Taura izvo mazwi asingagoni kuburitsa; kunzwa manzwiro akasiyana-siyana akapindirana mudutu remanzwiro; kuti abve panyika, denga uye kunyange Chadenga pachacho, achifamba rwendo pasina mepu, pasina migwagwa, kana zviratidzo; tanga, taura uye uwane nyaya yese inogara yakasarudzika uye isingaenzaniswi. Zvose izvi zvinogona kuitwa nemimhanzi - unyanzvi hwave huripo kwezviuru zvemakore uye hunofadza nzeve dzedu nemoyo.
Nekudaro, mimhanzi, kana kuti mabasa emumhanzi, inogona kushanda kwete chete yekunakidzwa kwekunakidzwa, asiwo yekufambisa yeruzivo yakavharidzirwa mavari, yakagadzirirwa chimwe chishandiso uye chisingaoneki kune anoteerera. Nhasi tichajairana nechidzidzo chisina kujairika umo vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza kubva kuETH Zurich vakakwanisa, vasingacherechedzwe nenzeve yemunhu, kuunza imwe data mumabasa emimhanzi, nekuda kwekuti mimhanzi pachayo inova nzira yekufambisa data. Vakanyatsoita sei tekinoroji yavo, nziyo dzine uye dzisina data rakamisikidzwa rakasiyana zvakanyanya, uye bvunzo dzinoshanda dzakaratidzei? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yevatsvakurudzi. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Vatsvagiri vanodaidza tekinoroji yavo acoustic data transmission tekinoroji. Kana mukurukuri achiridza rwiyo rwakagadziridzwa, munhu anozviona sechinhu chakajairika, asi, semuenzaniso, smartphone inogona kuverenga encoded ruzivo pakati pemitsara, kana kuti pakati pezvinyorwa, sekutaura. Masayendisiti (iyo yekuti vakomana ava vachiri vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza haivadzivise kuti vave masayendisiti) dana kukurumidza uye kuvimbika kwekutapurirana uku uchichengetedza nhanho yeaya ma parameter, zvisinei nefaira redhiyo rakasarudzwa, sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha mukushandiswa kwe. iyi nzira yekuendesa data. Psychoacoustics, iyo inodzidza zvepfungwa uye zvemuviri zvemanzwisisiro emunhu manzwi, inobatsira kubata nebasa iri.
Iyo yakakosha yeacoustic data transmission inogona kudaidzwa kuti OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), iyo, pamwe chete nekuchinjirwa kwevatakuri kune sosi mimhanzi nekufamba kwenguva, yakaita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa zvakanyanya iyo inofambiswa frequency spectrum yekufambisa ruzivo. Nekuda kweizvi, zvaive zvichikwanisika kuwana kukurumidza kwekutapurirana kwe412 bps pamusoro pechinhambwe chinosvika makumi maviri nemana metres (yerror rate <24%). Nzvero dzinoshanda dzinobatanidza vazvipiri 10 dzakasimbisa idi rokuti kunodokuva kusingabviri kunzwa musiyano uri pakati pemutinhimira wapakuvamba neuyo umo mashoko acho akabatanidzwa.
Iyi tekinoroji inogona kushandiswa kupi mukuita? Vatsvakurudzi vane mhinduro yavo pachavo: dzinenge dzose dzemazuva ano smartphones, laptops uye zvimwe zvigadziridzo zvemaoko zvine maikorofoni, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzevanhu (makofi, maresitorendi, nzvimbo dzekutengesa, nezvimwewo) dzine vatauri vane mimhanzi yepashure. Iyi rwiyo rwekumashure runogona, semuenzaniso, kusanganisira data rekubatanidza kune network yeWi-Fi pasina kudiwa kwezvimwe zviito.
Izvo zvakajairwa zveacoustic data kutapurirana zvave pachena kwatiri; ikozvino ngatienderere mberi kuongororo yakadzama yechimiro chegadziriro ino.
Tsanangudzo Yehurongwa
Kuunzwa kwedata murwiyo kunoitika nekuda kwema frequency masking. Nekufamba kwenguva, masking frequency anoonekwa uye OFDM subcarriers padyo neaya masiki zvinhu anozadzwa nedata.
Mufananidzo #1: Kushandura iyo yekutanga faira kuita chiratidzo chinoumbwa (melody + data) inofambiswa kuburikidza nevatauri.
Kutanga, chiratidzo chekutanga chekuteerera chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinotevedzana zvekuongorora. Imwe neimwe segment yakadaro (Hi) ye L = 8820 samples, yakaenzana ne 200 ms, inopetwa ne hwindo* kuderedza miganhu yemiganhu.
Hwindi* ibasa rinorema rinoshandiswa kudzora mhedzisiro nekuda kwemasidelobes mukufungidzira kwe spectral.
Tevere, mafambiro makuru echiratidzo chepakutanga akaonekwa muchikamu kubva pa500 Hz kusvika 9.8 kHz, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana masking frequency fM,l yechikamu ichi. Uye zvakare, data yakafambiswa mune diki renji kubva 9.8 kusvika 10 kHz kumisikidza nzvimbo yevadiki pane anogamuchira. Muganho wepamusoro weiyo frequency renji yakashandiswa yakaiswa ku10 kHz nekuda kwekuderera kwekunzwa kwemakrofoni e-smartphone pane yakakwirira frequency.
Masking frequency akatemerwa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chakaongororwa chimwe nechimwe. Uchishandisa nzira yeHPS (Harmonic Product Spectrum), iwo matatu makuru mafrequency akaonekwa uye ndokutenderedzwa kumanotsi ari padyo pane harmonic chromatic scale. Aya ndiwo mawanirwo akaitwa manotsi makuru fF, i = 1β¦3, akarara pakati pemakiyi C0 (16.35 Hz) uye B0 (30.87 Hz). Zvichienderana nenyaya yekuti zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvakaderera kuti zvishandiswe mukufambiswa kwedata, maoctaves awo epamusoro 500kfF, ndakaverengerwa muchikamu 9.8 Hz ... 2 kHz. Mazhinji eaya ma frequency (fO,l1) ainyanya kutaurwa nekuda kwechimiro cheHPS.
Mufananidzo #2: Akaverengerwa octaves foO,l1 yeakakosha manotsi uye mawirirano fH,l2 yenzwi rakasimba.
Iyo yakaguma seti ye octave uye maharmonics akashandiswa se masking frequencies, kubva kubva iyo OFDM subcarrier fSC, k yakatorwa. Maviri ekutakura akaiswa pazasi uye pamusoro pega ega masking frequency.
Tevere, iyo spectrum yeHi audio segment yakasefa pane subcarrier fSC, k. Mushure meizvozvo, chiratidzo cheOFDM chakagadzirwa zvichibva pamabhiti eruzivo muBi, nekuda kwekuti chikamu chinoumbwa Ci chaigona kufambiswa kuburikidza nemutauri. Hukuru uye zvikamu zvevatakuri zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa kuitira kuti anogamuchira akwanise kuburitsa data rakafambiswa nepo muteereri asingaone shanduko murwiyo.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 3: chikamu chechikamu uye subcarrier frequencies yeHi segment yerwiyo rwepakutanga.
Kana chiratidzo cheodhiyo chine ruzivo chakavharirwa mairi chinoridzwa kuburikidza nevatauri, maikorofoni yemudziyo wekugamuchira inorekodha. Kuti uwane nzvimbo dzekutanga dzeakamisikidzwa OFDM zviratidzo, marekodhi anotanga anofanirwa kupepetwa bandpass. Nenzira iyi, iyo yepamusoro frequency renji inotorwa, uko pasina mimhanzi inopindirana masaini pakati pe subcarriers. Unogona kuwana kutanga kweOFDM zviratidzo uchishandisa cyclic prefix.
Mushure mekuona kutanga kwezviratidzo zveOFDM, anogashira anowana ruzivo nezve akanyanya kutungamira manotsi kuburikidza nepamusoro frequency domain decoding. Uye zvakare, OFDM inoshingirira kune yakamanikana kupindira masosi, sezvo ichingobata mamwe evadiki.
Miedzo inoshanda
Mutauri weKRK Rokit 8 akashanda semubviro wenziyo dzakagadziridzwa, uye iyo Nexus 5X smartphone yakaita basa rebato rekugamuchira.
Mufananidzo #4: Musiyano pakati peOFDM chaiyo uye peaks dzekubatanidza dzakayerwa mumba pa5m pakati pemutauri nemakrofoni.
Mapoinzi mazhinji eOFDM ari muchikamu kubva pa0 kusvika pa25 ms, saka unogona kuwana mavambo anoshanda mukati meiyo 66.6 ms cyclic prefix. Vatsvagiri vanocherekedza kuti anogashira (mukuedza uku, smartphone) anofunga kuti zviratidzo zveOFDM zvinoridzwa nguva nenguva, izvo zvinovandudza kuonekwa kwavo.
Chinhu chekutanga chekutarisa chaive chekuita kwechinhambwe pane bit kukanganisa mwero (BER). Kuti uite izvi, miedzo mitatu yakaitwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakamuri: mukoto une kapeti, hofisi ine linoleum pasi, uye horo ine matanda pasi.
Rwiyo "Uye The Cradle Will Rock" naVan Halen rakasarudzwa sechidzidzo chekuedza.
Inzwi rezwi rakagadziridzwa kuitira kuti ruzha rwakayerwa ne-smartphone chinhambwe che 2 m kubva kumutauri yaive 63 dB.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 5: BER zviratidzo zvichienderana nechekure pakati pemukurukuri nemakrofoni (blue line - vateereri, green - corridor, orange - office).
Mukoridho, ruzha rwe40 dB rwakatorwa ne smartphone kure kure kusvika kumamita makumi maviri nemana kubva kumutauri. Mukirasi iri chinhambwe che 24 m ruzha rwaive 15 dB, uye muhofisi iri chinhambwe chemamita masere mwero wekunzwika wakanzwisiswa neiyo smartphone wakasvika 55 dB.
Nekuti iyo odhitoriyamu nehofisi zvakanyanya kudzokororwa, kunonoka kweOFDM chiratidzo chinonzwika chinodarika iyo cyclic prefix kureba uye kuwedzera BER.
Reverberation* - kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma mukusimba kwenzwi nekuda kweakawanda maratidziro.
Vatsvakurudzi vakaratidzazve kushandiswa kwemaitiro avo nekushandisa kune 6 nziyo dzakasiyana kubva kumarudzi matatu (tafura iri pasi).
Tafura Nhamba 1: nziyo dzinoshandiswa mukuedzwa.
Zvakare, kuburikidza netafura data, isu tinogona kuona iyo bit rate uye bit kukanganisa mitengo yerwiyo rwega. Nhamba dze data dzakasiyana nekuti kusiyanisa BPSK (phase shift keying) inoshanda zvirinani kana ma subcarriers akafanana. Uye izvi zvinogoneka kana zvikamu zviri padyo zvine zvakafanana masking zvinhu. Nziyo dzinoramba dzichirira dzinopa hwaro hwakakwana hwekuvanza data nekuti masking frequency anowanikwa zvakanyanya pane yakafara frequency renji. Mimhanzi inomhanya-mhanya inogona kungovhara zvishoma zviratidzo zveOFDM nekuda kwehurefu hwakatarwa hwehwindo rekuongorora.
Zvadaro, vanhu vakatanga kuedza hurongwa, uyo aifanira kuona kuti ndeupi rwiyo rwepakutanga uye rwakagadziridzwa nemashoko akaiswa mairi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvinyorwa zve 12-yechipiri zvenziyo kubva patafura Nhamba 1 zvakatumirwa pane imwe webhusaiti inokosha.
Mukuedza kwekutanga (E1), mumwe nemumwe aitora chikamu akapihwa chidimbu chakagadziridzwa kana chepakutanga kuti ateerere uye aifanira kusarudza kuti chidimbu chaive chepakutanga here kana kuti chakagadziridzwa. Muchiyedzo chechipiri (E2), vatori vechikamu vaigona kuteerera kune ese ari maviri shanduro kakawanda sezvavaida, vobva vafunga kuti ndeipi yaive yepakutanga uye kuti ndeipi yakagadziridzwa.
Tafura Nhamba 2: migumisiro yekuedza E1 uye E2.
Mhedzisiro yekuedza kwekutanga ine zviratidzo zviviri: p(O|O) - chikamu chevatori vechikamu vakanyatsomaka rwiyo rwepakutanga uye p(O|M) - chikamu chevatori vechikamu vakamaka shanduro yakagadziridzwa yerwiyo seyepakutanga.
Sezvineiwo, vamwe vatori vechikamu, maererano nevatsvakurudzi, vakafunga dzimwe nziyo dzakachinjwa kuva dzepakutanga pane yekutanga pachayo. Avhareji yezviedzo zviri zviviri inoratidza kuti muteereri wepakati haaone mutsauko pakati pemutinhimira wenguva dzose uye umo data rakaiswa.
Nomuzvarirwo, nyanzvi dzemimhanzi nevaimbi vachakwanisa kuona zvimwe zvisiri izvo uye zvinhu zvinonyumwira munziyo dzakashandurwa, asi zvinhu izvi hazvina kukosha zvakanyanya zvekukonzera kusagadzikana.
Uye zvino isu pachedu tinogona kutora chikamu mukuedza. Pazasi pane mavhezheni maviri erwiyo rumwe chete - yekutanga uye yakagadziridzwa. Unogona here kunzwa musiyano?
vs
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa boka retsvakurudzo.
Iwe unogona zvakare kudhawunirodha faira reZIP yemaodhiyo mafaira ekutanga uye akagadziridzwa tunes akashandiswa muchidzidzo pa .
Epilogue
Mubasa iri, vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza kubva kuETH Zurich vakatsanangura inoshamisa data data system mukati memimhanzi. Kuti vaite izvi, vakashandisa frequency masking, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kupinza data murwiyo rwakaridzwa nemutauri. Rwiyo urwu runonzwisiswa nemaikorofoni yemudziyo, iyo inoziva iyo yakavanzika data uye inoitsanangura, nepo muvhareji muteereri haazombocherechedze mutsauko. Mune ramangwana, vakomana vanoronga kuvandudza sisitimu yavo, vachisarudza nzira dzepamberi dzekuunza data muodhiyo.
Kana mumwe munhu akauya nechimwe chinhu chisina kujairika, uye chinonyanya kukosha, chimwe chinhu chinoshanda, tinogara tichifara. Asi chinotonyanya kufara ndechekuti chigadzirwa ichi chakagadzirwa nevechidiki. Sayenzi haina ganhuriro dzezera. Uye kana pwere dzichiona sayenzi ichifinha, ipapo iri kuratidzirwa nenzira isiri iyo, sokunge zvakadaro. Mushure mezvose, sezvatinoziva, sainzi inyika inoshamisa isingaregi kushamisa.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvemumhanzi, kana kuti mumhanzi werock, heino rwendo runoshamisa kuburikidza nekunze kwedombo.
Mambokadzi, "Radio Ga Ga" (1984).
Maita basa nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva, uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com