Mumatikitivha akatevedzana uye mafirimu, apo matsotsi anoita basa guru rekutyaira, unogona kuona kazhinji kuti munhu akasiya zvisaririra izvi akabudirira kuzivikanwa nebutt refodya kana nekutsenga chingamu yakanamatira patafura. Muhupenyu chaihwo, iwe unogona zvakare kudzidza zvakawanda nezvake kubva kutsenga chingamu chave mumuromo memunhu. Nhasi tichatarisa chidzidzo umo masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCopenhagen akawana "chewing gum" panguva yekuchera, iyo inenge makore 5700. Mashoko api pamusoro pavanhu angagona kuwana masayendisiti kubva pane zvavakawana, ndiani mumwezve angataura nezvake kare, uye tsvakurudzo iyi ingakanganisa sei kurwisa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana munguva yemberi? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzakatimirira mumushumo wemasayendisiti. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Hunhu hukuru hwechidzidzo ichi ndeye birch resin kana birch tar. Ichi chinhu chine brownish-black chinowanikwa nekubikisa chikamu chepamusoro chebirch bark (birch bark) mumudziyo wakavharwa. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kupisa kunoitika pasina kuwana oksijeni, i.e. yakaoma distillation. Munguva yekupisa, birch bark inoshandurwa kuita tara.
Kare izvi zvaiitwa mumidziyo yevhu pamusoro pemoto. Mumazuva iwayo, tara yaiwanzoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvematombo seglue yepasi rose. Yekutanga yekuchera matongo yakawanikwa yetara inoshandiswa nevanhu inodzokera kunguva yePaleolithic.
Zvine musoro kuti tar yakashandiswa mu "indasitiri", sekutaura. Zvisinei, vanochera matongo vakawana zvisaririra zvemazino pazvidimbu zvakawanda zvebirch resin. Sei madzitateguru edu aitsenga tara? Pane dzidziso dzakawanda dzinotsanangura izvi. Chekutanga, tara inokurumidza kuoma kana yatonhorerwa, saka kuitsenga kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuidziya uye kuita kuti ipfave pabasa. Pane imwe dzidziso inotaura kuti tara yaitsenga kuderedza marwadzo anokonzerwa nezvirwere zvemukanwa, sezvo tara ichinzi mushonga unouraya utachiona, kunyange zvazvo isina kusimba. Uyewo, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti aya ndiwo akanga ari mavambo ehutsanana hwemazino, uye tara yaiita sebhurasho remazino rekare. Uye dzidziso inonakidza, asi saka kwete isina maturo, inofadza. Vanhu vekare vaigona kutsenga resin saizvozvo, i.e. pasina chikonzero chakanaka.
Kuita birch resin mukuita.
Pane zvakawanda zvekufungidzira pamusoro penyaya yekutsenga resin nevanhu vekare, asi hapana akaita tsvakiridzo yakawanda inopa mhedzisiro yekongiri. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCopenhagen vakasarudza kuongorora chidimbu cheyakatsenga resin yakawanikwa panguva yekuchera kumaodzanyemba kweDenmark (1a) Ongororo yemuenzaniso yakaratidza kuti yaisangova neDNA yemunhu chete, asiwo microbial DNA, iyo inogona kutaura zvakawanda nezveoral microbiome. DNA yakawanikwawo kubva muzvinomera zvaiita kunge zvakadyiwa nevanhu vekare vasati vatsenga resin.
DNA yakanyatsochengetedzwa, masayendisiti anofara kuti akakwanisa kusiyanisa genome remunhu rakakwana. Izvi zvinoita sezvisingakoshi ichokwadi kubudirira mune zvekuchera matongo uye genetics. Ichokwadi ndechokuti genome yakakwana yemunhu wekare kare yaigona kuwanikwa chete kubva pazvisaririra zvake (kazhinji mapfupa).
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Vagamuchira “uchapupu hunokosha,” vanochera matongo vakatanga kuuongorora danho nedanho kuti vawane mashoko akakwana pamusoro po“mufungidziri” wedu aitsenga birch resin.
Mufananidzo #1
Radiocarbon kufambidzana, iyo inoitwa nekusiyanisa huwandu hweradioactive isotope 14C mumuenzaniso wehukama kune yakagadzikana isotopes yekabhoni, yakawana ingamu iri pakati pe5858 uye 5661 yemakore (1b) Izvi zvinoratidza kuti sampuli inodzokera kumashure ekutanga Neolithic nguva. Iyi nguva inonziwo "New Stone Age", sezvo zvigadzirwa zvematombo zvakawedzera kuoma, uye teknolojia yekukuya nekuchera maburi yakaonekwa.
Ongororo yemakemikari uchishandisa Fourier shandura infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yakagadzira spectrum yakafanana zvakanyanya nebirch tara yemazuva ano. GC/MS (gasi chromatography/mass spectrometry) yakaratidza kuvapo kwe triterpenes betulin uye lupeol, iyo inowanzoitika mumasampuli anotorwa kubva mubirch (1c) Chimwe chisimbiso chekuti sampuli yaive birch yaive mitsetse yedicarboxylic acids uye yakazara mafuta acids yakaonekwa neGC/MS yakafanana.
Saka, masayendisiti akawana kuti sampuli Birch resin ane makore kubva 5858 kusvika 5661 makore (kutanga Neolithic).
Nhanho yaitevera yaive DNA sequencing, iyo yakagadzira inosvika 360 miriyoni base-paired DNA sequences, ingangoita chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chaigona kuenzana zvakasiyana nereferensi remunhu genome (hg19).
The base-paired kutevedzana kweDNA yemunhu yakaratidza zvese zvirimo muDNA yevanhu vekare: ipfupi avhareji urefu hwezvimedu, kugara kuvapo. purine* kuti suture kuputika uye kuwedzera kuwanda kwekutsiva kunooneka cytosine* (C) pa thymine* (T) pa5′ kumagumo ezvimedu zveDNA.
Purine* (C5N4H4) ndiye mumiririri akareruka weimidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidines.
Cytosine* (C4H5N3O) is an organic compound, a nitrogenous base, a pyrimidine derivative.
Timin* (C5H6N2O2) inotorwa nepyrimidine, imwe yemabhesi mashanu enitrogenous.
Yakagadzirawo nezve 7.3 GB yedata maererano nekutevedzana kwevanhu.
Sample yaive ne30% endogenous DNA yemunhu. Izvi zvinofananidzwa nemazino akachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye mapfupa evanhu vekare.
Zvichienderana nehukama pakati pekutevedzana kwemabhesi akapetwa anoenderana neX uye Y chromosomes, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona kuti murume wekare mudiwa wegum - mukadzi.
Kuti ufanotaura ruvara rwebvudzi, maziso uye ganda, genotypes dzakatorwa kune makumi mana nerimwe SNP*izvo zvinosanganisirwa muhurongwa .
SNP* (single nucleotide polymorphism) - misiyano yeDNA kutevedzana kweiyo nucleotide muhukuru mugenome yevamiriri vemhando imwe chete kana pakati pehomologous matunhu ehomologous chromosomes.
Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti mukadzi uyu aive mutema aine bvudzi rakasvibira nemaziso eblue.
Mufananidzo #2
Masayendisiti akawana 593102 SNPs mujenome iri pasi peongororo iyo yakambove genotyped mudura re> 1000 vanhu vemazuva ano uye > zana rakamboburitswa genomes ekare.
Mumufananidzo 2a migumisiro yechikamu chikuru chekuongorora inoratidzwa. Iyi nzira yekudzikisira data dimensionality yakatibvumira kuona kuti mukadzi wekare ane genome ari kudzidzwa angangove muvhimi wekuMadokero (W.H.G.) Kuenzanisa alleles* vanhu vemazuva ano uye mukadzi wekare akasimbisa nhengo yake muboka rakasimbiswa (2b).
Alleles* - marudzi akasiyana ejini rimwe chete, riri munzvimbo dzakafanana dzehomologous chromosomes. Alleles inosarudza kutungamira kwekukura kwechimwe chimiro.
Iyi mhedzisiro inosimbiswa zvakare neqpAdm ongororo. Ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti yakareruka mutsara modhi, iyo inotora 100% WHG mavambo emukadzi wekare, haigone kuraswa nekuda kweimwe yakaoma modhi (2s).
Kuratidzira zvakanyanya kuumbwa kwetaxonomic yevasiri vanhu kutevedzana mumuenzaniso, MetaPhlan2 yakashandiswa, chishandiso chakanyatsogadzirirwa taxonomic profiling yezvipfupi zvakatevedzana zvakawanikwa. pfuti nzira*.
Shotgun nzira * - nzira yekuteedzera zvikamu zvirefu zveDNA, kana uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge tšona.
Mufananidzo #3
Pamusoro pe "origami" 3a inoratidza mhedzisiro yechikamu chikuru chekuongorora ichifananidza kuumbwa kwemicrobial yemuenzaniso wekudzidza uye 689 microbiome profiles kubva kuHuman Microbiome Project (HMP). Paive nekubatana pakati peiyo data data neHMP data, zvichireva kuti dzakafanana. Izvi zvinoonekwa zvakare pa 3b, iyo inoratidza kuumbwa kwe microbial ye resin mukuenzanisa neyakafanana kubva kune masampuli maviri evhu (kuunganidza kwakaitwa panzvimbo imwe chete) uye mukuenzanisa nekugadzirwa kwehutachiona hwevanhu vemazuva ano.
Kuongorora kwakadzama kweiyo microbial kuumbwa kwakaratidza kuvepo kwebhakitiriya Neisseria subflava и Rothia mucilaginosa, pamwe chete Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia и Treponema denticola. Mukuwedzera, zviratidzo zvehutachiona hweEpstein-Barr zvakaonekwa.
Mhando dzinoverengeka dze streptococci dziri muboka Mitis, kusanganisira Streptococcus viridans и Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Tafura 1: Rondedzero yevose vasiri vanhu mutero inowanikwa mubirch tar sample.
Genome yekubvumirana yakagadzirwa patsva kubva ku-base-paired sequences S. pneumoniae uye kufungidzira kwenhamba yenzvimbo dzeheterozygous. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuvepo kweakati wandei (mufananidzo #4).
Mufananidzo #4
Kuongorora virulence yematambudziko S. pneumoniaeyakatorwa kubva muresin yekare, masayendisiti akafananidza contigs (seti yezvikamu zveDNA zvakaputika) ine dhatabhesi rakazara rehutachiona hwezvinhu, zvichivabvumira kuziva majini anozivikanwa. hutachiona* S. pneumoniae.
Virulence* - dhigirii rekugona kwedambudziko rekukanganisa chipenyu chiri kudzidzwa.
Makumi maviri nematanhatu ehutachiona hweS. pneumoniae akaonekwa mumuenzaniso wekare, kusanganisira capsular polysaccharides (CPS), streptococcal enolase (Eno), uye pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA).
Ongororo yemuenzaniso wekare weresin yakaratidzawo kuvepo kwemavara emhando mbiri dzemiti: birch (Betula pendula) uye hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Mukuwedzera, kutevedzana kunosvika 50000 XNUMX kwakawanwa kwaienderana nemallard ( Anas platyrhynchos, rudzi rwedhadha).
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa и kwaari.
Epilogue
Ichi chidzidzo chinogona kunzi chakasarudzika, zvichipihwa huwandu hweruzivo rwakawanikwa. Kare, genome yakakwana yemunhu wekare inogona kudzorerwa chete kubva kumasara ake (mapfupa nemeno), asi mubasa iri masayendisiti akakwanisa kuiwana kubva kune chewed birch resin.
Vakaona kuti gum rekare, rine makore 5700 XNUMX, rakatsengwa nemukadzi ane ganda dema, bvudzi rakasvibira uye maziso eblue. Iyi tsananguro yechitarisiko inosimbisa zvakare kuti kupenya kweganda kweganda pakati pevagari vechikamu chekumadokero kweEurasia kwakatanga kuoneka gare gare. Mukuwedzera, maitiro akadaro ekunze anofananidzwa neaya evamiririri vevavhimi vekuMadokero, avo vangangodaro vaisanganisira mukadzi ane genome yakawanikwa kubva mumuenzaniso.
Chakanakira kudzidza chewed resin ndechekuti inopa ruzivo nezve microbial kuumbwa kwemukanwa wemunhu wekare. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuvepo kwemhando dzinoverengeka dzebhakitiriya (Neisseria subflava, Rothia mucilaginosa, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia и Treponema denticola) Mukuwedzera, zviratidzo zvehutachiona hweEpstein-Barr zvakawanikwa, izvo hazvishamisi, zvichipiwa kuwanda kwehutachiona uhu pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano (90-95% yevanhu vakuru ndivo vatakuri vayo).
Mhando dzinoverengeka dze streptococci kubva muboka dzakawanikwawo Mitis, kusanganisira Streptococcus viridans и Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Kana zviri zvegastronomic zvido zvemukadzi wekare, kuongororwa kwevasiri vanhu DNA sequences, iyo yakanga isinawo hukama nemavhairasi kana mabhakitiriya, yakawana mitsetse yebirch, hazelnuts uye mallard madhadha. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti izvi zvinomera nemhuka zvaive hwaro hwekudya kwevanhu vekare venguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, pane mukana wakanaka wekuti DNA yemiti iyi nemhuka yakapinda muresin nokuti mukadzi wekare akazvipedza nguva pfupi asati atsenga resin. Mune mamwe mazwi, ichi chinogona kunge chiri chiitiko chega.
Nei resin iri manyuko akanaka kwazvo eDNA yevanhu vekare? Chinhu chacho ndechokuti panguva yekucheka, DNA "yakavharwa" ne resin uye yakachengetwa mairi nekuda kweiyo aseptic uye hydrophobic properties.
Mune ramangwana, masayendisiti anoronga kuongorora mamwe masampuli akawanikwa, ayo achabatsira kuwedzera kunzwisisa hupenyu hwevanhu vekare. Pamusoro pezvo, kuumbwa kwehutachiona hwemasampuli ekare kunopa nzwisiso mukushanduka kwehutachiona hwemuromo uye mamwe hutachiona.
Zvisinei, kuunganidza ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pemurume kubva pachidimbu cheresin yakatsengwa yaakapfira makore 5700 apfuura ibudiriro inoshamisa. Kune vamwe, ruzivo rwekare, kunyanya rwuri kure, haruna kukosha. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, patinowedzera kuziva nezvemadzitateguru edu, ndipo patinowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu pachedu.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Vhidhiyo pamusoro pekuti chewing gum inogadzirwa sei munyika yanhasi.
Off-top 2.0:
A little nostalgia :)
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! 🙂
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Source: www.habr.com