Muchinyorwa chino, ini ndinokurudzira kutora rwendo mune sociobiology uye kutaura nezve evolutionary mavambo ekuzvipira, kusarudzwa kwehama uye hutsinye. Tichazoongorora muchidimbu (asi nemareferensi) mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvemagariro uye neuroimaging zvinoratidza kuti kuziva hama muvanhu kunogona kukanganisa sei hunhu hwepabonde uye kukurudzira kubatana, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuziva nhengo yeboka rekunze kunogona kuwedzera kuratidzwa. kutya uye kuita hasha. Zvino ngatirangarirei mienzaniso yenhoroondo yekunyengedza nzira idzi uye kubata pamusoro penyaya yekubvisa hunhu. Chekupedzisira, ngatitaure nezve nei kutsvagisa munzvimbo iyi kwakakosha zvakanyanya kune ramangwana revanhu.
Zviri Mukati:
1.Amoebae-magamba nenyuchi-vanozvipira - mienzaniso yealtruism mune zvakasikwa.
2. Kuzvipira nekuverenga - dzidziso yekusarudzwa kwehama uye kutonga kwaHamilton.
3.Mukoma rudo uye kusemesa - Michato yeTaiwanese uye yechiJudha kibbutzim.
4.Amygdala yekusawirirana - neuroimaging yekusarura kwemarudzi.
5. Fake relationship - kubatana chaiko - Mamongi eTibetan uye vashandi vanotama.
6. Vanhu. Dehumanization - propaganda, tsitsi uye utsinye.
7.Chii chinotevera? - mukupedzisa, nei izvi zvese zvakakosha.
Izwi rekutihanzvadzi konama" muchiRussia chinoshandiswa kwete chete kureva hama dzekubereka asiwo kuratidza nhengo dzeboka dzine hukama hwepedyo hwehukama. Saka izwi rimwechete midzi "hanzvadzi konamastvo" inoreva nharaunda yevanhu vane zvido zvakafanana, maonero uye zvavanotenda [1] [2], chirungu chakaenzana chehukama hweRussia "hanzvadzi konamanjukura" inewo mudzi unofanana neshoko rekuti "hanzvadzi konama"- hama [3] yakafanana muFrench, hama - "gamefrérie", Hanzvadzi konama - "mukoma", uye kunyange muchiIndonesian,"pasaudaraan"-"saudara" Izvi zvingaratidza here kuti chiitiko chenzanga chakadai se“hama” chine mavambo akananga oupenyu? Ini ndinofunga kuzama zvakadzama mumusoro wenyaya uye kuona kuti nzira yekushanduka-shanduka yebiology inogona kupa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezviitiko zvemagariro.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Magamba eAmoeba nenyuchi dzinozvipira
Hukama hweukama hunowanzoreva kukwidziridza mwero wekuzvipira. Kuda vamwe, sekuzvipira uye kuda kurega zvido zvako kuti zvibatsire vamwe, uhwu zvechokwadi ndehumwe unhu hwakatanhamara hwevanhu here, kana kuti kwete chete hwevanhu?
Sezvazvakazoitika, mhuka dzinokwanisawo kuratidza kuzvipira, kusanganisira zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinogara mumakoloni[4]. Dzimwe tsoko dzinozivisa hama dzadzo chiratidzo chokunyevera padzinoona zvikara, nokudaro dzichizvipinza mungozi. Mumikoko yenyuchi mune vanhu vasingazvibereke, asi vanongotarisira vana vevamwe hupenyu hwavo hwese [5] [6], uye amoebas emhando yeDictyostelium discoideum, kana mamiriro asina kunaka ekoroni aitika, vanozvipira, vachigadzira dzinde iro hama dzavo dzinosimuka pamusoro pepamusoro uye dzinowana mukana wekutakurwa nenzira yespores kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yakanaka [7].
Mienzaniso yekuzvipira munyika yemhuka. Kuruboshwe: Muviri une zvibereko uri munyoro weDictyostelium discoideum (mufananidzo naOwen Gilbert). Pakati: Myrmica scabrinodis ant brood (mufananidzo naDavid Nash). Kurudyi: Mazamu ane miswe mirefu achichengeta vana vavo (mufananidzo naAndrew MacColl). Kwakabva:[6]
[4]
[5]
[6] (06)01695-2
[7]
Kuzvipira nekuverenga
Zvakanaka, primates, asi kuzvipira muzvipembenene uye zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe chete? Pane chakaipa apa! - mumwe weDarwin kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura aizodanidzira. Mushure mezvose, nekuisa pangozi nekuda kweumwe, munhu anoderedza mukana wake wekubereka vana uye, achitevera dzidziso yekare yekusarudza, maitiro akadaro haafaniri kusarudzwa.
Zvese izvi zvakaita kuti vatevedzeri veDarwinan kusarudzwa kwechisikigo vatye zvakanyanya, kusvika, muna 1932, John Haldane, nyeredzi iri kusimukira yeevolutionary biology, akaona kuti kuzvipira kunogona kusimbiswa kana kwakanangidzirwa kuhama, uye akagadzira musimboti uyu, wakazova nechirevo chekubata. [8]:
"Ndaizopa hupenyu hwangu kune vanun'una vaviri kana vanun'una vasere."
Tichifunga kuti vana vemumba vakafanana ne50%, nepo vazukuru vachingova 12,5%. Nokudaro, nekuda kwebasa raHaldane, nheyo ye "synthetic theory of evolution" itsva yakatanga kuiswa, iyo huru iyo yakanga isisiri munhu, asi majini uye vanhu.
Chokwadi, kana chinangwa chekupedzisira chechipenyu chiri kuparadzira majini acho, saka zvine musoro kuwedzera mikana yekubereka kune avo vane mamwe majini akafanana newe. Kubva pane idzi data uye nekufemerwa nenhamba, William Hamilton, muna 1964, akagadzira mutemo wakazonzi Hamilton's rule [9], iyo inotaura kuti kusazvibata pakati pevanhu kunogoneka chete kana reshiyo yemajini avo akajairwa ichiwanda nekuwedzera kwemukana. of gene transmission , kune munhu anotungamirirwa kune altruism, pachava nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwengozi yekusapfuudza majini avo kune munhu anoita chiito chekuzvipira, icho nenzira yakapfava inogona kunyorwa se:
Kupi:
r (relatedness) - chikamu chemajini akajairika pakati pevanhu, semuenzaniso. kuhama ½,
B (benefit) - kuwedzera kwemukana wekubereka kwemunhu wechipiri munyaya yekuzvipira kwekutanga,
C (mutengo) - kuderera kwemukana wekuberekazve kwemunhu ari kuita chiito chekusazvipira.
Uye iyi modhi yakaramba ichiwana simbiso mune zvakaonekwa [10] [11]. Semuenzaniso, muongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu kubva kuCanada[12], kwemakore 19 vakaronda tsindi dzvuku (vanhu vanosvika 54,785 mumarita 2,230), uye vakanyora zviitiko zvese apo tsindi dzaiyamwisa vana vadzo dzakatora tsindi vanaamai. akanga afa.
Tsigi dzvuku hadzi inogadzirira kufambisa mwana wayo pakati pematendere. Kunobva [12]
Panyaya imwe neimwe, dhigirii rehukama uye njodzi yevana vesquirrels pachayo yakaverengerwa, zvino nekunyora tafura ine data idzi, masayendisiti akawana kuti kutonga kwaHamilton kwakaonekwa kwakarurama kusvika kunzvimbo yechitatu yedesimali.
Mitsetse A1 kusvika kuA5 inoenderana nenyaya apo tsindi dzechikadzi dzakatora vana vevamwe vanhu; mitsara NA1 neNA2 inoenderana nezviitiko apo kurerwa kusati kwaitika; koramu "Kusanganisira kusimba kwekutora mwana mudiki" inoratidza kuverenga uchishandisa fomula yaHamilton yenyaya yega yega. Kunobva [12]
[8]
[9]http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/1964/hamilton1964a.pdf
[10]
[11]
[12]
Sezvauri kuona, kucherechedzwa kwehama chinhu chakakosha chekusarudza uye izvi zvinosimbiswa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekuzivikanwa kwakadaro, nekuti kunzwisisa waune mamwe majeni akajairika kunokosha kwete chete kuti uone kuti ndiani. kunobatsira zvikuru kuratidza kusava nehanya, asiwo kudzivirira kusangana pabonde nevanhu vane hukama hwepedyo (kuunza), nekuti mwana anowanikwa nekuda kwekubatana kwakadaro haana simba. Semuenzaniso, zvakasimbiswa kuti mhuka dzinogona kuziva hama nekunhuhwirira [13], nerubatsiro rwehukuru histocompatibility complex [14], shiri nekuimba [15], uye primates, vachishandisa chimiro chechiso, vanogona kunyange kuziva avo avo. hama dzavasina kumboonana nadzo.vasina kumboonana[16].
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Kudanana kwehama nekusema
Kune vanhu, zvinhu zvichiri kunakidza uye zvakaoma. Boka rekutsvagisa kubva kuSchool of Psychology paYunivhesiti yeAberdeen rakaburitsa zvinofadza muna 2010[17] zvekuti vakadzi 156 vane makore 17 kusvika 35 vakayera sei mafoto ezviso zvevarume vakasiyana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune akajairwa mapikicha evanhu vasina kurongeka, masayendisiti akasanganisa muchivande mifananidzo yezviso yakasikwa kubva pamifananidzo yezvidzidzo ivo pachavo, nenzira yekunge ihama, ndiko kuti, ine 50% mutsauko.
Mienzaniso yekugadzira zviso zvakangofanana kubva mukutsvagisa. Musiyano we50% pachiso chekugadzira wakashandiswa sekunge yaive hama yemukuru wenyaya [17].
Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi yakaratidza kuti vakadzi vainyanya kuverengera zviso zvakangofanana sevanhu vanovimbika, asi panguva imwe chete sevasina kukwezva pabonde. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vakadzi vaya vaiva nehanzvadzi kana hanzvadzi chaidzo vakanga vasinganyanyi kukwezvwa nezviso zvakafanana. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti maonero ehukama muvanhu, pamwe chete nemhuka, anogona, kune rumwe rutivi, kukurudzira kubatana uye panguva imwe chete achibatsira kudzivisa kuberekesana.
Pane zvakare humbowo hwekuti vasiri vehukama vanogona kutanga kuonana sehukama mune mamwe mamiriro. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu wekuFinnish Westermarck, achidzidza nezvekuita zvepabonde kwevanhu, akataura kuti nzira yekusarudza hama inogona kushanda pamusimboti wekudhinda. Kureva kuti, vanhu vachaonana sehama uye vachasemeswa nepfungwa yokuita bonde pamwe chete, kunze kwekunge panguva dzekutanga dzehupenyu vaive nehukama hwepedyo kwenguva yakareba, semuenzaniso, vakarerwa pamwe chete [18]. 19].
Ngatipei mienzaniso inokatyamadza yecherechedzo inopupurira kutsigira imprinting hypothesis. Nokudaro, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 muIsrael, kibbutzim - nharaunda dzekurima dzinosvika mazana emazana evanhu - dzakatanga kuwana mukurumbira, uye pamwe chete nekuramba pfuma yega uye kuenzana kwekushandisa, vana munharaunda dzakadaro vakarerwawo pamwe chete kubva pakuzvarwa. , izvo zvaibvumira vanhu vakuru kuti vapedze nguva yakawanda yekushanda. Nhamba dzemichato dzinopfuura 2700 6 dzevanhu vakakurira mu<em>kibbutzim dzakadaro dzakaratidza kuti pakanga pasina michato pakati pevaya vakarerwa muboka rimwe chetero mumakore matanhatu okutanga oupenyu[20].
Boka revana paKibbutz Gan Shmuel, munenge muna 1935-40. Source
Mienzaniso yakafanana yakaonekwa muTaiwan, uko kusvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura kwakanga kune tsika yeroorano yeSim-pua (yakashandurwa se“mwenga mudiki”), apo mwenga akagamuchirwa pazera ramakore 4 nemhuri yechikomba chichangobva kuberekwa, pashure pacho mwenga wacho akagamuchirwa pazera ramakore mana. vachazoroorana vakarerwa pamwe chete. Nhamba dzemichato yakadaro dzakaratidza kuti kusavimbika kwaive ne20% mukana wakawanda mavari, kurambana kwakapetwa katatu, uye michato yakadaro yakaverengera chikamu chevana vashoma vakazvarwa [21].
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20] Makunakuna. A biosocial maonero. NaJ. Shepher. New York: Academic Press. 1983.
[21]
Tonsil yekusawirirana
Zvingave zvine musoro kufunga kukosha kwekushanduka kwemaitiro ekuziva kwete "isu" chete asiwo "vatorwa". Uye sezvinongoita tsanangudzo yehama inobata basa rinokosha mukubatana uye kuzvipira, saka tsanangudzo yemutorwa inoita basa rinokosha mukutaura kwekutya uye utsinye. Uye kuti tinzwisise zvirinani maitiro aya, isu tichafanirwa kunyura zvishoma munyika inonakidza yekutsvakurudza neuropsychological.
Uropi hwedu hune zviduku asi zvakakosha zvikuru zvakabatanidzwa, iyo amygdala, iyo inobata basa rinokosha mumanzwiro, kunyanya akaipa, kuyeuka zviitiko zvepfungwa uye kukonzera maitiro ane utsinye.
Nzvimbo yematoni muuropi, yakasimbiswa muyero, kunobva
Chiitiko cheAmygdala chakakwirira pakuita sarudzo dzemanzwiro uye kuita mumamiriro ekudzvinyirira. Kana yaitwa, iyo amygdala inodzvinyirira chiitiko che prefrontal cortex [22], nzvimbo yedu yekuronga uye kuzvidzora. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti vanhu vane prefrontal cortex vari nani kukwanisa kudzvinyirira basa reamygdala vangave vasina kunyanya kunetseka nekushungurudzika uye mushure mekutambudzika kwepfungwa [23].
Kuedza kwe2017 nekutora chikamu kwevanhu vakaita mhosva dzechisimba kwakaratidza kuti mukutamba mutambo wakanyatsogadzirirwa, muvanhu vakaita mhosva dzechisimba, kudenha kweanopikisa mumutambo kazhinji kwakakonzera mhinduro yehasha, uye panguva imwe chete. nguva, chiitiko cheamygdala yavo, yakanyorwa vachishandisa fMRI mudziyo, yakanga yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yeboka rinodzora [24].
"Amygdala reactivity" - zviratidzo zvechiratidzo zvakatorwa kubva kuruboshwe uye kurudyi amygdala yezvidzidzo. Vapari vechisimba (madotsi matsvuku) vanoratidza yakakwirira amygdala reactivity kusvika pakudenha (P = 0,02).[24]
Chidzidzo chezvino chakawana kuti chiitiko cheamygdala chakawedzerwa pakuona mafoto ezviso zverumwe rudzi uye zvine chekuita nekuita paImplicit Association Test, chiyero cherusaruraganda [25]. Kumwe kuongorora kwemusoro wenyaya iyi kwakaratidza kuti activation mhedzisiro pazviso zveimwe nhangemutange yakakwidziridzwa apo mufananidzo wakaunzwa mune subthreshold modhi yeanenge 30 milliseconds. Ndiko kuti, kunyange kana munhu akanga asina nguva yekuziva kuti chii chaizvo chaakaona, amygdala yake yakanga yatoratidza njodzi [26].
Mhedzisiro yakapesana yakaonekwa mune zviitiko apo, kunze kwemufananidzo wechiso chemunhu, ruzivo nezveunhu hwake hwemunhu hwakaratidzwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakaisa zvidzidzo mumuchina wefMRI uye vakatarisa kushanda kwezvikamu zveuropi pavanenge vachiita marudzi maviri emabasa. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzwa nekukurudzira kwekuona nenzira yezviso zveEurope neAfrica uye zvakafanira kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro pemunhu uyu. , somuenzaniso, angava ane ushamwari, ane usimbe kana kuti asingakanganwiri . Panguva imwecheteyo, pamwe chete nemufananidzo, ruzivo rwakawedzerwa rwakapiwawo, munyaya yekutanga isingabatanidzi nekuzivikanwa kwemunhu, uye yechipiri, mamwe mashoko pamusoro pemunhu uyu, somuenzaniso, kuti anorima miriwo mubindu kana kukanganwa. mbatya mumuchina wekuwachira.
Mienzaniso yematambudziko akagadziriswa nevatori vechikamu. Mukufamba kwe3 s, vatori vechikamu vakaita mutongo wekuti "hongu" kana "kwete" zvichienderana nemufananidzo wechiso chemunhu (Murume Muchena kana Mutema) uye chikamu cheruzivo pazasi pemufananidzo. Panyaya yekutonga "kwepamusoro", zvikamu zvemashoko zvaisaita munhu. Mumuenzaniso wekutonga kwe "pachako", ruzivo rwakagadzirwa nemunhu uye rwakatsanangura zvakasiyana-siyana zvivakwa uye hunhu hwechinangwa. Nenzira iyi, vatori vechikamu vakapihwa mukana wekuita ivo pachavo mufananidzo wechiso kana kwete. Kunobva [27]
Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza basa guru muamygdala panguva yekupindura pazvaifanira kuita kutonga kwepamusoro, ndiko kuti, apo ruzivo rusina hukama nemunhu rwakaratidzwa. Munguva yekutonga kwemunhu, basa reamygdala raive rakaderera uye panguva imwechete nzvimbo dzecerebral cortex inotarisirwa kuenzanisira hunhu hweumwe munhu dzakaitwa [27].
Pamusoro (B) Avhareji kukosha kweamygdala chiitiko: iyo yebhuruu bara inoenderana nepamusoro-soro kutonga, iyo yepepuru bar kune yega. Pazasi pane dhayagiramu yezviitwa zvehuropi nzvimbo dzakabatana nehunhu hwekuenzanisira paunenge uchiita mabasa akafanana [27].
Sezvineiwo, kuita kwakarerekera kune ruvara rweganda hakusi kwekuzvarwa uye zvinoenderana nemhoteredzo yemagariro uye mhoteredzo umo hunhu hwakaumbwa. Uye humbowo hunotsigira izvi hwakapihwa neongororo yakaedza amygdala activation kumifananidzo yezviso zverudzi rwakasiyana muvana makumi matatu nevaviri vane makore mana kusvika gumi nematanhatu. Zvakazoitika kuti amygdala yevana haishande kune imwe nhangemutange kusvika pakuyaruka, nepo activation yeamygdala kune zviso zverimwe dzinza yaive isina simba kana mwana akakurira munzvimbo ine marudzi akasiyana [32].
Amygdala chiitiko kune zviso zvemamwe marudzi sebasa rezera. Kunobva: [28]
Kana tikapfupikisa zvese zviri pamusoro, zvinozoitika kuti uropi hwedu, huchiumbwa pasi pesimba reruzivo rwehudiki uye nharaunda, hunogona kudzidza kuziva zviratidzo "zvine ngozi" muchitarisiko chevanhu uye zvichizokanganisa maonero edu nemaitiro. Saka, yakaumbwa munzvimbo umo vanhu vatema vanoonekwa sevatorwa vane njodzi, amygdala yako inotumira chiratidzo chearamu pakuona kwemunhu ane ganda dema, kunyangwe usati wawana nguva yekuongorora zvine musoro mamiriro uye kuita mitongo pamusoro pemunhu. hunhu hwemunhu uyu, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda, semuenzaniso, kana iwe uchida kuita sarudzo nekukurumidza kana pasina imwe data, izvi zvinogona kuve zvakakosha.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563325/
[27]
[28]
Hukama hwemanyepo - kubatana chaiko
Saka, kune rumwe rutivi, isu (vanhu) tine nzira dzekuziva hama, izvo zvinogona kudzidziswa kukonzeresa kune vanhu kunze kwehama, kune rumwe rutivi, kune nzira dzekuziva zviratidzo zvine ngozi zvemunhu zvinogona zvakare kugadziriswa mu nhungamiro yakarurama uye, sekutonga, zvinowanzokonzera vamiririri vekunze mapoka evanhu. Uye mabhenefiti apa ari pachena: nharaunda dzine kudyidzana kwepamusoro pakati penhengo dzadzo dzine zvakanakira pane dzakapatsanuka, uye kuwedzera kwehutsinye kumapoka ekunze kunogona kubatsira mumakwikwi ezviwanikwa.
Kuwedzera kubatana uye kusada vamwe mukati meboka kunogoneka kana nhengo dzaro dzichionana sevanhu vane hukama kupfuura zvavari chaizvo. Sezviri pachena, kunyangwe sumo yakapfava yekutaura nenhengo dzenharaunda se "hama nehanzvadzi" inogona kugadzira mhedzisiro yehukama hwemanyepo - ruzhinji rwezvitendero nemapoka anogona kushanda semuenzaniso weizvi.
Mamongi eimwe yemamongi makuru eTibetan, Rato Dratsang. Kwakabva:
Mhosva dzekuumbwa kwehukama hwemhuri dzemanyepo dzinotsanangurwawo sechigadziriso chinobatsira mukati memapoka emadzinza evanotama vanoshanda mumaresitorendi eKorea [29], saka boka rebasa, richiva mhuri yemanyepo, rinowana zvikomborero nenzira yekuwedzera kubatsirana. uye kubatana.
Uye hazvishamisi kuti iyi ndiyo chaizvo iyo Stalin akataura nevagari veUSSR mukutaura kwake musi waJuly 3, 1941, "hama nehanzvadzi," achidana kuti vaende kuhondo kurwisana nemauto eGermany [30].
[29]https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1466138109347000 [30]https://topwar.ru/143885-bratya-i-sestry-obraschenie-iosifa-stalina-k-sovetskomu-narodu-3-iyulya-1941-goda.html
Hutsinye husina munhu
Nharaunda dzevanhu dzinosiyaniswa kubva kumhuka uye dzimwe primates nemafungiro makuru ekubatana, zviito zvekuzvipira uye tsitsi [31], izvo zvinogona kushanda sechipingamupinyi kune utsinye. Kubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvakadaro zvinogona kuwedzera hunhu hwehasha; imwe yenzira dzekubvisa zvipingamupinyi inogona kuve yekubvisa hunhu, nekuti kana munhu akabatwa akasaonekwa semunhu, ipapo kunzwira tsitsi hakuzomuki.
Neuroimaging inoratidza kuti kana uchiona mapikicha evamiriri ve "akanyanya" mapoka emagariro evanhu, sevanhu vasina pekugara kana vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, nzvimbo dziri muuropi dzinoita zvekuona magariro hadzishandiswe [32], uye izvi zvinogona kugadzira denderedzwa rakashata kuvanhu vane vakawira pasi pe "social bottom" nokuti pavanonyanya kuwa, vanhu vashoma vanozoda kuvabatsira.
Boka rekutsvagisa rakabva kuStanford rakaburitsa bepa muna 2017 richiratidza kuti kusazvibata munhu akabatwa kwakawedzera hukasha mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kupihwa rubatsiro, semubairo wemari, kwaitsamira pazviri. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, apo hutsinye hwakaitwa maererano netsika dzetsika, somuenzaniso, sechirango chekupara mhosva, kutsanangura unhu hwemunhu anenge abatwa kunogona kuwedzera kubvumirwa kwechisimba [33].
Avhareji yekuda kwezvidzidzo kukuvadza munhu zvichienderana nevavariro, kuruboshwe, vavariro yetsika kurudyi kuwana bhenefiti. Mabhawa matema anowirirana netsanangudzo isina hunhu yemunhu akabatwa, grey mbariro dzinoenderana nerondedzero yemunhu.
Kune mienzaniso yakawanda yenhoroondo yekubvisa hunhu. Kunenge kurwa kwese kwezvombo hakuna kukwana pasina propaganda uchishandisa iyi nzira yekare; mienzaniso yekuparadzira kwakadaro kubva kutanga kwepakati pezana ramakore rechi20, yakagadzirwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika uye Hondo Yenyika II muRussia, inogona kutaurwa. Pane chimiro chakajeka chekugadzira chifananidzo chemuvengi ane zviratidzo zvemhuka ine ngozi, ine nzwara uye inopinza mazino, kana kuenzanisa zvakananga nemhuka dzinokonzera ruvengo, senge dandemutande, iro, kune rumwe rutivi, rinofanira kururamisa kushandiswa kwechisimba, uye kune rumwe rutivi, kuderedza mwero wekunzwira tsitsi kweanoshungurudza.
Mienzaniso yeSoviet propaganda posters ine dehumanization maitiro. Kwakabva:
[31]
[32]
[33] https://www.pnas.org/content/114/32/8511
Chii chinotevera?
Vanhu imhuka yakanyanyisa kugarisana, ichiita kudyidzana kwakaoma mukati nepakati pemapoka. Tine mwero wepamusoro wetsitsi uye kusada vamwe uye tinogona kudzidza kuona vatorwa sehama dzepedyo uye kunzwira tsitsi nekusuwa kwevamwe sekunge ndekwedu.
Kune rimwe divi, isu tinokwanisa kuita hutsinye hwakanyanya, kuuraya vanhu vazhinji uye kuuraya rudzi, uye isu tinogona kungodzidza nyore kuona hama dzedu semhuka dzine njodzi uye kudziparadza pasina kusangana nekupokana kwetsika.
Kuenzanisa pakati pezviviri izvi zvakanyanyisa, budiriro yedu yakapfuura kamwechete yakasangana nemazuva ese uye nguva dzerima, uye nekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, tasvika pedyo kupfuura nakare kose kumucheto kwekuparadzana kwakazara.
Uye kunyangwe njodzi iyi ikozvino yave kunzwisiswa semazuva ese kupfuura pakukwirira kwekupokana pakati pemasimba makuru eUSA neUSSR, njodzi pachayo ichiri yechokwadi, sekusimbiswa nekuongororwa kweDoomsday Clock chirongwa, mukati umo masayendisiti anotungamira pasirese. ongorora mukana wenjodzi yepasi rose mufomati yenguva pamberi pehusiku. Uye kubvira 1991, wachi yave kuswedera pedyo nechiratidzo chinouraya, ichisvika pakakwirira muna 2018 uye ichiri kuratidza "maminitsi maviri kusvika pakati peusiku" [34].
[34]
Oscillations yeminiti ruoko rweDoomsday Clock chirongwa semhedzisiro yezviitiko zvakasiyana zvenhoroondo, zvimwe nezve izvo zvinogona kuverengerwa pa Wikipedia peji:
Kubudirira kwesainzi uye tekinoroji kunounza matambudziko, nzira yekubuda nayo inoda ruzivo rutsva uye matekinoroji, uye zvinoita sekunge isu hatina imwe nzira yebudiriro kunze kwenzira yeruzivo. Isu tinorarama munguva dzinonakidza padanho rebudiriro mutekinoroji senge quantum makomputa, fusion simba uye hungwaru hwekugadzira - matekinoroji anogona kuendesa vanhu kune imwe nhanho nyowani, uye matorero atinoita mikana mitsva iyi ichave yakakosha.
Uye muchiedza ichi, zvakaoma kuwedzeredza kukosha kwekutsvagisa kune chimiro chehasha nekushandira pamwe, nekuti vanogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha mukuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo ine hunyanzvi hweramangwana revanhu - tingadzivisa sei hukasha hwedu uye kudzidza. kushandira pamwe pasi rose kuwedzera pfungwa "zvangu" kuruzhinji rwevanhu, uye kwete zveboka rega rega.
Спасибо за внимание!
Kuongorora uku kwakanyorwa pasi pekufungidzira uye kunyanya kushandisa zvinyorwa kubva muhurukuro "Biology of Human Behavior" neAmerican neuroendocrinologist, Purofesa Robert Sapolsky, iyo yaakapa kuStanford University mu2010. Iyo yakazara kosi yehurukuro yakashandurirwa muchiRussia neVert Dider chirongwa uye inowanikwa muboka ravo paYouTube chiteshi. .
Uye kuti unyudzwe zvirinani mumusoro, ini ndinokurudzira kuti uverenge rondedzero yemareferensi ekosi iyi, mune zvese zviri nyore kurongeka nemusoro: docs.google.com/document/d/1LW9CCHIlOGfZyIpowCvGD-lIfMFm7QkIuwqpKuSemCc
Source: www.habr.com