Muchikamu chino, ndichanyora muchidimbu mhedziso dzinonakidza uye zvinyorwa kwandiri izvo zvandakawana mubhuku raRaf Koster "Theory of Fun for Game Design".
Asi chekutanga, ruzivo rushoma rwekumashure:
— Ndakafarira bhuku racho.
— Bhuku racho ipfupi, nyore kuverenga uye rinonakidza. Zvinenge sebhuku remifananidzo.
- Raf Koster mugadziri ane ruzivo rwemutambo ane zvakare hunyanzvi mumimhanzi nemabhuku. Asi haasi mugadziri, saka pane "zvimwe" zvinosimbisa pakusimudzira, kunyanya kucherechedzwa kumugadziri wepurogiramu kumuverenga. Ndakatanga nemaMUD.
- Bhuku rakabudiswa muna 2004, izvo zvinoreva kuti mitsara iri mubhuku pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino yeindastiri inofanira kuonekwa nekusagutsikana.
- Webhusaiti yepamutemo yebhuku: theoryoffun.com [].
- Yakashandurwa vhezheni yebhuku: Raf Koster: Game Development uye Varaidzo Theory []. Ndakaverenga shanduro yeChirungu, saka handigoni kutaura chero chinhu pamusoro pehutano hweshanduro yeRussia, asi zvirinani zviripo.
- Kune wongororo yakawanda yebhuku iri []. Nekudaro, ndakazvimisira basa rekuunganidza pfupiso pfupiso yekurudziro yake, saka chinyorwa ichi hachifanirwe kutorwa sewongororo.
- Iri bhuku rinogara richikurudzirwa, kusanganisira paHabré: makumi maviri neshanu mabhuku emugadziri wemutambo [].
Ndezvei
Zvinoenderana nechimiro chayo semantic, bhuku rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvinenge zvakaenzana:
Chekutanga. Chidzidzo chakarongeka chezvinofadza mumitambo: kuedza kupa tsanangudzo; nei zvichinakidza kutamba; apo kufarira mutambo kunopera. Inonakidza kwazvo uye inodzidzisa. Kune akawanda analogies uye kuenzanisa nemamwe marudzi eunyanzvi: mimhanzi, mabhuku, cinema.
Chepiri. Hurukuro pamusoro pekukura kweindasitiri, chinangwa chemitambo, basa revagadziri vemitambo kunzanga. Kune nguva dzisingawanzo kunakidza, asi kazhinji dzinofinha uye dzisina ruzivo. Ndakanakidzwa nemutsara wekuti: "Iye zvino nguva yasvika yekuti iwe unogona kutaura wakasununguka nezve kusiyana kwevakadzi pasina njodzi yekupomerwa kuita zvepabonde." Uye akakurukura kusiyana uku akasununguka.
Iko kukosha kwakataurwa kwebhuku kukuudza maitiro ekuita kuti mutambo unakidze. Uye bhuku rinonyatsotaura pamusoro peizvi.
Asi pano ndinonetseka kushandura keyword mafaro muchiRussia. Vabudisi veRussia vakarishandura vachiti “varaidzo.” Google inokurudzira "kunakidza." Ini ndichashandisa mazwi ekuti "kufarira" uye "kunakidza", kunyangwe kugutsikana uye kunakidzwa kungave kwakakodzera.
Asi, mukuona kwangu, iri nderimwe remashoko iwayo asina shanduro chaiyo yeRussia, uye shanduro dzose dzakapiwa hadzina kubudirira. Izvi zvinofadza zvinogona kunge zvisiri kungofadza chete, asiwo kuora mwoyo. MuChirungu, shoko rokuti "funny" rinogona kureva "benzi", uye mutsara wekuti "mazwi anonakidza" anogona kureva mazwi asina kunaka.
Maitiro mumitambo
Mapeteni mumitambo zvimiro zvehunhu izvo pfungwa dzedu dzinodzidza kuziva nekudzidzira. Nzira yekudzidza maitiro ndiyo inonyanya kufarira mitambo. Kana mutambi akadzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva, anogamuchira mubairo wekemikari muchimiro chehomoni dzekunakidzwa. Kana mutambi akasangana zvizere nezvese izvo mutambo unofanirwa kupa, muviri unomira kugamuchira mubairo wakadaro. Iyi ndiyo pfungwa huru yehafu yekutanga yebhuku, iyo inoratidzwa kubva kumakona akasiyana nerubatsiro rwemienzaniso yakasiyana.
Ndiko kuti, kunakidzwa kwemutambo kunobva pazivo. Kuziva (cognition) ndiko kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hunoonekwa nehuropi hunobatsira pakurarama kwemunhu kana dzinza rake kubva kare, zvichireva kuti munhu anofanira kupihwa mubairo wekudzidziswa kwakadaro. Mechanics matsva anopa chikafu cheruzivo (genre nyowani kana chikuva chemitambo) uye zvemukati (ronga, entourage, mumhanzi).
Kubva pano mhedziso inotorwa yekuti chero mutambo unoshupika kana mutambi achikwevera zvese zvitsva kubva mazviri uye anova shasha pazviri. Kana iyo huru sosi yeruzivo rutsva rwemutambo iri mune zviri mukati (munyori anodaidza chipfeko ichi pamapatani), Ipapo mutambo unozove unofinha mushure mekutanga ndima kana kuona paYouTube (Njodzi dzeYouTube yemitambo inotungamirwa nenyaya yainge isiri pachena kareko) Asi zvinhu zvitsva zvemakanika hazvingogara kwenguva refu, asiwo zvinokwezva vatambi vatsva vaona mutambo wemumwe munhu. Zvikuru zvichikonzerwa netsoko: kana munhu aona kubudirira kwemumwe munhu (kunakidzwa), ipapo anodawo kuidzokorora uye kukwikwidza.
(Shanduro yezwi rinogaroitwa yezwi rokuti mapatani zvidhori zvisina kunyatsoenderana nezvazvinoreva. Iyi ingangove yakafanana neinofanana nemagadzirirwo emhando muOOP)
Mitsara mipfupi uye pfungwa dzakatorwa mubhuku
- Uropi hunofunga mumapateni, kwete zvinhu chaizvo;
- Uropi hunokara maitiro matsva;
- Huropi hunogona kuona mapatani matsva seruzha uye nekuaramba seasina kujaira uye akaomarara. Nokudaro, chizvarwa chekare chinowanzoramba michina mitsva kana fashoni;
-Chiitiko chitsva chose chinogona kunge chisina kujairika uye chisina-kuisa, saka yakagadziridzwa yekare pateni yakachengeteka (musainzi pane fananidzo "zvakanyanyisa mberi kwenguva yake");
- Akadzokororwa ekare maitiro anotungamirira mukufinhikana nekuda kwemaitiro;
- Maitiro ekuvandudza maitiro anopihwa mubairo nemahomoni ekunakidzwa, asi mushure mekuwana kukwana, mafaro anoburitswa kekupedzisira uye kusunungurwa kunomira;
- Kubhowekana ndipo apo uropi hunoda ruzivo rutsva rwekuziva. Uropi hahudi kuti hutsva hutsva (chiitiko chisina kuongororwa), kazhinji data itsva inokwana kwairi (seti itsva yevavengi, mabhosi);
- Mutambi anogona kuziva chimiro chekare mumutambo mutsva mumaminetsi mashanu. Zvipfeko nezvakapoteredza hazvizomunyengedzi. Kana akasawana chinhu chitsva, achazviona sechinofinha uye ochivhara;
- Mutambi anogona kuziva kudzika kukuru mumutambo, asi anogona kuzvitora sezvisina basa kwaari. Nokudaro kufinhwa uye nzira yekubuda nayo;
- Iwe haugone kufadza munhu wese. Kuzarurwa kwemakanika matsva kunonoka -> mutambi anozoona kuti hapana chitsva kwenguva yakareba -> zvinofinha -> kubuda. Kuburitsa mechanics matsva nekukurumidza -> zvakanyanya kuoma, mapatani haazivikanwe -> kufinha -> kusiya.
- Iyo inonyanya kukosha sosi yekunakidzwa mumitambo: kubva pakukudza hunyanzvi mumapateni - kureva, kubva paruzivo. Asi kune zvimwe zvekuwedzera: aesthetic; reflex; social.
- Aesthetic mafaro. Kubva pakuziva mapatani ekare pane kudzidzidzira, senge kuburikidza nerangano twist (semuenzaniso: iyo bhaisiketi Planet yeApes, apo mutambi mukuru paanoona Statue yeRusununguko kumagumo).
-Kufarira munharaunda (inosarudza vatambi vakawanda):
1) kufara kana muvengi apinza chimwe chinhu;
2) kurumbidza, kukunda pakupedza basa rakaoma, sechiratidzo kune mamwe marudzi kuti iwe unobatsira, unokosha uye unokosha;
3) kutsigira, kana mudzidzi abudirira, izvi zvakakosha kuti dzinza rako rirarame;
4) kudada, kudada pamusoro pemudzidzi wako. Ichi chiratidzo kurudzi nezve kukosha kwako uye kukosha kwese;
5) kupfimbana kwepedyo, zvichiratidza kukosha kwehukama / munharaunda;
6) rupo, semuenzaniso, kutsigira kune dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri, chiratidzo chakakosha chemagariro kurudzi nezve mabhenefiti ekuva nemumwe wedzinza akadaro.
Zvinhu zvemutambo unonakidza
1) Kugadzirira. Ndiko kuti, mutambi anofanira kuva nemukana wekutanga kuwedzera mikana yekukunda;
2) Michina yakagadzikana. Mitemo yemitemo inonzwisisika uye inogamuchirwa nevatambi;
3) Seti yezvipingamupinyi uye kukakavara. Vatambi vanofanirwa kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana zvinovatadzisa kuzadzisa chinangwa;
4) Nzira dzakawanda dzekukunda zvipingamupinyi. Semuenzaniso, unogona kupfuura nevarindi ne: kuita mabasa ehugamba, chiokomuhomwe, kutyisidzira, kana kukwira nemanomano pamadziro;
5) Unyanzvi hwemutambi hunokanganisa kubudirira. Ndiko kuti, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nemutambi zvine basa uye zvinotungamira kune mhedzisiro dzakasiyana;
6) Nyika yakatitenderedza. Ndiko kuti, pane nzvimbo yekusununguka uye / kana miganhu yakajeka. Hazvina kunaka kana ukakanda mutambi munhandare isina ruzivo rwekutanga.
Kuti ruzivo rwekutamba ruve rwekudzidzisa, panofanirwa kuve ne:
1) Mhinduro yakasiyana-siyana pane zviito zvemutambi: kune dzimwe sarudzo dzakabudirira panofanira kuva nemubairo uri nani;
2) Mutambi ane ruzivo anofanirwa kugamuchira semubairo mudiki sezvinobvira pakugadzirisa matambudziko ari nyore. Semuenzaniso, kana mutambi achivhima vamwe vatambi vasina kusimba kupfuura iye, saka zvinofanirwa kunge "zvisina hupfumi" zvisingabatsiri kwaari;
3) Kukundikana kunofanira kuva nemutengo wayo. Mumitambo yekare yaive yakakwana Game Over, asi ikozvino inofanirwa kunge iri inodiwa replay kana kurasikirwa kwepurofiti.
Ongororo yemibvunzo yemutambo unonakidza
1) Ndinofanira kugadzirira pamberi pechipingamupinyi? (ita preliminary reconnaissance)
2) Zvinoita here kugadzirira zvakasiyana uye uchiri kubudirira? (chiokomuhomwe kana kutyisidzira varindi)
3)Mhoteredzo yezvipingaidzo inokanganisa chipingamupinyi chacho here? (Ko varindi pamusuwo wenhare nedhorobha diki vanoita zvakasiyana here?)
4) Pane mitemo yakajeka yemutambo uye makanika ayo ekukunda zvipingamupinyi? (hazvina kunaka kana varindi vakaita zvisingafungidzirwe kuvhura kuba kana kufuratira maitiro ehutsotsi)
5) Ko iyo yemitemo inogona kutsigira zvakasiyana-siyana zvipingamupinyi? (Mitemo yakanyanyisa/yakashata inodzikamisa mikana mukukura kwemazinga)
6) Ko mutambi anogona kushandisa hunyanzvi hwakasiyana kuti abudirire? (iva mutauriri mukuru kana bhauncer ane hutsinye)
7) Pamazinga ekuoma kwepamusoro, mutambi anodiwa kushandisa hunyanzvi hwakawanda kuti abudirire? (ndiko kuti, achazonyatsoshanda nesimba here, uye kwete kungogaya gumi nemaviri panguruve)
8)Unyanzvi hunodiwa here kushandisa kugona? (kudzvanya hakufanirwe kuve zano rinoshanda)
9) Pane zvakawanda zvinogoneka mhedzisiro yekubudirira kuitira kuti pasave nemugumisiro wakavimbiswa? (zvinofinha kutarisa kegumi kukwenya kwakafanana kwevarindi panguva yekutyisidzirwa)
10) Vatambi vepamusoro vanobatsirwa here nezvipingamupinyi / matambudziko ari nyore? (unogona kurega kupa mibairo yenguruve zvachose)
11) Kukundikana kunoita kuti mutambi atambure neimwe nzira here? (kutadza, kupera kwakashata kana kurasikirwa purofiti)
12) Kana iwe ukabvisa magiraidhi, ruzha, uye nyaya kubva mumutambo, zvicharamba zvichinakidza kutamba? (kureva, iwo epakati mutambo makanika achiri kunakidza?)
13) Ese masisitimu anoshandiswa mumutambo anofanira kushanda akananga kune chikuru zano (hunhu kana zano remutambo). Kana iyo system isingabatsire kugadzirisa pfungwa, iyo system inofanirwa kukandwa kunze. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa nemugadziri weRimWorld [], iyo isina kuwedzera makanika asina kuvandudza "story generation system". Ndicho chikonzero nei asina kuwedzera maitiro akaoma ekugadzira.
14) Vatambi vanenge vanogara vachitora nzira iri nyore: kubiridzira, svetuka nyaya uye nhaurirano dzisingashandire kufarira kwavo kukuru kwavakarodha mutambo uyu. Vanhu vane nungo. Mutambo uyu unokoshesa maitiro e“usimbe” aya here? Somuenzaniso, kana mutambi akatanga chiito chako RPG kuzunungusa bakatwa uye kwete nokuda kwechirongwa, saka zvichida unofanira kumupa mukana uyu pasina kumuremedza nemashure marefu (kunyanya kana ari maduku uye achidzokorora mumutambo).
mhedziso
Zvakatora maawa masere chete kuti ndiverenge bhuku racho. Ndakaratidza zvandaiona sezvinokosha zvikuru, saka ndingangodaro ndakapotsa mamwe mazano anokosha. Iri bhuku riri nyore uye rinonakidza kuverenga, saka ini ndinorikurudzira nechivimbo kune vese vanogadzira mitambo yemavhidhiyo. Kunyanya kune avo vanoita mitambo sechido uye vasina zvigadziro zvemaitiro echinyakare ekukwezva kutarisa nemifananidzo inopenya, makomo emhando yepamusoro uye matani ekushambadzira kwehunyanzvi. Kana iwe uchifarira zvinhu zvakadaro, saka ndapota funga kunyoresa kuzvinyorwa zvangu zvinotevera.
Mareferensi
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Source: www.habr.com