Kuvimbika Ongororo yeE Electronic Equipment Yakaiswa Kuvhunduka uye Kudengenyeka-Ongororo

Chinyorwa: Kuvhunduka uye Kudedera 16 (2009) 45–59
Vanyori: Robin Alastair Amy, Guglielmo S. Aglietti (E-mail: [email inodzivirirwa]), uye Guy Richardson
Kubatanidzwa kwevanyori: Astronautical Research Group, University of Southampton, Chikoro cheUinjiniya Sayenzi, Southampton, UK
Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Guildford, Surrey, UK

Copyright 2009 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Ichi chinyorwa chekupinda chakavhurika chakagoverwa pasi peCreative Commons Attribution License, iyo inobvumidza kushandiswa kusingarambidzwe, kugovera, uye kubereka mune chero svikiro, chero basa rekutanga rataurwa nemazvo.

Chidimbu. Mune ramangwana, zvinotarisirwa kuti zvese zvemazuva ano zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvichave nekuwedzera kushanda uku uchichengetedza kugona kutsungirira kuvhunduka uye kuzunguza mitoro. Maitiro ekufanotaura kuvimbika kwakaoma nekuda kwemhinduro yakaoma uye kutadza maitiro emidziyo yemagetsi, saka ikozvino nzira dziripo ndeyekukanganisa pakati pekuverenga kurongeka uye mutengo.
Kuvimbika uye nekukurumidza kufanotaura kwekuvimbika kwemidziyo yemagetsi kana uchishanda pasi pemitoro ine simba yakakosha kuindasitiri. Ichi chinyorwa chinoratidza matambudziko mukufanotaura kuvimbika kwemidziyo yemagetsi inononoka mhedzisiro. Inofanirawo kurangarirwa kuti muenzaniso wekuvimbika unowanzovakwa uchifunga nezvehupamhi hwekugadzirisa michina yehuwandu hwezvikamu zvakafanana. Makirasi mana enzira dzekuvimbika dzekufungidzira (mareferensi nzira, data rekuyedza, data rekuyedza uye modhi yezvinokonzeresa kutadza kwemuviri - fizikisi yekutadza) inofananidzwa muchinyorwa chino kusarudza mukana wekushandisa imwe kana imwe nzira. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti kukundikana kwakawanda mumidziyo yemagetsi kunokonzerwa nemafuta ekupisa, asi kuongorora uku kunotarisa kukundikana kunokonzerwa nekuvhunduka uye kudengenyeka panguva yekushanda.

Chiziviso chemushanduri. Chinyorwa ichi ongororo yezvinyorwa nezvenyaya iyi. Pasinei nekukwegura kwayo, inoshanda sesumo yakanakisa yedambudziko rekuongorora kuvimbika uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana.

1. Terminology

BGA Ball Grid Array.
DIP Dual In-line processor, dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa seDual In-line Package.
FE Finite Element.
PGA Pin Grid Array.
PCB Yakadhindwa Circuit Board, dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa sePWB (Printed Wiring Board).
PLCC Plastiki Inotungamira Chip Carrier.
PTH Yakaputirwa Neburi, dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa sePin Kuburikidza Negomba.
QFP Quad Flat Pack - inozivikanwawo segull bapiro.
SMA Shape Memory Alloys.
SMT Surface Mount Technology.

Cherechedza kubva kuvanyori vepakutanga: Muchikamu chino, izwi rekuti "chikamu" rinoreva chimwe chinhu chemagetsi chinogona kutengeswa kubhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, izwi rekuti "package" rinoreva chero chikamu chedunhu rakabatanidzwa (kazhinji chero SMT kana DIP chikamu). Izwi rekuti "akabatanidzwa chikamu" rinoreva chero akadhindwa akadhindwa redunhu bhodhi kana chikamu system, achisimbisa kuti zvakanamirwa zvikamu zvine huremu hwazvo uye kuoma. (Crystal packaging uye nezvazvinoita pakuvimbika hazvina kukurukurwa muchinyorwa, saka mune inotevera izwi rekuti "pakeji" rinogona kunzwisiswa se "kesi" yeimwe mhando kana imwe - approx. transl.)

2. Chirevo chedambudziko

Kukatyamadzwa uye kuzunguza mitoro inoiswa paPCB inokonzeresa kushushikana paPCB substrate, zvikamu zvepakeji, zvikamu zvezvikamu, uye majoini ekutengesa. Izvi zvinoshungurudza zvinokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwekukotama nguva mubhodhi redunhu uye inertia yakawanda yechikamu. Mune yakaipisisa-mamiriro ezvinhu, izvi zvinonetsa zvinogona kukonzera imwe yeanotevera kukundikana modhi: PCB delamination, solder joint kutadza, lead kutadza, kana component package kutadza. Kana imwe yeiyi nzira yekutadza ikaitika, kutadza kuzere kwechigadzirwa kungangotevera. Iyo yekukundikana modhi inowanikwa panguva yekushanda inoenderana nerudzi rwekurongedza, zvimiro zveakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi, pamwe neiyo frequency uye amplitude yekukotama nguva uye inertial masimba. Kufambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma mukuongorora kwekuvimbika kwemidziyo yemagetsi kunokonzerwa nekuwanda kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvekupinza uye kukundikana modhi dzinoda kutariswa.

Zvimwe zvechikamu chino zvichaedza kutsanangura kuoma kwekutarisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuisa panguva imwe chete.

Chinhu chekutanga chakaomesesa chekufunga nezvacho ndeye kuwanda kwemhando dzepakeji dziripo mumagetsi emazuva ano, sezvo pasuru yega yega inogona kukundikana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Zvikamu zvinorema zvinonyanya kubatwa neinertial mitoro, nepo mhinduro yezvikamu zveSMT inonyanya kutsamira pakukombama kwebhodhi redunhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nekuda kweiyo misiyano yakakosha, aya marudzi ezvikamu ane zvakanyanya kutadza maitiro akasiyana zvichienderana nehukuru kana saizi. Dambudziko iri rinowedzera kuwedzera nekubuda nguva dzose kwezvikamu zvitsva zvinowanikwa pamusika. Naizvozvo, chero nzira yekufembera yakatsanangurwa inofanirwa kuenderana nezvikamu zvitsva kuitira kuti ive nechero inoshanda application mune ramangwana. Mhinduro yebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa kune vibration inotarirwa nekuomarara uye kuwanda kwezvikamu, izvo zvinopesvedzera mhinduro yenzvimbo yeakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvinorema kana zvakakura zvikamu zvinoshandura zvakanyanya mhinduro yebhodhi kune vibrate munzvimbo dzavakaiswa. PCB mechanical properties (Young's modulus uye ukobvu) inogona kukanganisa kuvimbika nenzira dzakaoma kufanotaura.

PCB yakaoma inogona kuderedza iyo yakazara nguva yekupindura yePCB iri pasi pemutoro, asi panguva imwe chete, inogona kunyatso wedzera munharaunda nguva dzekukotama dzinoiswa kune izvo zvikamu (Uyezve, kubva pakutadza kukonzeresa kukonzeresa, zvinonyanya kudiwa kutsanangura zvimwe. inoenderana nePCB, sezvo izvi zvichideredza kushushikana kwemafuta kunoiswa papakeji - chinyorwa chemunyori). Iyo frequency uye amplitude yenzvimbo yekukotama nguva uye inertial mitoro yakaiswa pane iyo stack zvakare inokonzeresa ingangoita yekutadza maitiro. High frequency low amplitude mitoro inogona kukonzera kuneta kutadza kwechimiro, icho chinogona kunge chiri chikonzero chikuru chekutadza (yakaderera / yakakwira cyclic kuneta, LCF inoreva kukundikana kunotongwa nepurasitiki deformation (N_f <10 ^ 6), nepo HCF inoreva elastic deformation. kukundikana , kazhinji (N_f > 10^6 ) kukundikana [56] - chinyorwa chemunyori) Kurongeka kwekupedzisira kwezvinhu pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa richaona chikonzero chekukundikana, izvo zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwekunetseka mune chimwe chikamu chinokonzerwa nemitoro inertial. kana nguva dzekukotama dzepanzvimbo. Chekupedzisira, zvinofanirwa kufunga nezve pesvedzero yezvinhu zvevanhu uye maficha ekugadzira, izvo zvinowedzera mukana wekutadza kwemidziyo.

Paunenge uchifunga nezvehuwandu hunokosha hwezvinhu zvekupinza uye kushamwaridzana kwavo kwakaoma, zvinova pachena kuti nei nzira inoshanda yekufanotaura kuvimbika kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvisati zvagadzirwa. Imwe yeongororo yezvinyorwa inokurudzirwa nevanyori panyaya iyi inoratidzwa muIEEE [26]. Nekudaro, ongororo iyi inonyanya kutarisisa pane zvakakura zvakakura zvemhando dzekuvimbika, senge nzira yekufanotaura kuvimbika kubva kumabhuku ereferenzi, data rekuyedza, komputa yekuenzanisira yemamiriro ekutadza (Fizikisi-ye-Kutadza Kuvimbika (PoF)), uye haigadzirise kukundikana. mune zvakadzama zvakakwana zvinokonzerwa nekuvhunduka uye kuzununguka. Foucher et al. [17] tevera rondedzero yakafanana kuongororo yeIEEE, nekusimbisa kwakakosha pakutadza kwekupisa. Kupfupika kwekare kwekuongororwa kwemaitiro ePoF, kunyanya sekushandiswa kwekukatyamadza uye kutadza kwekudengenyeka, kwakakodzera kutariswa kwavo zvakare. Ongororo yakaita seIEEE iri muhurongwa hwekuumbwa neAIAA, asi chiyero chekuongorora hachizivikanwe panguva ino.

3. Evolution yekuvimbika kufanotaura nzira

Nzira yekutanga yekufembera yekuvimbika, yakagadzirwa mu1960s, parizvino inotsanangurwa muMIL-HDBK-217F [44] (Mil-Hdbk-217F ndiyo yazvino uye yekupedzisira kudzokorora nzira, yakaburitswa muna 1995 - chinyorwa chemunyori) Kushandisa Iyi nzira inoshandisa. dhatabhesi yemidziyo yemagetsi kutadza kuwana avhareji yehupenyu hwesevhisi yebhodhi rakadhindwa redunhu rine zvimwe zvikamu. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa senzira yekufanotaura kuvimbika kubva kune zvirevo uye zvinyorwa zvetsika. Kunyangwe Mil-Hdbk-217F iri kuramba ichiita zvechinyakare, nzira yereferensi ichiri kushandiswa nhasi. Izvo zvinogumira uye kusarurama kweiyi nzira zvakanyorwa zvakanaka [42,50], zvichitungamira kukudziridzwa kwemakirasi matatu edzimwe nzira: komputa yekumisikidza mamiriro ekutadza kwemuviri (PoF), data yekuyedza, uye data yebvunzo yemunda.

Nzira dzePoF dzinofanotaura kuvimbika nekuongorora pasina kuvimba nedata rakambounganidzwa. Yese nzira dzePoF dzine maitiro maviri akajairwa eiyo classical nzira inotsanangurwa muSteinberg [62]: kutanga, mhinduro yekudengenyeka kweiyo yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi kune chaiyo vibration stimulus inotsvakwa, ipapo nzira yekutadza yezvikamu zvega mushure mekuratidzwa kwevibration inoedzwa. Kufambira mberi kwakakosha munzira dzePoF kwave kushandiswa kweakagoverwa (avhareji) bhodhi zvivakwa kukurumidza kugadzira masvomhu modhi yeakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi [54], iyo yakadzora zvakanyanya kuoma uye nguva yakashandiswa pakuverenga nemazvo mhinduro yekudengenyeka kweyakadhindwa. bhodhi redunhu (ona Chikamu 8.1.3). Zvichangobva kuitika muhunyanzvi hwePoF zvakavandudza kutadza kufanotaura kweiyo yepamusoro gomo tekinoroji (SMT) yakatengeswa zvikamu; zvisinei, kunze kweiyo Barkers nzira [59], nzira itsva idzi dzinongoshanda kune chaiwo misanganiswa yezvikamu uye akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi. Kune nzira shoma shoma dziripo dzezvikamu zvakakura zvakadai sematransformer kana makuru capacitor.
Nzira dzekuedza data dzinovandudza hutano uye kukwanisa kwemuenzaniso unoshandiswa mukuvimbika kwekufanotaura nzira zvichienderana nemabhuku ezvinyorwa. Nzira yekutanga inobva pane data yekuedza yekufanotaura kuvimbika kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi yakatsanangurwa mupepa re1999 uchishandisa HIRAP (Honeywell In-service Reliability Assessment Program) nzira, iyo yakasikwa paHoneywell, Inc. [20]. Nzira yedata rekuyedza ine huwandu hwezvakanakira pane nzira dzekufanotaura kuvimbika uchishandisa rengedzo uye zvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, nzira dzakawanda dzakafanana dzakaonekwa (REMM neTRACS [17], uyewo FIDES [16]). Nzira ye data yekuedza, pamwe chete nenzira yekufanotaura kuvimbika uchishandisa zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvinowanzoitika, hazvitibvumiri kuti tifunge zvinogutsa kurongeka kwebhodhi uye nzvimbo yekushanda yekushanda kwayo pakuongorora kuvimbika. Kushayikwa uku kunogona kugadziriswa nekushandisa data yekukundikana kubva kumapuranga akafanana mukugadzirwa, kana kubva kumapuranga akave akasangana nemamiriro akafanana ekushanda.

Nzira dzekuyedza data dzinoenderana nekuwanikwa kwedhatabhesi rakakura rine data rekuparara nekufamba kwenguva. Imwe neimwe yekutadza mhando mune ino dhatabhesi inofanirwa kuzivikanwa nemazvo uye chikonzero chayo chakatemwa. Iyi nzira yekuvimbika yekuongorora inokodzera makambani anogadzira mhando imwechete yemidziyo muhuwandu hwakakwana kuitira kuti nhamba yakakosha yekukundikana inogona kugadziriswa kuti iongorore kuvimbika.

Nzira dzekuyedza zvinhu zvemagetsi kuti dzavimbike dzave kushandiswa kubva pakati pe-1970s uye dzinowanzo kupatsanurwa kuita inokurumidza uye isiri-yekukurumidza bvunzo. Iyo yakakosha nzira ndeyekuita bvunzo dzehardware dzinogadzira iyo inotarisirwa nharaunda yekushanda sezvinobvira sezvinobvira. Miedzo inoitwa kudzamara kukundikana kwaitika, zvichibvumira iyo MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) kufanotaurwa. Kana iyo MTBF inofungidzirwa kuve yakareba kwazvo, saka nguva yekuyedzwa inogona kudzikiswa nekukasira kuyedzwa, iyo inowanikwa nekuwedzera nharaunda yekushanda zvinhu uye kushandisa formula inozivikanwa kuenzanisa mwero wekutadza muyedzo yakakurumidza kusvika pakutadza kunotarisirwa. oparesheni. Kuyedzwa uku kwakakosha kune zvikamu zviri panjodzi huru yekukundikana sezvo zvichipa muongorori huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuvimba data, zvisinei, hazvingaite kuishandisa kune bhodhi dhizaini optimization nekuda kwenguva refu yekudzokorora kwechidzidzo.

Ongororo yekukurumidza yebasa rakaburitswa muma1990s inoratidza kuti iyi yaive nguva apo data rekuyedza, data rekuyedza, uye nzira dzePoF dzakakwikwidzana kutsiva nzira dzekare dzekufanotaura kuvimbika kubva kumabhuku ereferenzi. Zvisinei, nzira imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, uye kana ikashandiswa zvakanaka, inobereka zvibereko zvinokosha. Nekuda kweizvozvo, IEEE ichangobva kuburitsa mwero [26] inonyora nzira dzese dzekuvimbika dzekufanotaura dziri kushandiswa nhasi. Chinangwa cheIEEE chaive chekugadzirira gwara raizopa mainjiniya ruzivo nezvenzira dzese dziripo uye zvakanakira nekuipira kwazviri munzira yega yega. Kunyange zvazvo nzira yeIEEE ichiri pakutanga kwekushanduka-shanduka kwenguva refu, inoita seine zvayo zvayo, sezvo AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) inoitevera negwaro rinonzi S-102, iro rakafanana neIEEE asi. inofungawo nezvehutano hwe data kubva kune imwe neimwe nzira [27]. Aya madhairekitori anongoitirwa chete kuunza pamwe chete nzira dzinotenderera pasi rose mabhuku anobudiswa pamusoro penyaya idzi.

4. Kukundikana kunokonzerwa nekudengenyeka

Yakawanda yekutsvagisa yakapfuura yainyanya kutarisisa kuzunguzika zvisina tsarukano sePCB mutoro, asi chidzidzo chinotevera chinotarisa kutadza kunoenderana nemhedzisiro. Nzira dzakadai hadzizokurukurwa zvizere pano sezvo dzichiwira pasi pechikamu chenzira dzePoF uye dzinokurukurwa muzvikamu 8.1 ne8.2 zvechinyorwa chino. Heen et al. [24] vakagadzira bhodhi rekuyedza kuyedza kuvimbika kweBGA solder majoini kana akabatwa nekuvhunduka. Lau et al. [36] vakatsanangura kuvimbika kwePLCC, PQFP uye QFP zvikamu pasi pe-mu-ndege uye kunze-kwe-ndege kukanganisa. Pitarresi et al. [53,55] akatarisa kukundikana kwekombiyuta motherboards nekuda kwekutyisa mitoro uye akapa ongororo yakanaka yezvinyorwa zvinotsanangura midziyo yemagetsi pasi pemitoro yekudengenyeka. Steinberg [62] inopa chitsauko chose pamusoro pemagadzirirwo uye ongororo yezvakakanganiswa midziyo yemagetsi, inovhara zvese kufanotaura mamiriro ekuvhundutsa uye maitiro ekuona kuita kwemagetsi zvikamu. Sukhir [64,65] akatsanangura zvikanganiso mumutsara wekuverenga kwemhinduro yebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa kune inokonzeresa mutoro wakaiswa kune bhodhi fasteners. Nekudaro, mareferensi uye nzira dzekuyedza data dzinogona kufunga nezve kukanganisa-kwakanangana nemidziyo kutadza, asi nzira idzi dzinotsanangura kukundikana kwe "kukanganisa" zvachose.

5. Reference nzira

Panzira dzese dziripo dzinotsanangurwa muzvinyorwa, isu tichazvimisa kune mbiri chete dzinofunga kutadza kwekudengenyeka: Mil-Hdbk-217 uye CNET [9]. Mil-Hdbk-217 inogamuchirwa seyero nevazhinji vanogadzira. Kufanana nemaitiro ese emanyorero uye ereferenzi, iwo akavakirwa pane empirical nzira dzinovavarira kufanotaura kuvimbika kwechikamu kubva mukuyedza kana murabhoritari data. Nzira dzakatsanangurwa mumabhuku ereferensi dziri nyore kushandisa, sezvo dzisingadi kuomarara kwemasvomhu ekuenzanisa uye dzinoshandisa chete mhando dzezvikamu, nhamba yezvikamu, mamiriro ekushanda ebhodhi uye mamwe maparamita anowanikwa nyore. Iyo data yekupinza inozopinzwa mumuenzaniso kuverenga nguva pakati pekutadza, MTBF. Pasinei nezvakanaka zvayo, Mil-Hdbk-217 iri kuramba ichinyanya kufarirwa [12, 17,42,50,51]. Ngatitarisei rondedzero isina kukwana yezvirambidzo pakushanda kwayo.

1. Iyo data iri kuwedzera kubva panguva, yave yekupedzisira kugadziridzwa muna 1995 uye isingakodzeri kune zvitsva zvikamu, hapana mukana weiyo modhi iri kuvandudzwa sezvo Defence Standards Improvement Board yakasarudza kurega nzira "kufa kufa kwechisikigo" [ 26].
2. Iyo nzira haipe ruzivo nezve kukundikana modhi, saka iyo PCB marongero haigone kuvandudzwa kana kuvandudzwa.
3. Iwo mamodheru anofungidzira kuti kutadza dhizaini yakazvimiririra, tichiregeredza marongerwo ezvikamu paPCB, zvisinei, chikamu chechikamu chinozivikanwa kuva nemhedzisiro yakakura pamukana wekutadza. [50].
4. Iyo yakaunganidzwa empirical data ine zvakawanda zvisiri izvo, data rinoshandiswa kubva kuzera rekutanga zvikamu zvine zvisingaite yakakwira yekutadza mwero nekuda kwekukanganisa marekodhi enguva yekushanda, kugadzirisa, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinoderedza kuvimbika kwekuvimbika kwekufanotaura mhedzisiro [51].

Zvose izvi zvinokanganisa zvinoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekutsvaga kunofanira kudziviswa, zvisinei, mukati memiganhu yekubvumirwa kweiyi nzira, nhamba yezvinodiwa zvehutano hwehutano hunofanira kuitwa. Nokudaro, nzira dzekutaura dzinofanira kushandiswa chete kana zvakakodzera, i.e. mumatanho ekutanga ekugadzira [46]. Nehurombo, kunyangwe kushandiswa uku kunofanirwa kusvikwa nekuchenjerera, sezvo mhando dzenzira idzi hadzina kudzokororwa kubvira 1995. Naizvozvo, nzira dzereferenzi dzakasikwa dzakaipa dzinofanotaura nezvekuvimbika kwemuchina uye dzinofanirwa kushandiswa nekuchenjerera.

6. Test data nzira

Nzira dzekuyedza data ndiyo nzira dzakareruka dzekuvimbika dzekufungidzira dziripo. A prototype yeakadhindwa akadhindwa redunhu bhodhi dhizaini inoiswa kune kwezvakatipoteredza vibrations akadhindwa pabhenji rerabhoritari. Zvadaro, maparameter ekuparadza (MTTF, shock spectrum) anoongororwa, zvino izvi zvinoshandiswa kuverenga zviratidzo zvekuvimbika [26]. Iyo yekuyedza data nzira inofanirwa kushandiswa tichifunga zvakanakira nezvayakaipira.
Mukana mukuru wenzira dzekuyedza data ndeyekurongeka kwepamusoro uye kuvimbika kwemhedzisiro, saka kune michina ine njodzi yakanyanya yekutadza, iyo yekupedzisira nhanho yedhizaini inofanirwa kugara ichisanganisira vibration qualification test. Izvo zvisingabatsiri inguva yakareba inodiwa kugadzira, kuisa uye kutakura chidimbu chekuedza, izvo zvinoita kuti nzira yacho isakodzere kugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemidziyo ine mukana mukuru wekutadza. Kune iterative chigadzirwa dhizaini maitiro, inokurumidza nzira inofanirwa kutariswa. Nguva yekuremerwa yemutoro inogona kuderedzwa nekukasira kuyedzwa kana mamodheru akavimbika aripo pakuverengera kunotevera kwehupenyu chaihwo hwebasa [70,71]. Nekudaro, yakakwirisa bvunzo nzira dzakanyanya kukodzera kuenzanisira kutadza kwekupisa pane kutadza kwevibration. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvinotora nguva shoma kuyedza mhedzisiro yekuremerwa kwemafuta pamidziyo pane kuyedza mhedzisiro yevibration mitoro. Mhedzisiro yekudengenyeka inogona kuoneka muchigadzirwa chete mushure menguva refu.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzira dzekuyedza hadziwanzo kushandiswa kutadza kuzunguza kunze kwekunge paine mamiriro ekuwedzera, senge yakaderera voltages inokonzeresa kutadza kwenguva refu. Mienzaniso yenzira dzekuongorora data inogona kuonekwa mumabasa eHart [23], Hin et al. [24], Li [37], Lau et al. [36], Shetty et al. [57], Liguore naFollowell [40], Estes et al. [15], Wang nevamwe. [67], Jih naJung [30]. Maonero akanaka akazara eiyo nzira anopiwa muIEEE [26].

7. Nzira dzekuedza data

Iyo yekuedza data nzira yakavakirwa pakutadza data kubva kune akafanana akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi akaedzwa pasi pemamiriro ekushanda akataurwa. Iyo nzira ndeyechokwadi chete kune akadhindwa edunhu mabhodhi anozosangana nemitoro yakafanana. Nzira yekuedza data ine zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: kuvaka dhatabhesi rekukundikana kwezvikamu zvemagetsi uye kushandisa nzira inobva pane yakarongwa. Kuvaka dhatabhesi rakakodzera, panofanirwa kunge paine data yekutadza yakaunganidzwa kubva kumagadzirirwo akafanana; izvi zvinoreva kuti data pamusoro pekukundikana kwemidziyo yakafanana inofanira kuvapo. Midziyo inokanganisa inofanirwawo kuongororwa uye nhamba dzakaunganidzwa nemazvo, hazvina kukwana kutaura kuti yakapihwa PCB dhizaini yakundikana mushure meimwe nhamba yemaawa, iyo nzvimbo, kutadza maitiro uye chikonzero chekutadza chinofanira kutsanangurwa. Kunze kwekunge zvese zvakambotadza data zvanyatsoongororwa, nguva yakareba yekuunganidza data ichadikanwa isati yashandiswa nzira yedata.

Iyo inogoneka workaround yeichi muganho ndeyekushandisa Yakanyanya Kukurumidza Lifecycle Testing (HALT) nechinangwa chekukurumidza kuvaka dhatabhesi rekukundikana, kunyangwe kuburitsa nemazvo maparamendi ezvakatipoteredza kunonetsa asi kwakakosha [27]. Tsanangudzo yedanho rechipiri rekushandisa nzira yekuyedza data inogona kuverengerwa mu [27], iyo inoratidza mafambiro eMTBF yedhizaini yakarongwa kana dhizaini iri pasi pekuyedzwa inowanikwa nekugadzirisa bhodhi riripo iro rakadzama rekutadza data ravepo. . Zvimwe zviongorudzo zvemaitiro ekuedza data zvinotsanangurwa nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana mu [11,17,20,26].

8. Computer simulation yemamiriro ekukundikana (PoF)

Makombiyuta ekuenzanisa maitiro emamiriro ekukundikana, anonziwo kushushikana uye kukuvadza modhi kana maPoF modhi, anoitwa mune maviri-matanho akavimbika ekufanotaura. Danho rekutanga rinosanganisira kutsvaga mhinduro yebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa kumutoro une simba wakaiswa pairi; padanho rechipiri, mhinduro yemuenzaniso inoverengerwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekupihwa kwekuvimbika chiratidzo. Mazhinji ezvinyorwa anowanzo kupihwa kune ese nzira yekufanotaura mhinduro uye maitiro ekutsvaga maitiro ekukundikana. Idzi nzira mbiri dzinonyatsonzwisiswa kana dzichitsanangurwa dzakazvimirira, saka ongororo iyi ichafunga matanho maviri aya zvakasiyana.

Pakati pematanho ekufanotaura kupindurwa uye kutsvaga maitiro ekukundikana, iyo data yakagadzirwa muchikamu chekutanga uye inoshandiswa mune yechipiri inotamirwa kumuenzaniso. Mhedzisiro yemhinduro yakabva pakushandisa kukurumidza kwekuisa pane chasi [15,36,37,67], kuburikidza nekukasira chaiko kunowanikwa nechikamu kuverengera mhinduro dzakasiyana dzekudengenyeka kweakasiyana PCB marongero [40], uye pakupedzisira kufunga. rwendo rwemunharaunda [62] kana nguva dzekukotama dzemunharaunda [59] dzakasangana nePCB yemunharaunda kune chikamu.

Izvo zvave zvichionekwa kuti kukundikana ibasa rekurongeka kwezvikamu pabhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa [21,38], saka mamodheru anosanganisira mhinduro yekudengenyeka kwenzvimbo inowanzove yakarurama. Sarudzo yekuti ndeipi parameter (kumhanyisa kwenzvimbo, kutsauka kwenzvimbo kana kukotama nguva) ndiyo inotaridza kutadza kunoenderana nenyaya chaiyo.
Kana zvikamu zveSMT zvichishandiswa, kupeta kana kukotama nguva dzinogona kunge dziri zvinhu zvakanyanya kukosha zvekutadza; kune zvinorema zvikamu, kukwidziridzwa kwenzvimbo kunowanzo shandiswa senzira yekutadza. Nehurombo, hapana tsvakiridzo yakaitwa kuratidza kuti ndeupi rudzi rwemaitiro akanyanya kufanira mune yakapihwa seti yekupinza data.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti titarise kukodzera kwechero nzira yePoF inoshandiswa, sezvo isingashande kushandisa chero nzira yePoF, yekuongorora kana FE, isingatsigirwe nedata rebvunzo dzerabhoritari. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kushandisa chero modhi chete mukati mechikamu chekushanda kwayo, izvo zvinosuruvarisa zvinodzikamisa kushanda kweazvino maPoF modhi kuti ashandise mumamiriro chaiwo uye mashoma. Mienzaniso yakanaka yekukurukurirana kwePoF nzira dzinotsanangurwa nevanyori vakasiyana [17,19,26,49].

8.1. Mhinduro Prediction

Kufembera kwemhinduro kunosanganisira kushandisa geometry uye zvinhu zvechimiro chechimiro kuverenga inodiwa mhinduro yakasiyana. Iyi nhanho inotarisirwa kubata chete mhinduro yese yepasi pePCB uye kwete mhinduro yezvikamu zvega. Kune mhando nhatu huru dzemhinduro yekufanotaura nzira: analytical, yakadzama FE modhi uye yakapfava FE modhi, inotsanangurwa pazasi. Iyi nzira dzinotarisa pakubatanidza kuoma uye migumisiro yakawanda yezvikamu zvakawedzerwa, zvisinei zvakakosha kuti urege kurasikirwa nekukosha kwekuenzanisa nenzira yakarurama kuoma kwekutenderera pamucheto wePCB sezvo izvi zvakanyatsoenderana nekuenzanisa kwemuenzaniso (izvi zvinokurukurwa mukati Chikamu 8.1.4). Fig. 1. Muenzaniso wemuenzaniso wakadzama webhodhi rakadhindwa redunhu [53].

8.1.1. Analytical mhinduro kufanotaura

Steinberg [62] inopa iyo yega nzira yekuongorora yekuverenga mhinduro yekudengenyeka kwebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa. Steinberg inotaura kuti amplitude ye oscillation pa resonance ye electronic unit yakaenzana nekaviri paskweya midzi ye resonant frequency; chirevo ichi chakavakirwa pane data risingawanikwe uye haigone kusimbiswa. Izvi zvinobvumira kutsauswa kwesimba paresonance kuti iverengerwe nekuongorora, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuverenga ingave ine simba rekutakura kubva kune inorema chikamu kana kumonereka kweakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi. Iyi nzira haiburitse zvakananga mhinduro yePCB yemunharaunda uye inongoenderana chete nedeflection-based kutadza maitiro anotsanangurwa naSteinberg.

Kutendeseka kwekufungidzira kwekufambiswa kwebasa kugoverwa kunoenderana nekuyerwa kweamplitude hakuna mubvunzo kubva Pitarresi et al.[53] akayera kuderedzwa kwakakomba kwe2% yecomputer mamaboard, nepo kushandisa fungidziro yaSteinberg yaizopa 3,5% (zvichienderana neakajairika frequency 54). Hz), izvo zvaizotungamira kune kudzikisira kukuru kwemhinduro yebhodhi kune vibration.

8.1.2. Yakadzama FE modhi

Vamwe vanyori vanoratidza kushandiswa kwemhando dzakadzama dzeFE kuverengera mhinduro yekudengenyeka kwebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa [30,37,53, 57,58] (Mufananidzo 1-3 unoratidza mienzaniso ine nhanho yakawedzera yeruzivo), zvisinei kushandiswa kweizvi. nzira hazvikurudzirwe kune chigadzirwa chekutengesa (kunze kwekunge kungofanotaura kwakarurama kwemhinduro yemunharaunda hakuna kudikanwa zvachose) sezvo nguva inodiwa kuvaka nekugadzirisa modhi yakadaro yakawandisa. Mamodheru akarerutswa anoburitsa data yechokwadi chakakodzera nekukurumidza uye nemutengo wakaderera. Iyo nguva inodiwa kuvaka nekugadzirisa yakadzama yeFE modhi inogona kuderedzwa nekushandisa iyo JEDEC 4 spring constants yakadhindwa mu [33-35], aya matsimba echitubu anogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yeiyo yakadzama FE modhi yewaya imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera, iyo substructure nzira (dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa seyo superelement nzira) inogona kushandiswa kuderedza nguva yekuverenga inodiwa kugadzirisa tsanangudzo dzakadzama. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzakadzama dzeFE modhi dzinowanzodzima mitsetse pakati pemhinduro yekufanotaura uye maitiro ekukundikana, saka basa rinotaurwa pano rinogonawo kuwira pasi pezvinyorwa zvemabasa ane maitiro ekukundikana.

8.1.3. Distributed FE Models

Yakarerutswa FE modhi inoderedza kugadzirwa kwemhando uye nguva yekugadzirisa. Iyo yakawedzerwa chikamu misa uye kuomarara kwayo kunogona kumiririrwa nekungotevedzera isina chinhu PCB nekuwedzera kuwanda uye kuomarara, uko mhedzisiro yehuremu uye kuomarara kunosanganiswa nekuwedzera munharaunda PCB's Young's modulus.

Fig. 2. Muenzaniso wemuenzaniso wakadzama wechikamu cheQFP uchishandisa symmetry kurerutsa maitiro ekuenzanisira uye kuderedza nguva yekugadzirisa [36]. Fig. 3. Muenzaniso weiyo yakazara FE modhi yeJ-lead [6].

Iko kuomarara kwekusimudzira chinhu kunogona kuverengerwa nekucheka nhengo yakasungirirwa uye kushandisa nzira dzekukotama dzekuyedza [52]. Pitarresi et al. [52,54] yakaongorora mhedzisiro yekurerutsa kwekuwedzera kuwanda uye kuomarara kwakapihwa nezvikamu zvakanamirwa kune yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi.

Pepa rekutanga rinoongorora nyaya imwe chete yeFE modhi yakapfava yebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, rakasimbiswa maererano nedata rekuyedza. Nzvimbo huru yekufarira kweiyi pepa ndeyekutemerwa kwezvinhu zvakagovaniswa, ine caveat kuti kurongeka kwepamusoro kwekuoma kwe torsional kunodiwa kune iyo chaiyo modhi.

Chinyorwa chechipiri chinotarisa maPCB mashanu akasiyana akazadzwa, imwe neimwe yakaenzanisirwa ine akati wandei akasiyana mazinga ekurerutsa kuumbwa kwayo. Iyi modhi inofananidzwa neyekuyedza data. Ichi chinyorwa chinopedzisa nekumwe kurairidza kucherechedzwa kwehukama pakati pekuoma-kuoma reshiyo uye kurongeka kwemuenzaniso. Ose maviri mapepa aya anoshandisa chete mafambiro echisikigo uye MECs (modal assurance criteria) kuona kuwirirana pakati pemhando mbiri idzi. Nehurombo, iko kukanganisa muhuwandu hwechisikigo hakugone kupa chero ruzivo nezve chikanganiso mukukwidziridza kwenzvimbo kana nguva dzekukotama, uye MKO inogona kungopa kuwirirana kwese pakati pemasikirwo maviri echisikigo modhi, asi haigone kushandiswa kuverenga iyo muzana yekukanganisa kwekumhanyisa kana curvature. Kushandisa kusanganiswa kwenhamba yekuongorora uye kuenzanisa kwekombiyuta, Cifuentes [10] anoita zvinotevera zvina zvinotevera.

1. Mamodhi akateedzerwa anofanirwa kunge aine 90% inozunguza mass kuti iongororwe nemazvo.
2. Muzviitiko apo kutsauka kwebhodhi kunofananidzwa nehupamhi hwayo, kuongorora kusina mutsara kunogona kunge kwakakodzera kudarika kuongororwa kwemutsara.
3. Zvikanganiso zvidiki mukuiswa kwechikamu zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa kukuru mukuyerwa kwekupindura.
4. Kurongeka kwechiyero chekupindura kunonyanya kuona kukanganisa muhukuru pane kuoma.

8.1.4. Border mamiriro

Iyo PCB kumucheto kutenderera kuomarara coefficient ine mhedzisiro yakakosha pakurongeka kwemhinduro yakaverengerwa [59], uye zvichienderana nekugadziriswa kwacho kunonyanya kukosha kupfuura iyo yakawedzera chikamu misa uye kuoma. Kutevedzera kuomarara kwemupendero sezero (chaizvoizvo ingori mamiriro anotsigirwa) kazhinji kunoburitsa mhedzisiro, ukuwo modhi yakasungirirwa zvakasimba kazhinji inorerutsa mibairo, sezvo kunyangwe iyo yakaoma PCB yekurovera nzira haigone kuve nechokwadi chekumisikidzwa kwakazara. Barker naChen [5] vanosimbisa dzidziso yekuongorora nemhedzisiro yekuyedza kuratidza kuti kumucheto kutenderera kurongeka kunokanganisa sei frequency yePCB. Kunyanya kuwanikwa kwebasa iri ndiko kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pekuomarara kwekutenderera uye mafambiro echisikigo, zvinoenderana nedzidziso. Izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti zvikanganiso zvakakura mukuenzanisira kwekuomarara kwekutenderera kunotungamira kuzvikanganiso zvakakura mukufembera kwemhinduro. Kunyange zvazvo basa iri raifungidzirwa mune imwe nyaya, rinoshandiswa pakuenzanisa marudzi ose emiganhu yemamiriro ezvinhu. Kushandisa data yekuedza kubva kuLim et al. [41] inopa muenzaniso wekuti kuoma kwekutenderera kwemucheto kunogona kuverengerwa kushandisa FE mumuenzaniso wePCB; izvi zvinowanikwa uchishandisa nzira yakashandurwa kubva kuBarker naChen [5]. Iri basa rinoratidzawo nzira yekuona iyo yakakwana nzvimbo yechero poindi muchimiro kuti uwedzere ma frequency echisikigo. Mabasa anonyatso funga nezve mhedzisiro yekugadzirisa mamiriro emuganho kuderedza vibration mhinduro iripo naGuo naZhao [21]; Aglietti [2]; Aglietti naSchwingshackl [3], Lim et al. [41].

8.1.5. Shock uye vibration kukanganisa kufanotaura

Pitarresi et al. [53-55] shandisa yakadzama FE modhi yePCB kufanotaura kuvhunduka uye kudedera mhinduro yebhodhi ine zvikamu zvinomiririrwa se3D zvidhinha. Aya mamodheru akashandisa kuyedza yakatemerwa nguva dzose damping ratios kuvandudza kufanotaura kwemhinduro pane resonance. Impact response spectrum (SRS) uye nzira dzekutsvaira-nguva dzakafananidzwa kufembera yemhinduro, nemaitiro ese ari maviri ari kutengeserana pakati pechokwadi uye nguva yekugadzirisa.

8.2. Kuramba mitemo

Maitiro ekutadza anotora chiyero chemhinduro yePCB uye kuishandisa kuti iwane metric yekutadza, uko kutadza metric kunogona kunge iri nguva pakati pekutadza (MTBF), kutenderera kusvika kukundikana, mukana wekutadza-kusununguka kushanda, kana chero imwe metric yekuvimbika (ona IEEE [26]; Jensen[28] 47]; O'Connor [XNUMX] yehurukuro yekukundikana metrics). Nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzekugadzira iyi data dzinogona kukamurwa zviri nyore kuita yekuongorora uye empirical nzira. Nzira dzeEmpirical dzinogadzira data rekukundikana nekurodha bvunzo dzemhando dzezvikamu kune inodiwa ine simba. Nehurombo, nekuda kwehupamhi hwedhata rekuisa (mhando dzezvikamu, kukora kwePCB uye mitoro) izvo zvinogoneka mukuita, iyo yakadhindwa data haigone kushanda zvakananga sezvo iyo data ichingoshanda muzviitiko zvakakosha. Nzira dzekuongorora hadzitamburi kubva kune zvipingamupinyi zvakadaro uye dzine yakawanda yakawanda yekushandisa.

8.2.1. Empirical kukundikana maitiro

Sezvambotaurwa, mhedziso yeakawanda empirical modhi ndeyekuti inongoshanda kune zvigadziriso zvinosanganisira yakafanana PCB ukobvu, yakafanana chikamu mhando, uye yekuisa mutoro, izvo zvisingaite. Nekudaro, mabhuku aripo anobatsira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera: inopa yakanaka mienzaniso yekuita bvunzo dzekukundikana, inosimbisa akasiyana sarudzo dzekukundikana metrics, uye inopa ruzivo rwakakosha maererano nemakanika ekutadza. Li [37] akagadzira epirical modhi kufanotaura kuvimbika kwe272-pini BGA uye 160-pini QFP mapakeji. Kuneta kukuvadzwa mumakondakita uye mupakeji muviri kunoongororwa, uye mhedzisiro yekuyedza iri muchibvumirano chakanaka nekushushikana-kwakavakirwa kukuvara kuongororwa kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa yakadzama FE modhi (onawo Li naPoglitsch [38,39]). Maitiro acho anoburitsa kukuvadzwa kunowedzera kune yakapihwa nhanho yekumhanyisa kweiyo vibration yekuisa chiratidzo.
Lau et al. [36] akaongorora kuvimbika kwezvikamu zvakananga pasi pekuvhunduka uye kudengenyeka kwekutakura uchishandisa Weibull statistics. Liguore naFollowell [40] vakaongorora kutadza kweLLC uye J-lead zvikamu nekusiyanisa kukurumidza kwenzvimbo pamasevhisi ese. Kukwirisa kwenzvimbo kunoshandiswa kupesana nekukwidziridzwa kwechassis, uye mhedzisiro yetembiricha pamhedzisiro yebvunzo yakaongororwa. Chinyorwa ichi zvakare chinotaura nezve kutsvagisa mumhedzisiro yePCB ukobvu pane kuvimbika kwechikamu.

Guo naZhao [21] vanoenzanisa kuvimbika kwezvikamu apo torsional curvature yemunharaunda inoshandiswa semutoro, kusiyana nezvidzidzo zvekare zvakashandisa kukurumidza. Kukuvara kwekuneta kunoteedzerwa, ipapo iyo FE modhi inofananidzwa nemhedzisiro yekuedza. Chinyorwa chinokurukura zvakare optimizing chikamu marongerwo ekuvandudza kuvimbika.

Ham naLee vanopa nzira yekuyedza dhata yedambudziko rekuona kutungamira solder kushushikana pasi pe cyclic torsional kurodha. Estes et al. [22] vakafunga nezvekukundikana kwedambudziko regullwing components (GOST IEC 15-61188-5-5) nekushandiswa kwekuwedzera kwekuwedzera uye kupisa kwemafuta. Izvo zvikamu zvakadzidzwa ndeye chip package mhando CQFP 2013, 352, 208, 196 uye 84, pamwe neFP 28 uye 42. Chinyorwa chakazvipira kutadza kwemagetsi zvikamu nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka mukutenderera kwe geostationary Earth satellite, nguva. pakati kukundikana kunopiwa maererano nemakore ekubhururuka pane geostationary kana pasi pasi orbits. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti kutadza kwewaya dzegullwing kunowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinenge dzasangana nemuviri wepasuru pane pajoini rekutengesa.

Jih naJung [30] vanofunga kusakonewa kwemidziyo kunokonzerwa nekuremara kwechisikigo mujoint ye solder. Izvi zvinoitwa nekugadzira yakanyatsotsanangurwa FE modhi yePCB uye nekutsvaga iyo simba spectral density (PSD) yezvakasiyana kugadzira kureba kwekutsemuka. Ligyore, Followell [40] naShetty, Reinikainen [58] vanoratidza kuti nzira dzesimba dzinoburitsa iyo yakanyanya kukona uye inobatsira data yekutadza kune chaiyo yakabatana magadzirirwo echikamu. Idzi mhando dzenzira dzinoshandiswa kana imwe data yekuisa (bhodhi ukobvu, chikamu chechikamu, curvature renji) inogona kuchengetwa nguva dzose mukugadzira, kana mushandisi achikwanisa kuita bvunzo chaidzo dzerudzi urwu.

8.2.2. Chiyero chekutadza kwekuongorora

SMT mhando dzemajoini emakona

Vatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana vachitarisa SMT kona yepini kukundikana inoratidza kuti ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukonzera kukundikana. Mapepa aSidharth naBarker [59] anopedzisa nhevedzano yapfuura yemapepa nekupa modhi yekuona kuomarara kweSMT makona anotungamira uye loop lead yezvikamu. Iyo modhi yakarongwa ine mhosho isingasviki 7% kana ichienzaniswa neyakatsanangurwa FE modhi yezvitanhatu zvakaipisisa-zviitiko. Iyo modhi yakavakirwa pafomula yakamboburitswa naBarker naSidharth [4], uko kutsauka kwechikamu chakasungirirwa pasi penguva yekukotama kwakaenzanisirwa. Bepa rakanyorwa naSukhir [63] rinoongorora zvinonetsa zvinotarisirwa mumapakiti epakeji nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo yekukotama nguva. Barker naSidharth [4] vanovaka pamusoro pebasa raSukhir [63], Barker et al. Pakupedzisira, Barker et al. [4] vakashandisa mienzaniso yeFE yakadzama kudzidza mhedzisiro yekusiyana-siyana kwemutobvu pakurarama kuneta kwekutungamirira.

Zvakakodzera kutaura pano basa reJEDEC rinotungamira chitubu chenguva dzose, icho chakarerutsa zvakanyanya kusikwa kwemhando dzezvikamu zvinotungamira [33-35]. Zvisikwa zvechitubu zvinogona kushandiswa pachinzvimbo cheiyo yakadzama modhi yekubatanidza inotungamira; iyo nguva inodiwa kuvaka uye kugadzirisa iyo FE modhi ichaderedzwa mumuenzaniso. Kushandiswa kwemaitiro akadaro muchikamu cheFE modhi kuchadzivirira kuverengerwa kwakananga kwekunetseka kwekutungamira kwenzvimbo. Pane kudaro, iyo yese yelevel strain ichapihwa, iyo inofanirwa kunge ichienderana neinotungamira inotsikirira yemunharaunda kana kutungamira kutadza maitiro zvichienderana nehupenyu hwechigadzirwa.

Material kuneta data

Yakawanda data pamusoro pekutadza kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kune vatengesi uye zvikamu zvine chekuita nekutadza kwekupisa, uye data shoma iripo ine chekuita nekuneta kutadza. Chirevo chikuru munharaunda iyi chinopihwa naSandor [56], uyo anopa data pamakanika ekuneta uye kutadza kweanotengeswa alloys. Steinberg [62] inofunga nezvekukundikana kwemasampuli ekutengesa. Kuneta data kune akajairwa vatengesi uye waya dziripo mubepa raYamada [69].

Fig. 4. Iyo yakajairika yekutadza chinzvimbo kubva mubhuku reQFP zvikamu zviri padyo nemuviri wepakeji.

Kutadza kwemuenzaniso kwakabatana nekutengesa debonding kunonetsa nekuda kwezvisina kujairika zvechinyorwa ichi. Mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu inoenderana nechikamu chinoda kuongororwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zveQFP mapakeji izvi hazviwanzo kuverengerwa, uye kuvimbika kunoongororwa uchishandisa mabhuku ereferenzi. Asi kana kusungirirwa kwezvikamu zvakakura zveBGA nePGA zvakaverengerwa, zvino kutungamirira kuwirirana, nekuda kwemaitiro avo asina kujairika, kunogona kukanganisa kukanganisa kwechigadzirwa. Saka, kune QFP mapakeji, lead kuneta zvivakwa ndiyo inonyanya kubatsira ruzivo. Kune BGA, ruzivo rwekusimba kwemajoini anotengeswa akaiswa pakarepo epurasitiki deformation inonyanya kubatsira [14]. Kune zvikamu zvakakura, Steinberg [62] inopa solder joint pull-out voltage data.

Heavy Component Kukundikana Models

Iyo chete yekutadza mamodheru iripo kune inorema inounzwa mubepa naSteinberg [62], iyo inoongorora kusimba kwesimba rezvikamu uye inopa muenzaniso wekuverenga iyo yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kushushikana iyo inogona kuiswa kune inotungamira kubatana.

8.3. Mhedziso pamusoro pekushanda kwePoF modhi

Mhedziso dzinotevera dzakaitwa mumabhuku maererano nePoF nzira.

Mhinduro yemunharaunda yakakosha kufanotaura kukanganisa kwechikamu. Sezvakataurwa muLi, Poglitsch [38], zvikamu zviri kumapendero ePCB hazvitani kukundikana pane izvo zviri pakati pePCB nekuda kwekusiyana kwenzvimbo mukukotama. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvikamu munzvimbo dzakasiyana paPCB zvichave neakasiyana mikana yekutadza.

Local board curvature inoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha yekutadza pane kukurumidza kweSMT zvikamu. Mabasa achangoburwa [38,57,62,67] anoratidza kuti bhodhi curvature ndiyo huru yekutadza chiyero.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepakeji, zvose muhuwandu hwepini uye rudzi rwakashandiswa, dzinogara dzakavimbika kupfuura dzimwe, pasinei nenharaunda yenharaunda [15,36,38].
Kupisa kunogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kwezvikamu. Liguore naFollowell [40] vanotaura kuti hupenyu hwekuneta hwakanyanya mukupisa kwekushisa kubva ku0 ◦C kusvika ku65 ◦C, nekuderera kunooneka pakupisa pasi -30 ◦C uye pamusoro pe95 ◦C. Pamusoro pezvikamu zveQFP, nzvimbo iyo tambo inosungirirwa pakiti (ona Fig. 4) inoonekwa seyo inonyanya kukanganisa nzvimbo panzvimbo yejojo ​​ye solder [15,22,38].

Ukobvu hwebhodhi hune chekuita nehupenyu hwekuneta kwezvikamu zveSMT, sezvo hupenyu hwekuneta kweBGA hwakaratidzwa huchidzikira neinenge 30-50 nguva kana ukobvu hwebhodhi huchiwedzerwa kubva pa0,85mm kusvika 1,6mm (uchiri kuchengetedza nguva dzose curvature) [13] . Iko kushanduka (kuteerera) kwechikamu chinotungamira kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kuvimbika kwezvikamu zvinotungamira zvinotenderera [63], zvisinei, uhwu hukama husina mutsara, uye hukama hwepakati hunotungamira husina kuvimbika.

8.4. Software nzira

Iyo Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) paYunivhesiti yeMaryland inopa software yekuverenga kuzunguzika uye kuvhunduka kwemhinduro yemabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa. Iyo software (inonzi CALCE PWA) ine mushandisi interface inorerutsa maitiro ekumhanyisa modhi yeFE uye inoisa otomatiki kuverenga kwemhinduro mumodeli yekuzunguza. Hapana fungidziro dzinoshandiswa kugadzira iyo FE mhinduro modhi, uye nzira yekutadza inoshandiswa inotorwa kubva kuSteinberg [61] (kunyangwe nzira yeBarkers [48] inotarisirwawo kushandiswa). Kupa kurudziro yakajairika yekuvandudza kuvimbika kwemidziyo, iyo yakatsanangurwa software inoita nemazvo, kunyanya sezvo ichifunga panguva imwe chete kushushikana kunokonzerwa nekushisa uye inoda ruzivo rwakanyanya ruzivo, asi huchokwadi hwemaitiro ekukundikana mumamodeli hauna kusimbiswa nekuyedza.

9. Nzira dzekuwedzera kuvimbika kwemidziyo

Ichi chikamu chichakurukura post-project kugadziriswa kunovandudza kuvimbika kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Iwo anowira mumapoka maviri: ayo anoshandura muganhu mamiriro ePCB, uye ayo anowedzera damping.

Chinangwa chikuru chekugadzirisa mamiriro emuganhu ndechekuderedza kutenderera kune simba kwebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa, izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuomesa mbabvu, zvimwe zvinotsigira kana kuderedza kudengenyeka kwepakati pekuisa. Stiffeners inogona kubatsira sezvavanowedzera mafambiro echisikigo, nokudaro vachideredza kutsauka kwesimba [62], zvakafanana zvinoshanda pakuwedzera mamwe matsigiro [3], kunyange nzvimbo yezvitsigiro inogonawo kugadziriswa, sezvinoratidzwa mumabasa eJH Ong uye Lim [ 40]. Nehurombo, mbabvu uye zvitsigiro zvinowanzoda kugadziridzwa patsva kweiyo marongerwo, saka matekiniki aya anonyatso kutariswa pakutanga kwekugadzira kutenderera. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisirwa kunofanira kutorwa kuve nechokwadi kuti zvigadziriso hazvishandure mafambiro echisikigo kuti aenderane neakajairika mafambiro echimiro chekutsigira, sezvo izvi zvingave zvinopesana.

Kuwedzera kusungirira kunonatsiridza kuvimbika kwechigadzirwa nekudzikisira kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo ine simba inoendeswa kumidziyo uye inogona kuwanikwa ingangoita kana nekushingaira.
Nzira dzisina kusimba dzinowanzova nyore uye dzakachipa kuita, dzakadai sekushandiswa kwetambo insulators [66] kana kushandiswa kwepseudoelastic zvimiro zvechimiro memory alloys (SMA) [32]. Nekudaro, zvinozivikanwa kuti zvisizvo zvakagadzirirwa zvitsaura zvinogona kuwedzera mhinduro.
Nzira dzinoshanda dzinopa kunyorovesa kurinani pamusoro peiyo yakafara frequency renji, kazhinji nekudhura kwekureruka uye kuwanda, saka dzinowanzo kuitirwa kuvandudza iko kurongeka kwezviridzwa zvine hunyanzvi pane kudzivirira kukuvara. Active vibration isolation inosanganisira electromagnetic [60] uye piezoelectric nzira [18,43]. Kusiyana nemagadzirirwo emamiriro emuganho, dhizaini inonangana kudzikisa peak resonant mhinduro yemidziyo yemagetsi, nepo chaiwo ma frequency anofanirwa kuchinja zvishoma.

Sezvakaita vibration yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, kunyorovesa kunogona kuwanikwa kungave kusingaite kana kushingaira, neyakafanana dhizaini yekurerutsa mune yekutanga uye yakakura kuoma uye kunyorova mune yekupedzisira.

Nzira dzePassive dzinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, nzira dzakareruka dzakadai sekubatanidza zvinhu, nekudaro kuwedzera kunyorova kwebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa [62]. Dzimwe nzira dzakaoma dzinosanganisira particle damping [68] uye kushandiswa kwebroadband dynamic absorbers [25].

Active vibration control inowanzoitwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepiezoceramic zvinhu zvakasungirirwa pamusoro peiyo yakadhindwa redunhu board [1,45]. Kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuomesa inyaya yakananga uye kunofanirwa kunyatsotariswa maererano nedzimwe nzira. Kushandisa hunyanzvi uhu kumidziyo isingazivikanwe kuti ine nyaya dzekuvimbika hazvizongo wedzera mutengo uye huremu hwekugadzira. Nekudaro, kana chigadzirwa chine dhizaini yakatenderwa chikatadza panguva yekuyedzwa, zvinogona kukurumidza uye nyore kushandisa maitiro ekuomesa pane kugadzira patsva michina.

10. Mikana yekugadzira nzira

Ichi chikamu chinodonongodza mikana yekuvandudza kuvimbika kwekufanotaura kwemidziyo yemagetsi, kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwazvino muoptoelectronics, nanotechnology, uye matekinoroji ekurongedza kungakurumidza kudzikamisa kushanda kwezvikumbiro izvi. Iwo mana makuru akavimbika ekufanotaura nzira dzinogona kunge dzisiri mukushandiswa panguva yekugadzira mudziyo. Chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kuita kuti nzira dzakadai dziwedzere kukwezva kungave kuvandudzwa kweatomatiki yakazara, yakachipa yekugadzira uye yekuyedza matekinoroji, sezvo izvi zvaizoita kuti dhizaini yakarongwa ivakwe uye kuedzwa nekukurumidza kupfuura zvinogoneka ikozvino, nekushomeka kwevanhu.

Iyo PoF nzira ine yakawanda nzvimbo yekuvandudza. Nzvimbo huru iyo inogona kuvandudzwa iri mukubatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekugadzira maitiro. Magadzirirwo emidziyo yemagetsi inzira inodzokorodza iyo inounza mugadziri padhuze nemhedzisiro yakapera chete mukubatana nevainjiniya vane hunyanzvi mumunda wemagetsi, kugadzira uye kupisa kweinjiniya, uye dhizaini yezvimiro. Nzira inogadzirisa otomatiki zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi panguva imwe chete inoderedza kuwanda kwekudzokororwa kwedhizaini uye kuchengetedza yakakosha nguva, kunyanya kana uchifunga nezvehuwandu hwekutaurirana kwepakati. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuvandudza munzira dzePoF dzichakamurwa kuita mhando dzekufungidzira mhinduro uye maitiro ekutadza.

Kufembera kwemhinduro kune nzira mbiri dzinobvira kuenda mberi: ingave inokurumidza, yakadzama modhi, kana yakagadziridzwa, yakapfava. Nekuuya kweanowedzera simba ma processors emakomputa, nguva yemhinduro yemhando dzakadzama dzeFE inogona kupfupika, nepo panguva imwe chete, nekuda kwesoftware yemazuva ano, nguva yekugadzira chigadzirwa inoderedzwa, izvo zvinozodzikisa mutengo wezviwanikwa zvevanhu. Nzira dzakarerutswa dzeFE dzinogonawo kuvandudzwa nemaitiro ekugadzira otomatiki maFE modhi, akafanana neaya akatsanangurwa kune akadzama nzira dzeFE. Automatic software (CALCE PWA) iripo nekuda kweichi chinangwa, asi tekinoroji haina kunyatso kuratidzwa mukuita uye fungidziro yemuenzaniso yakaitwa haizivikanwe.

Kuverenga kwekusavimbika kurimo munzira dzakasiyana dzekurerutsa kwaizobatsira zvakanyanya, zvichibvumira nzira dzinobatsira dzekushivirira mhosva kuti dziitwe.

Chekupedzisira, dhatabhesi kana nzira yekupa yakawedzera kuomarara kune zvakanamirwa zvikamu zvingave zvinobatsira, uko kuomarara uku kunowedzera kunogona kushandiswa kuvandudza huchokwadi hwemhando dzemhinduro. Kusikwa kwechikamu chekutadza maitiro kunoenderana nekusiyana kudiki pakati pezvikamu zvakafanana kubva kune vakasiyana vagadziri, pamwe nekukwanisa kuvandudzwa kwemhando nyowani dzekurongedza, sezvo chero nzira kana dhatabhesi yekuona maitiro ekukundikana inofanirwa kuverengera kusiyanisa kwakadaro uye shanduko.

Imwe mhinduro ingave yekugadzira nzira / software yekuzvivakira otomatiki akadzama maFE modhi zvichibva pane ekuisa paramita senge lead uye kurongedza zviyero. Iyi nzira inogona kuve inogoneka kune zvakajairwa zvakafanana maumbirwo senge SMT kana DIP zvikamu, asi kwete kune zvakaomarara zvisingaite senge ma transformer, chokes, kana tsika zvinhu.

Inotevera FE modhi inogona kugadziriswa kune zvinonetsa uye yakasanganiswa neyekutadza data data (S-N plasticity curve data, fracture mechanics kana zvakafanana) kuverenga hupenyu hwechikamu, kunyangwe data rekutadza kwezvinhu rinofanira kunge riri remhando yepamusoro. Iyo FE maitiro anofanirwa kuwiriraniswa neiyo chaiyo bvunzo data, zviri nani pamusoro pehupamhi hwemhando yezvigadziriso sezvinobvira.

Kuedza kunosanganisirwa mukuita kwakadai kudiki kana zvichienzaniswa neimwe nzira yekuongororwa kwakananga murabhoritari, iyo inofanirwa kuita nhamba yakakosha yebvunzo mukati mekusiyana kwePCB ukobvu, kusimba kwemutoro uye nzira dzekutakura, kunyangwe nemazana emhando dzakasiyana dzezvikamu zviripo kune akawanda. marudzi emapuranga. Panyaya yekuyedza murabhoritari yakapusa, panogona kunge paine nzira yekuvandudza kukosha kwebvunzo yega yega.

Dai pakanga paine nzira yekuverengera kuwedzera kwehukama mukushushikana nekuda kwekuchinja mune zvimwe zvinosiyana, sePCB ukobvu kana hukuru hwekutungamirira, ipapo shanduko yehupenyu hwechikamu inogona kufungidzirwa. Nzira yakadai inogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa FE ongororo kana nzira dzekuongorora, zvinozotungamira kune yakapusa formula yekuverenga yekutadza maitiro kubva kune iripo data yekutadza.

Pakupedzisira, zvinotarisirwa kuti nzira ichasikwa iyo inobatanidza zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa zviripo: FE kuongorora, bvunzo data, analytical ongororo uye nhamba nzira kuumba yakanyatso kukundikana data inobvira pamwe shoma zviwanikwa zviripo. Zvese zvinhu zvega zvePoF nzira inogona kuvandudzwa nekuunza stochastic nzira mukuita kuti vafunge nezve mhedzisiro yekusiyana kwezvinhu zvemagetsi uye matanho ekugadzira. Izvi zvingaita kuti mhedzisiro yacho ive yechokwadi, pamwe zvichitungamira kune nzira yekugadzira michina yakasimba kusiyanisa uku ichideredza kuderedzwa kwechigadzirwa (kusanganisira huremu uye mutengo).

Pakupedzisira, kuvandudzwa kwakadaro kunogona kutobvumira kuongororwa kwechokwadi-nguva yekuvimbika kwemidziyo panguva yekugadzira, nekukasira kuratidza zvakachengeteka chikamu sarudzo, marongero, kana mamwe kurudziro yekuvandudza kuvimbika uchigadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semagetsi kukanganiswa (EMI), zvinopisa uye maindasitiri.

11. Mhedziso

Ongororo iyi inosuma kuomarara kwekufanotaura kuvimbika kwemidziyo yemagetsi, kutsvaga kushanduka kwemhando ina dzenzira dzekuongorora (mabhuku ekutonga, data rekuyedza, data rekuyedza uye PoF), zvichitungamira mukubatanidzwa uye kuenzanisa kwemhando idzi dzenzira. Nzira dzereferensi dzinoonekwa sedzinobatsira chete pazvidzidzo zvekutanga, nzira dzekuedza data dzinobatsira chete kana data rakawanda uye rakarurama renguva iripo, uye nzira dzekuyedza data dzakakosha pakuyedzwa kwedhizaini asi haina kukwana pakugadzirisa.

Nzira dzePoF dzinokurukurwa zvakadzama kupfuura muongororo yezvinyorwa zvekare, kupatsanura tsvakiridzo mumapoka ekufanotaura uye mukana wekutadza. Chikamu "Response Prediction" inoongorora zvinyorwa pamusoro pezvivakwa zvakagoverwa, muganhu wemamiriro ekuenzanisa, uye mazinga eruzivo muFE modhi. Kusarudzwa kwemhinduro yekufanotaura nzira inoratidzwa sekutengeserana pakati pekururama uye nguva yekugadzira nekugadzirisa muenzaniso weFE, zvakare kusimbisa kukosha kwekururama kwemiganhu yemuganhu. Chikamu che "Failure Criteria" chinokurukura empirical uye analytical kutadza maitiro; yeSMT tekinoroji, wongororo yemamodheru uye zvinorema zvinopihwa.
Nzira dzeEmpirical dzinongoshanda kune dzakanyanya nyaya, kunyangwe dzichipa mienzaniso yakanaka yekuvimbika nzira dzekuyedza, nepo nzira dzekuongorora dzine huwandu hwakakura hwekushandisa asi dzakanyanya kuoma kuita. Hurukuro pfupi yemaitiro aripo ekuongorora kutadza kwakavakirwa pane yakasarudzika software inopihwa. Chekupedzisira, zvinorehwa neramangwana rekufembera kwekuvimbika zvinopihwa, tichifunga nezvemafambisirwo ayo nzira dzekufembera dzakavimbika dzinogona kubuda.

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