesa tariro yokuti kurondwa kusingadzivisiki kwezivo isina maturo kuchatapura zvose zviri zviviri zviri zviviri nguva yemberi neyekare. Nekudaro, isu hatishandise nharo iyi mukudzivirira iyo institution. Yazova paradhiso yevasayendisiti avo, kufanana nevadetembi nevaimbi, vakawana maruramiro okuita chinhu chiri chose sezvavanoda, uye vanowana zvakawanda kana vakabvumirwa kuita kudaro.
Shanduro: Shchekotova Yana
Source: www.habr.com