Alan Kay naMarvin Minsky: Computer Science yatova ne "girama". Inoda "literature"

Wokutanga kubva kuruboshwe ndiMarvin Minsky, wechipiri kubva kuruboshwe ndiAlan Kay, kwozoti John Perry Barlow naGloria Minsky.

Mubvunzo: Ungadudzira sei pfungwa yaMarvin Minsky yekuti “Computer Sayenzi yatova negirama. Chaanoda mabhuku.”?

Alan Kay: Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza chekurekodha Ken's blog (kusanganisira tsinhiro) ndeyekuti hapana nhoroondo yekunongedza iyi pfungwa inogona kuwanikwa chero kupi. Muchokwadi, anopfuura makore makumi mashanu apfuura mu50s kwaive nekutaura kwakawanda pamusoro peizvi uye, sezvandinorangarira, zvinyorwa zvakawanda.

Ndakatanga kunzwa nezve pfungwa iyi kubva kuna Bob Barton, muna 1967 ndiri kuchikoro, paakandiudza kuti pfungwa iyi yaiva chikamu chekukurudzira kwaDonald Knuth paakanyora The Art of Programming, zvitsauko zvawo zvakanga zvave kutotenderera. Mumwe wemibvunzo mikuru yaBob panguva iyoyo yaive ye "mitauro yemapurogiramu yakagadzirirwa kuverengwa nevanhu pamwe nemichina." Uye ndicho chaiva chikonzero chikuru chezvikamu zveCOBOL dhizaini mukutanga 60s. Uye, pamwe zvakatonyanya kukosha muchimiro chemusoro wenyaya yedu, pfungwa iyi inoonekwa mumutauro wekutanga uye wakanyatsogadzirwa unopindirana JOSS (kunyanya Cliff Shaw).

Sekuona kwaFrank Smith, zvinyorwa zvinotanga nepfungwa dzakakodzera kukurukura nekunyora pasi; kazhinji inoburitsa zvinomiririra uye inowedzera mitauro iripo uye mafomu; zvinotungamirira kupfungwa itsva pamusoro pekuverenga nekunyora; uye pakupedzisira kupfungwa itsva dzakanga dzisiri rutivi rwevavariro yokutanga.

Chikamu chepfungwa ye "literaturization" kuverenga, kunyora, uye kunongedzera kune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvingave zvinonakidza. Semuenzaniso, Marvin Minsky's Turing Award hurukuro inotanga ne: "Dambudziko neComputer Science nhasi inyaya yekunetseka nefomu kwete zvemukati.".

Zvaaireva ndezvokuti chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mukombuta ndicho chirevo uye kuti chinogona kuonekwa sei uye chinomiririrwa, kusiyana neimwe yezvinyorwa zvikuru zve60s pamusoro pekuongorora mapurogiramu nemitauro yepanyama. Kwaari, chinhu chinonyanya kufadza pamusoro pedzidziso yaTerry Winograd yemudzidzi weTenzi inogona kunge iri yekuti kunyangwe yakanga isiri iyo chaiyo maererano negirama yechirungu (yaive yakanaka kwazvo), asi kuti yaigona kuita pfungwa yezvakataurwa uye yaigona kururamisa izvo zvaive. akadaro achishandisa kukosha uku. (Uku kudzosera kune izvo Ken anoshuma paMarvin's blog).

Imwe nzira yakafanana yekutarisa "ubiquitous mutauro kudzidza." Zvakawanda zvinogona kuitwa pasina kushandura mutauro kana kuwedzera duramazwi. Izvi zvakafanana nemaitiro emasvomhu zviratidzo uye syntax zviri nyore kunyora fomula. Izvi ndizvo zvimwe izvo Marvin ari kuwana. Zvinosekesa kuti Turing muchina uri mubhuku raMarvin Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines (rimwe remabhuku andinofarira) komputa yakajairwa ine mirairo miviri (wedzera 1 kunyoresa uye kubvisa 1 kubva kurejista nemapazi kune rairo nyowani kana rejista iri pasi pe. 0 - kune zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa.)

Iwo mutauro wakajairwa wechirongwa, asi ziva zvipingamupinyi. Mhinduro ine musoro ku "kudzidza kwose kwose" inofanirawo kuva nemamwe marudzi emasimba ekutaura ayo angangoda nguva yakawanda yekudzidza.

Kufarira kwaDon mune zvinodaidzwa kuti "kuverenga nekunyora programming" kwakatungamira mukusikwa kwehurongwa hwekunyora (yaimbonzi WEB) yaizobvumira Don kutsanangura chirongwa chaicho chainyorwa, uye chaisanganisira zvinhu zvakawanda zvaibvumira kuti zvikamu zvechirongwa zviitwe. yakatorwa pakudzidza kwevanhu. Pfungwa yaive yekuti gwaro reWEB raive chirongwa, uye mugadziri aikwanisa kubvisa zvikamu zvakaunganidzwa uye zvinogoneka kubva mairi.

Imwezve hunyanzvi hwekutanga yaive pfungwa yeane simba midhiya, yaive pfungwa yakakurumbira mukupera kwema60s, uye kune vazhinji vedu chaive chikamu chakakosha chekudyidzana PC komputa. Imwe yezvikonzero zvinoverengeka zvepfungwa iyi yaive yekuve nechimwe chinhu chakadai se "Newton's Principles" umo "masvomhu" yaive ine simba uye inogona kumhanyisa uye yakasungirirwa kune Graphics, etc. Ichi chaive chikamu chechinangwa chekusimudzira pfungwa yeDynabook muna 1968 gore. Rimwe remazwi akatanga kushandiswa panguva iyoyo raive “rondedzero inoshanda,” apo marudzi ekunyora nenharo munhu angatarisira muchinyorwa anosimudzirwa nechirongwa chekudyidzana chiri imwe yemhando dzakawanda dzenhau dzerudzi rutsva rwegwaro.

Mimwe mienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo yakagadzirwa muHypercard naTed Cuyler pachake munguva yekupedzisira ye80s uye yekutanga 90s. Hypercard haina kugadzirwa zvakananga kune izvi - zvinyorwa zvaive zvisiri zvemidhiya zvinhu zvemakadhi, asi iwe unogona kuita rimwe basa uye kuwana zvinyorwa zvekuratidza pamakadhi uye kuita kuti adyidzane. Muenzaniso wakanyanya kutsamwisa waive "Weasel", yaive rondedzero inoshanda ichitsanangura chikamu chebhuku raRichard Dawkins Blind Watchmaker, ichibvumira muverengi kuti aedze nehurongwa hwaishandisa rudzi rwekuberekesa kutsvaga mitsara yavanonongedza.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti tifunge kuti nepo Hypercard yaive yakanyatso kuenderana neInternet yaibuda-uye kutorwa kwayo kwakapararira mukutanga '90s-vanhu vakagadzira iyo Internet vakasarudza kusaigamuchira kana pfungwa dzakakura dzeEngelbart. Uye Apple, iyo yakanga ine vanhu vakawanda veARPA / Parc mubapiro rayo rekutsvakurudza, yakaramba kuvateerera pamusoro pekukosha kweInternet uye kuti Hypercard yaizova yakakura sei pakutanga symmetric read-write system. Apple yakaramba kuita bhurawuza panguva iyo browser yakanaka ingadai yakave budiriro yakakosha, uye inogona kunge yakaita basa rakakura mukuita kuti "chiso cheveruzhinji" cheInternet chave.

Kana tikafambira mberi makore mashoma tinowana hupenzi hwakakwana - hunenge hunonyadzisa kunyangwe - hwewebhu browser isina chaiyo yekuvandudza sisitimu (funga kuti hupenzi budiriro yewiki yaifanirwa kushanda sei), uye semumwe wemienzaniso yakawanda yakapusa, chinyorwa cheWikipedia. kufanana LOGO , iyo inoshanda pakombiyuta, asi haibvumiri muverengi wechinyorwa kuti aedze programming LOGO kubva munyaya yacho. Izvi zvaireva kuti izvo zvaive zvakakosha kumakomputa zvakavharwa kune vashandisi mukudzivirira kushandiswa kwakasiyana kwevezvenhau vekare.

Zvakakodzera kufunga kuti Wikipedia yanga iri uye ndiyo yekutanga mhando yekufunga, kugadzira, kuita, uye kunyora "mabhuku ekombuta" anodiwa (uye izvi zvinosanganisira kuverenga nekunyora mumhando dzakawanda dzemultimedia, kusanganisira hurongwa).

Chinonyanya kukosha kufunga nezvazvo ndechekuti ini handikwanise kunyora chirongwa pano muQuora mhinduro - muna 2017! - izvi zvichabatsira kuratidza izvo chaizvo zvandiri kuedza kutsanangura, kunyangwe simba rakakura rekombuta riri pasi peiyi pfungwa isina simba yekudyidzana media. Mubvunzo unokosha ndewokuti "chii chakaitika?" yakafuratirwa zvachose pano.

Kuti uwane pfungwa yedambudziko, heino 1978 sisitimu yatakamutsa chikamu makore mashoma apfuura semutero kuna Ted Nelson uye zvimwe zvekunakidzwa.

(Tarisa pano pa2:15)

Iyo yese sisitimu kuyedza kwekutanga pane zvandiri kutaura pamusoro pemakore makumi mana apfuura.

Muenzaniso wakanaka unogona kuonekwa na9:06.

Kunze kwe "dynamic zvinhu", chimwe chezvinonyanya kutariswa pano ndechekuti "maonero" - midhiya inoonekwa pane peji - inogona kugadziridzwa zvakafanana uye yakazvimirira yezvazviri (tinovadaidza "mienzaniso"). Zvese i "hwindo" (mamwe ane miganhu akajeka uye mamwe haaratidze miganhu yavo). Yese yakanyorwa pane peji reprojekiti. Imwe nzwisiso yaive yekuti sezvo uchifanirwa kunyora nekusanganisa zvimwe zvinhu, ita shuwa kuti zvese zvinoumbwa uye zvinoumbwa.

Ndinofunga kuti vashandisi vasina ruzivo vanogona kuregererwa nekuda kwekusakwanisa kutsoropodza maitiro akaipa. Asi vanogadzira mapurogiramu vanogadzira midhiya inopindirana yevashandisi, uye vasina hanya nekudzidza nezve media uye dhizaini, kunyanya kubva munhoroondo yendima yavo, havafanirwe kubva nayo zviri nyore uye havafanirwe kupihwa mubairo pakuita kudaro. ivo "vasina simba".

Pakupedzisira, ndima isina mabhuku chaiwo inoda kuenzana neidi rokuti munda hausi munda. Zvinyorwa inzira yekuchengetedza mazano makuru mumhando itsva, uye mukufunga kwazvino uye kweramangwana mumunda iwoyo. Izvi, zvechokwadi, hazvipo mukuverenga kune chero hupi hunobatsira. Kufanana netsika yepop, komputa ichiri kunyanya kufarira izvo zvinogona kuitwa pasina kudzidziswa kwakawanda, uye uko kuuraya kwakakosha kupfuura mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro. Literature ndeimwe yemasvikiro kwaunogona kufamba kubva kune yakapusa uye nekukurumidza kuenda kune yakakura uye yakanyanya kukosha.

Tinochida!

Nezve GoTo Chikoro

• June 17-30, July 15-28, August 12-25 Summer project GoTo programming zvikoro munharaunda yeMoscow.
• VK boka
• Nyorera kune tsamba yedu

Source: www.habr.com