Mhoro Habr.
Muchikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa pamusoro pazvo yakaudzwa nezvezviteshi zvemasevhisi pamasaisai marefu uye mapfupi. Takaparadzana, zvakakodzera kutaura nezveamateur nhepfenyuro. Chekutanga, izvi zvakare zvinonakidza, uye chechipiri, chero munhu anogona kujoinha iyi maitiro, zvese kugamuchira uye kutumira.
Sezviri muzvikamu zvekutanga, kusimbiswa kuchave kune "digital" uye kuti chiratidzo chekugadzirisa chinoshanda sei. Isu tichashandisa zvakare Dutch online inogamuchira kugashira uye decode masaini uye MultiPSK chirongwa.
Kune avo vanofarira kuti inoshanda sei, kuenderera mberi kuri pasi pekucheka.
Mushure mekunge yazivikanwa makore anopfuura 100 apfuura kuti zvaigoneka kutaurirana nenyika yese pamasaisai mapfupi uchishandisa transmitter yemarambi maviri chaiwo, kwete makambani chete, asiwo vanofarira vakafarira maitiro. Mumakore iwayo zvaiita seizvi , zvakanaka, ham redhiyo inoramba iri inonakidza tekinoroji hobby. Ngatiedzei kuona kuti ndeapi marudzi ekutaurirana anowanikwa kune vemazuva ano maredhiyo amateurs.
Frequency masosi
Maredhiyo airwaves anoshandiswa zvakanyanya nesevhisi uye nhepfenyuro, saka maredhiyo amateurs anopihwa mamwe ma frequency renji kuti asakanganise nevamwe. Kune akawanda akawanda emisara iyi, kubva kune ekupedzisira-akareba masaisa pa137 KHz kusvika kuma microwaves pa1.3, 2.4, 5.6 kana 10 GHz (unogona kuona zvimwe zvakawanda. ) Muzhinji, munhu wese anogona kusarudza, zvichienderana nezvido uye michina michina.
Kubva pakuona kwekureruka kwekugamuchira, iwo anonyanya kusvikirika ma frequency ane wavelengths ye80-20m:
- 3,5 MHz kureba (80 m): 3500-3800 kHz.
- 7 MHz kureba (40 m): 7000-7200 kHz.
- 10 MHz kureba (30 m): 10100-10140 kHz.
- 14 MHz kureba (20 m): 14000-14350 kHz.
Unogona kuvateerera uchishandisa zviri pamusoro , uye kubva kune yako pachako, kana ichigona kugamuchira musideband mode (LSB, USB, SSB).
Zvino kuti zvinhu zvose zvagadzirira, ngationei zvingagamuchirwa ikoko.
Kutaurirana nezwi uye Morse kodhi
Kana iwe ukatarisa iyo yese amateur radio bhendi kuburikidza newebhusdr, unogona kuona zviri nyore Morse kodhi masaini. Iyo haichasisiri musevhisi redhiyo kutaurirana, asi vamwe vanofarira redhiyo vanoishandisa nesimba.
Kare, kuti uwane chiratidzo chekufona, waitofanirwa kupasa bvunzo mukugamuchira masaini eMorse, zvino zvinoita sekunge zvakasiiwa chete kune yekutanga, yepamusoro-soro, chikamu (iyo inosiyana zvakanyanya, chete mune yakanyanya kubvumidzwa simba). Isu ticha decode masaini eCW tichishandisa CW Skimmer uye Virtual Audio Kadhi.
Radio amateurs, kuderedza kureba kwemeseji, shandisa kodhi yakapfupikiswa (), kunyanya, mutsara CQ DE DF7FF zvinoreva kufona kwakawanda kune zviteshi zvese kubva kumuredhiyo amateur DF7FF. Mumwe nemumwe weredhiyo amateur ane yake yekufona sign, iyo prefix inoumbwa kubva , izvi zviri nyore nekuti Zvinobva zvajeka kuti nhepfenyuro iri kutepfenyura kubva kupi. Kwatiri, chiratidzo chekufona DF7FF ndechemudzidzi weredhiyo anobva kuGermany.
Kana zviri zvekutaura nezwi, hapana zvinonetsa nazvo; avo vanoda vanogona kuteerera vega pawebsdr. Pane imwe nguva panguva yeUSSR, havazi vese vateereri veredhiyo vaive nekodzero yekufambisa nhepfenyuro nevatorwa; ikozvino hapana zvirambidzo zvakadaro, uye huwandu uye kunaka kwekutaurirana kunoenderana chete nemhando yeantennas, zvishandiso uye kushivirira kweiyo. opareta. Kune avo vanofarira, munogona kuverenga zvakawanda pamasaiti eredhiyo emasaiti uye maforamu (cqham, qrz), asi isu tichaenda kune masaini edhijitari.
Nehurombo, kune vazhinji vanoita zveredhiyo, kushanda nedhijitari kungobatanidza kadhi reinzwi rekombuta kuchirongwa chedecoder; vanhu vashoma vanoongorora maomesero emashandiro azvinoita. Kunyangwe vashoma vanoita zviyedzo zvavo nedhijitari masaini kugadzirisa uye akasiyana marudzi ekutaurirana. Pasinei neizvi, akawanda edhijitari mapuroteni akaonekwa mumakore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu apfuura, mamwe acho anonakidza kufunga.
RTTY
Rudzi rwekutaurirana rwechinyakare runoshandisa frequency modulation. Iyo nzira pachayo inodaidzwa kuti FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) uye inosanganisira kugadzira zvishoma kutevedzana nekushandura frequency yekufambisa.
Dhata inovharidzirwa nekukurumidza kuchinja pakati pemafrequency maviri F0 neF1. Musiyano dF = F1 - F0 inonzi frequency spacing, uye inogona kuenzana, semuenzaniso, 85, 170, kana 452 Hz. Yechipiri parameter ndiyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya, iyo inogona zvakare kuve yakasiyana uye kuva, semuenzaniso, 45, 50 kana 75 bits pasekondi. Nokuti Tine mafrequency maviri, saka tinoda kusarudza kuti chii chichava "kumusoro" uye chii chichava "pasi", iyi parameter inowanzonzi "inversion". Aya matatu maitiro (kumhanya, nzvimbo uye inversion) anosarudza zvizere maparamita eRTTY kutapurirana. Iwe unogona kuwana izvi zvigadziriso munenge chero chirongwa che decoding, uye nekusarudza aya ma paramita kunyangwe "neziso", unogona kudhiza mazhinji ezviratidzo izvi.
Pane imwe nguva, kutaurirana kweRTTY kwainyanya kufarirwa, asi ikozvino, pandakaenda kune websdr, handina kunzwa chiratidzo chimwe chete, saka zvakaoma kupa muenzaniso we decoding. Vanoshuvira vanogona kuteerera vega pa7.045 kana 14.080 MHz; zvimwe zvakawanda nezve teletype zvakanyorwa mukati zvinyorwa.
PSK31/63
Imwe mhando yekukurukurirana idanho modulation, . Haisi iyo frequency inochinja pano, asi chikamu; pane girafu inotaridzika seizvi:
Bit encoding yechiratidzo inosanganisira kushandura chikamu ne180 madhigirii, uye iyo siginecha pachayo ndeye yakachena sine wave - iyi inopa yakanaka yekufambisa renji ine simba shoma rinopfuudzwa. Kuchinja kwechikamu kwakaoma kuona muscreenshot; inogona kuoneka kana iwe ukakudza uye nepamusoro pechimedu pane chimwe.
Iyo encoding pachayo iri nyore - muBPSK31, masaini anofambiswa nekumhanya kwe31.25 baud, shanduko yechikamu inonyorwa "0", hapana shanduko yechikamu inonyorwa "1". Encoding yehunhu inogona kuwanikwa paWikipedia.
Zvinoonekwa pane spectrum, chiratidzo cheBPSK chinoonekwa semutsara wakamanikana, uye zvinonzwika inonzwika senzwi rakachena (iyo iri musimboti). Iwe unogona kunzwa zviratidzo zveBPSK, semuenzaniso, pa7080 kana 14070 MHz, uye iwe unogona kuzvisarudzira muMultiPSK.
Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti mune zvose BPSK uye RTTY, "kupenya" kwemutsara kunogona kushandiswa kutonga simba rechiratidzo uye kunaka kwekugamuchira - kana chimwe chikamu chemashoko chichinyangarika, ipapo pachava ne "marara" munzvimbo ino yeshoko, asi revo yose yeshoko kazhinji kazhinji inoramba iri imwe cheteyo inonzwisisika. Mushandi anogona kusarudza kuti ndechipi chiratidzo chekutarisisa pachiri kuitira kuti aite decode. Kutsvaga kwemasaini matsva uye asina kusimba kubva kuvanyori vari kure kunonakidza pachayo; zvakare kana uchitaurirana (sezvauri kuona pamufananidzo uri pamusoro), unogona kushandisa emahara mavara uye kuitisa "live" nhaurirano. Mukupesana, maprotocol anotevera akanyanya otomatiki, anoda zvishoma kana kusapindira kwevanhu. Kunyangwe izvi zvakanaka kana zvakaipa mubvunzo wehuzivi, asi isu tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti chimwe chikamu chemweya weredhiyo chakarasika mumhando dzakadaro.
FT8/FT4
Kuti udecode iyo inotevera mhando yezviratidzo iwe unofanirwa kuisa chirongwa . Signals kutumirwa uchishandisa frequency modulation ye8 frequencies nekuchinja kwe6.25 Hz chete, kuitira kuti chiratidzo chitore bandwidth ye50 Hz chete. Dhata muFT8 inotamiswa mu "mapaketi" anogara anenge masekonzi gumi nemana, saka kuwiriranisa kwakaringana kwenguva yekombuta kwakakosha. Kugamuchira kunenge kwakazara otomatiki - chirongwa chinotsanangura chiratidzo chekufona uye simba rechiratidzo.
Mune shanduro itsva yeprotocol , iyo yakaonekwa munguva ichangopfuura rimwe zuva, nguva yepakiti yakaderedzwa kusvika ku5s, 4-toni modulation inoshandiswa pakufambisa kwekufambisa kwe23 baud. Iyo yakagarwa chiratidzo bandwidth ingangoita 90Hz.
WSPR
WSPR iprotocol yakanyatso kugadzirirwa kugamuchira uye kutumira masaini asina simba. Ichi chiratidzo chinofambiswa nekumhanya kwe1.4648 baud chete (hongu, ingopfuura 1 bit pasekondi). Kutumira kunoshandisa frequency modulation (4-FSK) ine frequency spacing ye1.4648Hz, saka chiratidzo bandwidth chinongova 6Hz. Iyo inofambiswa data packet ine saizi ye50 bits, mabhiti ekururamisa kukanganisa anowedzerwawo kwairi (isina-recursive convolutional kodhi, constraint urefu K = 32, chiyero = 1/2), zvichikonzera huwandu hwepaketi saizi ye162 bits. Aya 162bits anotamiswa mukati memaminitsi maviri (chero munhu anganyunyuta nezve Internet inononoka? :).
Zvese izvi zvinokutendera kuti utumire data pazasi peyero yeruzha, neinenge inonakidza mhedzisiro - semuenzaniso, 100 mW chiratidzo kubva kune microprocessor gumbo, nerubatsiro rwemukati loop antenna zvaigoneka kutumira chiratidzo pamusoro pe1000 km.
WSPR inoshanda zvizere otomatiki uye haidi kutora chikamu chemushandisi. Zvakakwana kusiya purogiramu ichimhanya, uye mushure mechinguva iwe unogona kuona chirongwa chekushanda. Data inogona zvakare kutumirwa kune saiti , iyo yakanakira kuongorora kutapurirana kana kunaka kweantenna - unogona kutumira chiratidzo uye nekukasira woona online kwayakagamuchirwa.
Nenzira, chero munhu anogona kujoina WSPR reception, kunyangwe pasina amateur radio call sign (haidiwe kugamuchirwa) - anongogamuchira uye chirongwa cheWSPR chakakwana, uye zvese izvi zvinogona kutoshanda zvakasununguka paRaspberry Pi (hongu. , unoda mugamuchiri chaiye kutumira data kubva kune vamwe paIndaneti -vanogamuchira hazvina musoro). Iyo sisitimu inonakidza zvese kubva pakuona kwesainzi uye yekuyedza nemidziyo nemaantenna. Zvinosuruvarisa, sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamufananidzo uri pasi apa, maererano nehuwandu hwekugamuchira zviteshi, Russia haisi kure neSudan, Egypt kana Nigeria, saka vatori vechikamu vatsva vanogara vachibatsira - zvinokwanisika kuva wekutanga, uye nemumwe anogamuchira. unogona "kuvhara" nzvimbo ine chiuru chemakiromita.
Inonakidza uye yakanyanya kuomarara kufambisa kweWSPR pamafrequency pamusoro pe1 GHz - frequency kugadzikana kweanogamuchira uye transmitter yakakosha pano.
Apa ndipo pandichapedzisa ongororo, kunyangwe, hongu, hazvisi zvese zvakanyorwa, chete zvinonyanya kufarirwa.
mhedziso
Kana mumwe munhu aida kuedza ruoko rwake zvakare, saka hazvina kuoma. Kuti ugamuchire masaini, unogona kushandisa ingave yekare (Tecsun PL-880, Sangean ATS909X, nezvimwewo) kana SDR inogamuchira (SDRPlay RSP2, SDR Elad). Tevere, ingoisa zvirongwa sezvaratidzwa pamusoro, uye unogona kudzidza redhiyo iwe pachako. Mutengo wenyaya ndeye $100-200 zvichienderana neanogamuchira modhi. Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa vanogamuchira online uye kwete kutenga chero chinhu zvachose, kunyangwe izvi zvichiri zvisingafadze zvakadaro.
Kune avo vanoda zvakare kufambisa, vanozofanira kutenga transceiver ine antenna uye kuwana rezinesi redhiyo reamateur. Mutengo wetransceiver wakada kuenzana nemutengo we iPhone, saka inokwanisika kutenga kana uchida. Iwe zvakare uchafanirwa kupasa bvunzo iri nyore, uye mukati memwedzi unokwanisa kushanda zvizere pamhepo. Ehe, izvi hazvisi nyore - uchafanirwa kudzidza mhando dzeantenna, uuye nenzira yekuisa, uye unzwisise mafambiro uye mhando dzemwaranzi. Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti "vachafanira" zvichida harina kufanira pano, nokuti ndicho chikonzero chiri chido chekunakidzwa, chimwe chinhu chinoitirwa kunakidzwa uye kwete pasi pekumanikidzwa.
Nenzira, chero munhu anogona kuedza kutaurirana kwedhijitari izvozvi. Kuti uite izvi, ingoisa purogiramu yeMultiPSK, uye iwe unogona kutaurirana zvakananga "pamusoro pemhepo" kuburikidza nekadhi yezwi uye maikorofoni kubva kune imwe kombiyuta kuenda kune imwe uchishandisa chero rudzi rwekutaurirana kwekufarira.
Happy miedzo munhu wese. Zvichida mumwe wevaverengi achagadzira mhando nyowani yedhijitari yekutaurirana, uye ini ndichafara kuisa ongororo yayo mune ino chinyorwa π
Source: www.habr.com