1 Kutsakatika
Pahusiku hune mwedzi wakanyarara musi wa8 Kurume 2014, Boeing 777-200ER yaishandiswa neMalaysia Airlines yakasimuka kubva kuKuala Lumpur na0:42 ndokutendeuka yakananga Beijing, ichikwira kusvika payaida kubhururuka nhanho 350, kureva, kusvika pakakwirira 10. mamita. Chiratidzo chendege yeMalaysia Airlines iMH. Nhamba yekubhururuka ndeye 650. Ndege yakabhururuka naFarik Hamid, mutyairi pamwe chete, aive nemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe. Iyi yaive ndege yake yekupedzisira yekudzidzira, mushure mezvo akange akamirira kupedzwa kwechitupa. Zviito zvaFariq zvaitariswa nemukuru wendege, murume anonzi Zachary Ahmad Shah, uyo pamakore makumi mashanu nematatu aive mumwe wevakuru vepamusoro paMalaysia Airlines. Maererano netsika dzeMalasia, zita rake raingova Zachary. Akanga akaroora uye aiva nevana vatatu vakuru. Aigara munharaunda yakavharwa yecottage. Aive nedzimba mbiri. Aive nesimulator yendege yakaiswa mumba make yekutanga, Microsoft Flight Simulator. Aifamba nendege nguva nenguva uye aigara achiisa pamaforamu epamhepo nezvezvaaifarira. Farik airemekedza Zachary, asi haana kushandisa simba rake zvisizvo.
Mundege maiva nevashandi gumi, vese vekuMalaysia. Vaifanira kutarisira vanhu 10, kusanganisira vana vashanu. Vazhinji vevafambi vakanga vari vaChina; vevamwe, 227 vaiva vokuMalaysia, uye vamwe (mukudzika) vaiva vagari vomuIndonesia, Australia, India, France, United States, Iran, Ukraine, Canada, New Zealand, Netherlands, Russia neTaiwan. Manheru iwayo, Kaputeni Zachary akafambisa redhiyo apo mutyairi wendege Farik aibhururutsa ndege. Zvese zvaifamba semazuva ese, asi mafambisirwo akaitwa naZachary aingove mashura. Na 38:1 a.m., iye akaratidzira kuti vakanga vadzika pamamita 01 35βshoko risiri madikanwa munzvimbo inotariswa neradar, uko kuri muitiro kushuma kubva pakakwirira panzvimbo pokusvika pairi. Na 000:1 a.m., ndege yakayambuka mhenderekedzo yegungwa yeMalaysia ichibva yayambuka Gungwa reSouth China yakananga Vietnam. Zachary zvakare akashuma kureba kwendege pamamita 08.
Maminitsi gumi nerimwe gare gare, ndege payakasvika panzvimbo yekudzora padyo nenzvimbo yeVietnamese yekudzora traffic yemhepo, mutongi weKuala Lumpur Center akatumira meseji: "Malaysian matatu-nomwe-zero, bata Ho Chi Minh one-two- zero-point-nine.β Husiku hwakanaka". Zachary akapindura, βUsimbe. Malaysian matatu-nomwe-zero." Haana kudzokorora frequency sezvaaifanira kuita, asi kana zvisina kudaro meseji yacho yainzwika. Aka kaive kekupedzisira pasi rose kunzwa kubva kuMH370. Vatyairi vendege havana kubata Ho Chi Minh Guta uye havana kupindura kune chero kwakatevera kuedza kuvafonera.
Radar yakapfava, inozivikanwa se "primary radar", inoona zvinhu nekutumira masaini eredhiyo uye kugamuchira maratidziro azvo, senge echo. Air traffic control, kana ATC, masisitimu anoshandisa inonzi "secondary radar." Iyo inotsamira pane imwe neimwe inoshanda transponder, kana transponder, kutumira mamwe ruzivo rwakadzama, senge nhamba yemuswe wendege uye urefu. Masekonzi mashanu mushure mekunge MH370 yayambuka muVietnamese airspace, iyo transponder icon yakanyangarika kubva kuMalaysian air traffic control screens, uye 37 seconds gare gare ndege yacho yakazove isingaonekwe kune yechipiri radar. Nguva dzakanga dzava 1:21, maminitsi 39 akanga apfuura chibviro chokusimuka. Mutongi muKuala Lumpur aive akabatikana nedzimwe ndege dziri mune imwe nzvimbo yechidzitiro uye haana kungoona kunyangarika. Paakaona kurasikirwa kwapera nguva yakati gare gare, akafunga kuti ndege yakanga yatoenda kunze uye yakanga yatove ichifambiswa neHo Chi Minh vatariri vemhepo.
Zvichakadaro, vatongi veVietnamese vakaona MH370 ichipinda mumhepo yavo ichibva yanyangarika kubva muradar. Sezviri pachena havana kunzwisisa chibvumirano chepamutemo chekuti Ho Chi Minh aifanira kuzivisa Kuala Lumpur nekukurumidza kana ndege yaiuya yatadza kutaurirana kweanopfuura maminetsi mashanu. Vakaedza kubatazve ndege iyi, asi zvakashaya basa. Panguva yavakatora runhare kuti vaudze mamiriro acho ezvinhu kuKuala Lumpur, maminetsi 18 akanga apfuura kubva MH370 yatsakatika pamasikirini eradar. Zvakazotevera kwaive kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwekuvhiringidzika uye kusagona - mitemo yaive yekuti Kuala Lumpur Air Rescue Coordination Center yaifanira kunge yakaziviswa mukati meawa yekutsakatika, asi na2am izvi zvaive zvisati zvaitwa. Mamwe maawa mana akapfuura mhinduro yekutanga yekukurumidzira isati yatorwa na30:6 am.
Chakavanzika chakakomberedza MH370 chave chiri nyaya yekuferefetwa kunoenderera uye kwakabva fivha yekufungidzira.
Panguva iyi ndege yaifanirwa kumhara muBeijing. Nhamburiko dzekumuwana dzakatanga dzakanyanya kuSouth China Sea, pakati peMalaysia neVietnam. Yaiva basa repasi rose rinosanganisira ngarava makumi matatu nemana nendege makumi maviri nemasere kubva kunyika nomwe dzakasiyana, asi MH34 yakanga isipo. Mukufamba kwemazuva akati wandei, marekodhi ekutanga eradar akatorwa kubva kumakomputa ekudzora traffic yemhepo uye akatsigirwa zvishoma neyakatsanangurwa yeMalaysian airforce data yakaratidza kuti pakangonyangarika MH28 kubva kune yechipiri radar, yakatendeuka zvakanyanya kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, yakabhururuka ichidzokera kuMalay Peninsula uye. akatanga kunyora pedyo nePenang Island. Kubva ipapo, yakabhururukira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero ichikwidza Strait of Malacca uye ichiyambuka Gungwa reAndaman, uko yakanyangarika kupfuura nzvimbo yeradar. Chikamu ichi cherwendo chakatora nguva inodarika awa - uye zvairatidza kuti ndege haina kubiwa. Zvairevawo kuti yakanga isiri nyaya yetsaona kana kuzviuraya kwemutyairi wendege, izvo zvakanga zvamboitika. Kubva pakutanga, MH370 yakatungamira vaongorori munzira isingazivikanwe.
Chakavanzika chakakomberedza MH370 chave chiri nyaya yekuferefetwa kunoenderera uye kwakabva fivha yekufungidzira. Mhuri dzakawanda mumakondinendi mana dzakatambura pfungwa inosuruvarisa yokurasikirwa. Pfungwa yokuti muchina wakaoma kunzwisisa une maturusi ayo emazuva ano uye kurukurirano dzisina basa unogona kungonyangarika inoita seisina musoro. Zvakaoma kudzima meseji pasina kuteedzera, uye hazvigoneke zvachose kunyangarika kubva kune network, kunyangwe kuedza kuri nemaune. Ndege yakaita seBoeing 777 inofanirwa kuwanikwa nguva dzese, uye kunyangarika kwayo kwaita kuti pave nedzidziso dzakawanda. Vakawanda vavo vanoseka, asi vose vakamuka nekuda kwekuti munguva yedu ndege yehurumende haigoni kungonyangarika.
Mumwe akabudirira, uye pashure pemakore anopfuura mashanu, nzvimbo yake chaiyo haisati yazivikanwa. Zvisinei, zvakawanda zvave kujeka pamusoro pekutsakatika kweMH370, uye zvino zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakaitika usiku ihwohwo. Cockpit marekodhi erekodha uye marekodha endege angangove haazombowanikwe, asi chatinoda kuziva hachingaite kutorwa mumabhokisi matema. Pane kudaro, mhinduro dzinofanira kuwanikwa muMalaysia.
2. Coastal Drifter
Manheru acho ndege yakanyangarika, mumwe murume wekuAmerica wezera repakati nepakati anonzi Blaine Gibson akanga akagara mumba maamai vake mushakabvu muCarmel, California, achigadzirisa zvinhu zvake uye achigadzirira kutengesa nzvimbo yacho. Akanzwa nhau dzekubhururuka kweMH370 paCNN.
Gibson, wandakasangana naye munguva pfupi yapfuura muKuala Lumpur, igweta nokudzidziswa. Akagara muSeattle kwemakore anopfuura 35, asi anoshandisa nguva shoma ikoko. Baba vake, avo vakafa makumi emakore apfuura, vaive murwi weHondo Yenyika I uyo akapona pakurwisa gasi remasitadhi mumakomba, akapihwa Silver Star nehushingi uye akadzoka kuzoshanda semutongi mukuru weCalifornia kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri nemana. Amai vake vaive Stanford Law akapedza kudzidza uye aishingaira wezvakatipoteredza.
Gibson aive ega mwana. Mai vake vaifarira kufamba nenyika vakaenda naye. Pazera ramakore manomwe, akasarudza kuti nharidzano youpenyu yake yaizova yokushanyira nyika dzose dziri pasi pano kanenge kamwe chete. Pakupedzisira, zvakasvika kune tsanangudzo ye "shanya" uye "nyika", asi akanamatira kune pfungwa, achisiya chero mukana webasa rakagadzikana uye kuva nenhaka ine mwero. Nenhoroondo yake pachake, akapinda mune zvimwe zvakavanzika zvakakurumbira munzira-kuguma kwekubudirira kweMayan mumasango eGuatemala neBelize, kuputika kweTunguska meteorite muEastern Siberia, uye nzvimbo yeAreka yeSungano mumakomo e. Ithiyopiya. Akadhinda makadhi ebhizinesi ega "Adventurer. Mutsvakurudzi. Kutsvaga chokwadi", uye akapfeka fedora senge Indiana Jones. Pakasvika nhau dzekunyangarika kweMH370, kutarisisa kwaGibson pachiitiko ichi kwakafanotemerwa.
Pasinei nekurambwa kwemabvi kubva kuvakuru veMalasia uye kuvhiringidzika chaiko kubva kumauto emuchadenga eMalaysia, chokwadi nezvenzira yekubhururuka kwendege yechienzi yakakurumidza kubuda. Zvakazoitika kuti MH370 yakaramba ichitaurirana nguva nenguva negeostationary satellite muIndian Ocean, inoshandiswa neBritish satellite communications company Inmarsat, kwemaawa matanhatu mushure mokunge ndege yanyangarika kubva kune yechipiri radar. Izvi zvaireva kuti mundege makanga musina kubondera kamwe kamwe. Sezvingabvira, mukati maaya maawa matanhatu akabhururuka ari munhangemutange yakakwira mudenga. Nhaurirano neInmarsat, dzimwe dzaingove zvisimbiso zvekubatanidza, dzaive mapfupi system yekubatanidza - zvakanyanya zvishoma kudarika zvizevezeve zvemagetsi. Iyo sisitimu yekufambisa zvakakosha β varaidzo yevatyairi, mameseji ekutyaira, otomatiki mishumo yehutano - yakaita kunge yakaremara. Paive nehuwandu hwekubatanidza zvinomwe: maviri akatangwa otomatiki nendege uye mamwe mashanu akatangwa neInmarsat pasi chiteshi. Paivawo nemasetellite call maviri; vakaramba vasina kupindurwa asi vakazopa imwe data. Yakabatanidzwa neakawanda eaya maratidziro aive maviri paramita ayo Inmarsat achangotanga kutora uye kuchengeta.
Yekutanga uye yakanyatsojeka yemaparamita inozivikanwa seye burst-time offset, ngatiidaidze iyo "chinhambwe paramende" yekureruka. Ichi chiyero chenguva yekufambisa kuenda nekubva kundege, kureva, chiyero chedaro kubva kundege kuenda kusatellite. Iyi parameter inotsanangura kwete imwe nzvimbo chaiyo, asi nzvimbo dzese dzakaenzana kure - rinenge denderedzwa rezvingabvira mapoinzi. Zvichipa miganho yemhando yeMH370, zvikamu zvemukati zvemadenderedzwa aya zvinova arcs. Iyo inonyanya kukosha arc - yechinomwe uye yekupedzisira - inotarirwa nekupedzisira kubatana ne satellite, iyo yakanyatsoenderana nekuderera kwemafuta ekuchengetedza uye kutadza kweinjini. Arc yechinomwe inotangira kuCentral Asia kuchamhembe ichienda kuAntarctica kumaodzanyemba. Yakayambuka neMH370 na8:19 Kuala Lumpur nguva. Maverengero ezvingangoitika nzira dzekubhururuka anosarudza mharadzano yendege nearc yechinomwe uye nekudaro kwainoperera - muKazakhstan kana ndege yakatendeukira kuchamhembe, kana kumaodzanyemba kweIndia Ocean kana ikatendeukira kumaodzanyemba.
Tichitarisa nemagetsi data, pakanga pasina kuedza kudzorwa kumhara pamvura. Ndege yaifanira kunge yakabva yapwanyika kuita miriyoni zvidimbu.
Kuongorora kwehunyanzvi kunotibvumira kutaura nechivimbo kuti ndege yakatendeukira kumaodzanyemba. Isu tinoziva izvi kubva yechipiri parameter yakanyorwa neInmarsat - iyo burst-frequency offset. Kuti zvive nyore, tichaidaidza kuti "Doppler parameter," sezvo chinhu chikuru chainosanganisira chiyero cheredhiyo frequency Doppler machinjiro ane hukama nehupamhi hwekufamba-famba zvichienderana nenzvimbo yesatellite, inova chikamu chechisikigo chekutaurirana kwesetiraiti kune ndege mukati. ndege. Kuti kutaurirana kwesetiraiti kushande zvinobudirira, mashifiti eDoppler anofanirwa kufanotaurwa uye kubhadharwa neabhodhi masisitimu. Asi muripo wacho hauna kunyatsokwana nekuti masatellite β kunyanya paanenge achichembera β haafambise masaini sezvakarongwa nendege kuti dziite. Nzira dzadzo dzinogona kubva zvishoma, dzinokanganiswawo nekushisa, uye kusakwana uku kunosiya mavara akasiyana. Kunyange zvazvo Doppler shift values ββyakanga isati yamboshandiswa kuona nzvimbo yendege, maInmarsat technicians muLondon akakwanisa kuona kukanganiswa kwairatidza kutendeukira kumaodzanyemba na2:40. Nzvimbo yakachinja yakanga iri kuchamhembe uye kumadokero zvishoma kweSumatra, chitsuwa chiri kuchamhembe kweIndonesia. Pane imwe fungidziro, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti ndege yakabva yabhururuka yakananga panzvimbo inogara kwenguva refu yakananga kuAntarctica, iyo iri kunze kwenzvimbo yayo.
Mushure memaawa matanhatu, iyo Doppler parameter inoratidza kuderera kwakanyanya-kashanu nekukurumidza kupfuura mwero wakajairika wekudzika. Iminiti imwe kana maviri mushure mekuyambuka arc yechinomwe, ndege yakanyura mugungwa, pamwe ichirasikirwa nezvikamu zvisati zvaitika. Tichitarisa nemagetsi data, pakanga pasina kuedza kudzorwa kumhara pamvura. Ndege yaifanira kunge yakabva yapwanyika kuita miriyoni zvidimbu. Zvisinei, hapana aiziva kwakaitika kuwa, zvikuru sei. Zvakare, hapana aive nehumbowo hudiki hudiki hwekuti dudziro yedata resatellite yaive yechokwadi.
Pasati papera vhiki mushure mekunyangarika, The Wall Street Journal yakaburitsa nyaya yekutanga pasetiraiti yekubatanidza, zvichiratidza kuti ndege iyi ingangoramba iri mumhepo kwemaawa mushure mekunyarara. Vakuru veMalaysia vakazobvuma kuti ichi chaiva chokwadi. Hurumende yeMalaysian inoonekwa seimwe yehuwori hwakanyanya mudunhu, uye kuburitswa kwesetiraiti data kwakaratidza kuti zviremera zveMalaysia zvakavanda, mbwende uye kusavimbika mukuferefeta kwavo mukutsakatika. Vanoongorora kubva kuEurope, Australia neUS vakakatyamadzwa nenyonganyonga yavakasangana nayo. Nekuti maMalaysian vaive vakahwanda nezveruzivo rwavaiziva, kutsvaga kwekutanga kwegungwa kwakanangana nenzvimbo isiri iyo, muSouth China Sea, uye haina kuwana chero marara akayangarara. Kudai vanhu vokuMalaysia vakanga vataura chokwadi pakarepo, marara akadaro angadai akawanikwa uye oshandiswa kuona nzvimbo inenge yakamira ndege yacho; mabhokisi matema aigona kuwanikwa. Kutsvaga kwepasi pemvura kwakapedzisira kwanangana nekamutsetse kadiki kegungwa kane zviuru zvemakiromita kubva kure. Asi kunyange mutsetse nhete wegungwa inzvimbo huru. Zvakatora makore maviri kuwana mabhokisi eblack kubva kuAir France 447, iyo yakadonhera muAtlantic panguva yendege kubva kuRio de Janeiro kuenda kuParis muna 2009 - uye vaongorori veko vainyatsoziva pekuatsvaga.
Kutsvaga kwekutanga mumvura yepamusoro kwakapera muna Kubvumbi 2014 mushure memwedzi ingangoita mwedzi miviri yekuedza pasina zvibereko, uye kutarisa kwakatamira kugungwa rakadzika, kwachiri nanhasi. Pakutanga, Blaine Gibson akatevera izvi zvinoodza mwoyo kuedza kubva kure. Akatengesa imba yaamai vake ndokutamira kuGolden Triangle kuchamhembe kweLaos, kwaakatanga kuvaka imwe resitorendi muRwizi rwaMekong nemumwe waaishanda naye. Panguva imwecheteyo, akabatana neboka re Facebook rakatsaurirwa kurasikirwa kweMH370, iyo yakazadzwa nezvose zvekufungidzira uye nhau dzine fungidziro inonzwisisika pamusoro pekuguma kwendege uye nzvimbo yekuparara kukuru.
Kunyange zvazvo vaMalasia vakanga vari muunyanzvi hwokuita tsvakurudzo yose, vakanga vasina mari uye unyanzvi hwokuita mabasa ekutsvaga nekugadzirisa pasi pemvura, uye vaAustralia, vari vaSamaria vakanaka, vakatungamirira. Nzvimbo dzeIndia Ocean dzakanongedzwa nesatellite data - anenge makiromita 1900 maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwePerth - dzaive dzakadzika uye dzisina kuongororwa zvekuti danho rekutanga raive rekugadzira mepu yepasi pemvura yakanyatsokwana kuti ibvumire mota dzakakosha kudhonzwa zvakachengeteka, parutivi- scanner sonars, pakadzika kwemakiromita akawanda pasi pemvura. Pasi pegungwa munzvimbo idzi pakafukidzwa nemipata, yakavanzwa murima, umo chiedza chisina kumbopinda.
Kutsvaga kweushingi pasi pemvura kwakaita kuti Gibson azvibvunze kana kuputika kwendege rimwe zuva kwaizongozara pamahombekombe. Paaishanyira shamwari dziri pamhenderekedzo yeCambodia, akabvunza kana vakanga vawana chimwe chinhu chakafanana - mhinduro yakanga isina kunaka. Kunyange zvazvo kuparadzwa kwendege kungadai kusina kuenda kuCambodia kubva kumaodzanyemba kweIndia Ocean, Gibson aida kuramba akavhurika kune chero zvingasarudzwa kusvikira kuwanikwa kwemarara endege kwaratidza kuti maodzanyemba eIndia Ocean zvechokwadi raiva guva rake.
Muna Kurume 2015, hama dzevafambi dzakasangana muKuala Lumpur kuzocherechedza zuva rekutsakatika kweMH370. Gibson akasarudza kuenda asina kukokwa uye pasina ainyatsoziva. Sezvo akanga asina ruzivo runokosha, kushanya kwake kwakagamuchirwa nekusava nechokwadi - vanhu vakanga vasingazivi kuti vangaita sei kune mumwe munhu anongoitika. Chiitiko chacho chakaitika munzvimbo yakashama mune imwe nzvimbo yezvitoro, nzvimbo yemisangano yakajairika muKuala Lumpur. Chinangwa chaive chekuratidza kushungurudzika kwakawanda, pamwe nekuenderera mberi nekumanikidza hurumende yeMalaysian kuti itsanangurwe. Mazana avanhu akapinda, vazhinji vaibva kuChina. Pairidzwa mumhanzi wakapfava uri pachikuva, uye nechekumashure pakanga paine poster hombe yairatidza mufananidzo weBoeing 777, pamwe chete nemashoko anoti βapoΒ»,Β«uyoΒ»,Β«neiΒ»,Β«whenΒ»,Β«ndianiΒ»,Β«sei", uye"hazvigonekiΒ»,Β«zvisati zvamboitikaΒ»,Β«pasina tsvakiridzo"Uye"pasina rubatsiro" Mukurukuri mukuru akanga ari mukadzi wechiduku wokuMalaysia ainzi Grace Subathirai Nathan, aiva naamai vake. Nathan igweta remhosva rinoona nezvenyaya dzechirango cherufu, idzo dzakawanda muMalaysia nekuda kwemitemo yehudzvanyiriri. Akava mumiriri akabudirira kwazvo wemhuri yepedyo yevakabatwa. Achikwira pachikuva akapfeka T-shirt hombe yakadhindwa nepikicha yeMH370 ine meseji inoti βTsvakaβ, akataura nezvaamai vake, rudo rwakadzama rwavaimuitira uye matambudziko aakasangana nawo mushure mekutsakatika kwake. Dzimwe nguva aichema chinyararire, sezvaiita vamwe vaiva muvateereri, kusanganisira Gibson. Pashure pekutaura kwake, akaenda kwaari ndokukumbira kana aizobvuma kumbundirwa nomunhu waasingazivi. Akamumbundira nekufamba kwenguva vakava shamwari.
Gibson paakasiya chirangaridzo, akafunga kubatsira nekugadzirisa gaka raakange aona: kushomeka kwekutsvaga kwemahombekombe kwemarara anoyangarara. Iyi ichava niche yake. Achave bhiza remahombekombe achitsvaga kuparara kweMH370 kumahombekombe. Vanoongorora zviri pamutemo, kunyanya maAustralia nemaMalaysian, vakaisa mari yakawanda mukuongorora pasi pemvura. Vangadai vakaseka shuwa Gibson, sekuseka kwavaiita kuti Gibson aizowana masaramusi endege pamahombekombe ari kure nemazana emakiromita.
Kuruboshwe: Gweta rekuMalaysia uye murwiri Grace Subathirai Nathan, ana amai vaive muchikepe cheMH370. Kurudyi: Blaine Gibson, wokuAmerica akaenda kunotsvaka pakaparara ndege. Mufananidzo na: William Langewiesche
Zvichaenderera mberi.
Ndokumbira utaure chero kukanganisa kana typos aunowana mumameseji epachivande.
Source: www.habr.com