Chii chinonzi Wolverine, Deadpool uye Jellyfish zvakafanana? Vose vane chinhu chinoshamisa - kuberekwa patsva. Ehe, mumakomiki nemamuvhi, kugona uku, kwakajairika pakati pehuwandu hushoma hwezvipenyu chaiyo, kune zvishoma (uye dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya) kuwedzeredzwa, asi inoramba iri chaiyo. Uye chii chaicho chinogona kutsanangurwa, izvo izvo masayendisiti kubva kuTohoku University (Japan) akasarudza kuita mukudzidza kwavo kutsva. Ndeapi maitiro emasero mumuviri wejellyfish ane hukama nekuzvarwa patsva, maitiro aya anoenderera mberi sei, uye ndeapi mamwe masimba makuru ane zvisikwa zvakaita sejelly? Chirevo cheboka retsvakurudzo chichatiudza pamusoro peizvi. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Kutanga, masayendisiti anotsanangura chikonzero nei vakasarudza kuisa pfungwa dzavo pajellyfish. Ichokwadi ndechokuti tsvakurudzo yakawanda mumunda webiology inoitwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinonzi zvipenyu zvemuenzaniso: mbeva, nhunzi dzemichero, makonye, ββhove, nezvimwewo. Asi pasi redu rine mamiriyoni ezvipenyu, rimwe nerimwe rine unyanzvi hwakasiyana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hazvibviri kuongorora zvizere maitiro ekuvandudzwa kwemaserura nekudzidza mhando imwe chete, uye kufunga kuti iyo yakadzidzwa nzira ichave yakafanana kune zvisikwa zvese zvePasi.
Kana iri jellyfish, zvisikwa izvi, nechitarisiko chazvo, zvinotaura nezvekusiyana kwavo, izvo zvisingakwanisi asi kukwezva kutarisa kwevasayendisiti. Naizvozvo, ndisati ndatanga dissection yetsvakiridzo pachayo, ndakasangana neayo hunhu hukuru.
Izwi rekuti "jellyfish," iro ratino shandiswa kudaidza chisikwa kudaro, rinongoreva chete nhanho yehupenyu hwekutenderera kweiyo cnidarian subtype. medusozoa. Cnidarians vakagamuchira zita rakadaro risina kujairika nekuda kwekuvapo kwemasero anoruma (cnidocytes) mumitumbi yavo, iyo inoshandiswa pakuvhima uye kuzvidzivirira. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kana ukabatwa nejellyfish, unogona kutenda maseru aya nekuda kwemarwadzo uye kutambura.
Cnidocytes ine cnidocysts, intracellular organelle inokonzera "kuruma" mhedzisiro. Maererano nechitarisiko chavo uye, maererano, nzira yekushandiswa, marudzi akawanda e-cnidocytes anosiyaniswa, pakati pawo ndeaya:
- vanopinda - shinda dzine magumo akanongedza anobaya muviri weakabatwa kana mutadzi semapfumo, achibaya neurotoxin;
- glutinants - inonamira uye yakareba tambo inofukidza munhu akabatwa (kwete iyo inonyanya kufadza hug);
- mavolvents ishinda pfupi idzo munhu anenge abatwa anogona kupindwa napo zviri nyore.
Zvombo zvakadaro zvisiri zvakajairika zvinotsanangurwa nekuti jellyfish, kunyangwe iine nyasha, haisi zvisikwa zvine nimble. Iyo neurotoxin inopinda mumuviri wemhuka inokurumidza kuoma mitezo, izvo zvinopa jellyfish nguva yakawanda yekuzorora kwemasikati.
Jellyfish mushure mekuvhima kwakabudirira.
Pamusoro penzira yavo isina kujairika yekuvhima nekudzivirira, jellyfish ine kubereka kusingawanzo. Varume vanobudisa urume, uye vakadzi vanobereka mazai, mushure mekubatana kweiyo planulae (larvae) inoumbwa, ichigadzika pasi. Mushure mechinguva, polyp inokura kubva mugota, kubva payakasvika pakukura, jellyfish duku inoputika (chaizvoizvo, budding inoitika). Nekudaro, kune akati wandei matanho ehupenyu kutenderera, imwe yacho ijellyfish kana medusoid chizvarwa.
Hary canea, inozivikanwawo seshumba's mane.
Kana iyo canea ine mvere yakabvunzwa kuti ingawedzera sei kushanda kwekuvhima, yaizopindura - mamwe matende. Kune angangoita makumi matanhatu awo ese (masumbu ematende gumi nemashanu pakona imwe neimwe yedome). Mukuwedzera, rudzi urwu rwejellyfish runoonekwa sehukuru, nokuti dhayamita yedome inogona kusvika mamita maviri, uye matende anogona kutambanudza kusvika mamita makumi maviri panguva yekuvhima. Sezvineiwo, mhuka iyi haina kunyanya "chepfu" uye saka haiuraye kuvanhu.
Mvuto yegungwawo yaizowedzera kunaka kuhuwandu. Mhando yejellyfish iyi inewo matende gumi nemashanu (mamita matatu pakureba) pamakona mana edome, asi uturu hwawo hwakasimba zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura hwehama yayo huru. Zvinotendwa kuti mhungu yemugungwa ine neurotoxin inokwana kuuraya vanhu makumi matanhatu mumaminetsi matatu. Kutinhira uku kwemakungwa kunogara munharaunda yemhenderekedzo yegungwa kuchamhembe kweAustralia neNew Zealand. Zvinoenderana nedata kubva muna 15 kusvika 3, vanhu makumi matanhatu nevatatu vakafa muAustralia, asi data iri rinogona kunge risiri chairo, uye huwandu hwekusangana kunouraya pakati pevanhu nemanyuchi egungwa hunogona kunge hwakanyanya. Nekudaro, maererano nedata ye60-3, pakati pe1884 kesi, 1996% chete yevakabatwa vakaiswa muchipatara, kusanganisira rufu rumwe (mwana wemakore matatu).
nzizi yegungwa
Zvino ngatidzokerei kuchidzidzo chatiri kutarisa nhasi.
Kubva pakuona kwemasero, nzira inonyanya kukosha muupenyu hwose hwehupenyu hupi hupi huri kuwedzera kwesero - nzira yekukura kwemasero emuviri kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemasero nekupatsanurwa. Munguva yekukura kwemuviri, iyi nzira inogadzirisa kuwedzera kwekukura kwemuviri. Uye kana muviri wanyatsoumbwa, masero anokura anogadzirisa kuchinjana kwehupenyu hwemasero uye kuchinjwa kweakakuvadzwa nemamwe matsva.
Cnidarians, seboka rehanzvadzi revabilaterians uye metazoans ekutanga, akashandiswa kudzidza maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka kwemakore mazhinji. Naizvozvo, cnidarians hazvisi izvo maererano nekuwanda. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekukura kwe embryonic yegungwa anemone Nematostella vectensis kuwedzera kwesero kunobatanidzwa ne epithelial organisation uye inobatanidzwa mukuvandudza tende.
Nematostella vectensis
Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, cnidarians, sezvatinotoziva kare, vanozivikanwa nokuda kwekugona kwavo kugadzirisa. Hydra polyps (genus yemvura yakachena sessile coelenterates kubva mukirasi yehydroid) yakaonekwa seyakakurumbira pakati pevaongorori kwemazana emakore. Kuwedzera, kunoshandiswa nemasero anofa, kunokonzera nzira yekuvandudzwa kwemusoro webasal we hydra. Iro zita rechisikwa ichi rinotaura nezvechisikwa chengano chinozivikanwa nekuzvarwa patsva - Lernaean Hydra, iyo Hercules akakwanisa kukunda.
Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza hwave hwakabatana nekuwanda, zvinoramba zvisinganyatso kujeka kuti iyi cellular process inoitika sei pasi pemamiriro akajairwa pamatanho akasiyana ekukura kwezvisikwa.
Jellyfish, iyo ine hupenyu hwakaoma hunosanganisira matanho maviri ekubereka (yezvinomera uye zvepabonde), inoshanda semuenzaniso wakanakisa wekudzidza kuwanda.
Mubasa iri, basa remunhu mukuru akadzidza rakatambidzwa nejellyfish yemhando yeCladonema pacificum. Mhando iyi inogara kumahombekombe eJapan. Pakutanga, jellyfish iyi ine 9 matende makuru, ayo anotanga kuita mapazi uye kuwedzera muhukuru (semuviri wose) panguva yekukura kusvika kune munhu mukuru. Iyi ficha inotitendera kuti tidzidze zvakadzama nzira dzese dzinobatanidzwa mukuita uku.
Pamusoro pe Cladonema pacificum Chidzidzo ichi chakatarisawo mamwe marudzi ejellyfish: Cytaeis uchidae ΠΈ Rathkea octopunctata.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Kuti unzwisise mamiriro enzvimbo yekuwedzera kwesero muCladonema medusa, masayendisiti akashandisa 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, iyo inonyora masero mukati. S-chikamu* kana masero akatopfuura.
S-chikamu* - chikamu chekutenderera kwesero umo DNA replication inoitika.
Tichifunga izvozvo Cladonema inowedzera zvakanyanya muhukuru uye inoratidza tentacle branching panguva yekuvandudza (1A-1C), kugoverwa kwemasero ekuwedzera kunogona kuchinja munguva yose yekukura.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 1: maitiro ekuwedzera kwesero muCladonema muduku.
Nekuda kwechinhu ichi, zvaive zvichibvira kudzidza magadzirirwo ekuwedzera kwesero mune vese vadiki (zuva 1) uye vakakura pabonde (zuva 45) jellyfish.
Mujuvenile jellyfish, masero eEDU-positive akawanikwa muhuwandu hwakawanda mumuviri wose, kusanganisira umbel, manubrium (nhengo inotsigira yemuromo wejellyfish), uye matende, pasinei nenguva yeEdU.1D-1K ΠΈ 1N-1O, EdU: 20 Β΅M (micromolar) mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana).
Masero mashoma eEDU-positive akawanikwa mune manubrium (1F ΠΈ 1G), asi muamburera kugoverwa kwavo kwakanga kwakafanana, kunyanya muganda rekunze reamburera (exumbrella, 1H-1K) Mumatende, masero eEDU-positive aive akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya (1N) Kushandiswa kwemitotic marker (PH3 antibody) kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona kuti masero eEDU-positive ari kuwedzera maseru. PH3-positive masero akawanikwa muamburera uye girobhu retende (1L ΠΈ 1P).
Mumatende, mitotic masero ainyanya kuwanikwa muectoderm (1P), apo muamburera masero aiwedzera aive ari pamusoro pedenga (1M).
Mufananidzo Nhamba 2: maitiro ekuwedzera kwesero muCladonema yakakura.
Mune vese vadiki uye vakura, masero eEDU-positive akawanikwa muhuwandu hukuru mumuviri wese. Mune umbel, masero eEDU-positive aiwanzo kuwanikwa muchikamu chepamusoro pane chezasi, icho chakafanana nekutarisa muvadiki (2A-2D).
Asi mumatende mamiriro akanga akati siyanei. EDU-positive masero akaunganidzwa pazasi petende (girobhu), uko mapoka maviri akawanikwa kune rimwe divi regirobhu (2E ΠΈ 2F) Muvanhu vechidiki, kuunganidza kwakafanana kwakaonekwawo (1N), i.e. ma bulbs etende anogona kunge ari nzvimbo huru yekuwedzera mukati memedusoid nhanho. Zvinoda kuziva kuti mune manubrium evanhu vakuru nhamba yeEDU-positive masero yakanga yakakura kudarika yevana (2G ΠΈ 2H).
Mhedzisiro yepakati ndeyekuti kuwedzera kwesero kunogona kuitika zvakafanana muamburera yejellyfish, asi mumatende maitiro aya anowanikwa zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti yunifomu yekuwedzera kwesero inogona kudzora kukura kwemuviri uye matishu homeostasis, asi masumbu emasero anowedzera pedyo nemabhururu ematende anobatanidzwa mutende morphogenesis.
Maererano nekukura kwemuviri pachako, kupararira kunobata basa rinokosha mukukura kwemuviri.
Mufananidzo #3: Kukosha kwekuwanda mukuita kwekukura kwemuviri wejellyfish.
Kuti vaedze izvi mukuita, masayendisiti akaongorora kukura kwemuviri wejellyfish, kutanga nevadiki. Zviri nyore kuziva ukuru hwemuviri wejellyfish nedhome rayo, sezvo ichikura zvakaenzana uye zvakaenzana nemuviri wese.
Nekudya kwakajairika mumamiriro emurabhoritari, saizi yedome inowedzera zvakanyanya ne54.8% mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga - kubva pa24 Β± 0.62 mm0.02 kusvika 2 Β± 0.96 mm0.02. Pamazuva mashanu akatevera ekutarisa, saizi yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvakanaka kusvika 2 Β± 5 mm0.98 (3A-3Π‘).
Jellyfish kubva kune rimwe boka, iro rakanyimwa chikafu, harina kukura, asi shrank (mutsara mutsvuku pagirafu. 3Π‘) Kuongororwa kweserura kwejellyfish ine nzara kwakaratidza kuvapo kwenhamba shoma shoma yemasero eEDU: 1240.6 Β± 214.3 mujellyfish kubva muboka rekutonga uye 433.6 Β± 133 mune vane nzara.3D-3H) Kucherekedza uku kungave humbowo hwakananga hwekuti kudya kunovaka muviri kunopesvedzera zvakananga hurongwa hwekuwedzera.
Kuti vaedze iyi hypothesis, masayendisiti akaita chirongwa chemishonga umo vakavhara kufambira mberi kwesero vachishandisa hydroxyurea (CH4N2O2), cell cycle inhibitor inokonzera G1 kusungwa. Nekuda kwekupindira uku, masero eS-phase akamboonekwa achishandisa EdU akanyangarika (3I-3L) Saka, jellyfish iyo yakaratidzwa kune CH4N2O2 haina kuratidza kukura kwemuviri, kusiyana neboka rinodzora (3M).
Chikamu chinotevera chekudzidza chaive chidzidzo chakadzama chebranching tentacles yejellyfish kuitira kusimbisa fungidziro yekuti kupararira kwenzvimbo kwemasero mumatende kunobatsira kumorphogenesis yavo.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 4: mhedzisiro yekupararira kwenzvimbo pakukura uye branching yejellyfish tentacles.
Matende echidiki jellyfish ane rimwe bazi, asi nekufamba kwenguva nhamba yavo inowedzera. Mumamiriro e laboratori, branching yakawedzera katatu pazuva repfumbamwe rekucherechedza (4A ΠΈ 4Π‘).
Zvekare, paishandiswa CH4N2O2, hapana matavi ematende akaonekwa, asi bazi rimwe chete (4B ΠΈ 4C) Zvinoda kuziva kuti kubviswa kweCH4N2O2 kubva mumuviri wejellyfish kwakadzoreredza maitiro ekugadzira matavi ematende, izvo zvinoratidza kudzoreredzwa kwekupindira kwezvinodhaka. Aya maonero anoratidza zvakajeka kukosha kwekuwanda kwekukura kwetende.
Cnidarians haizove cnidarians pasina nematocytes (cnidocytes, kureva, cnidarians). Mumhando yejellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, masero emazita ari mumatende emabhuru anopa nematocysts kune matipi ematende chaizvo nekuda kwekuwanda kwesero. Sezvingatarisirwa, masayendisiti akasarudza kuedza kutaura uku zvakare.
Kuti uone chero kuwirirana pakati pe nematocysts uye kupararira, dhayi yenyukireya inosvibisa inogona kuisa poly-Ξ³-glutamate yakagadzirwa mumadziro ematocyst (DAPI, kureva 4β², 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) yakashandiswa.
Poly-Ξ³-glutamate staining yakatibvumira kufungidzira ukuru hwe nematocytes, kubva pa2 kusvika ku110 ΞΌm2 (4D-4G) A akati wandei asina chinhu nematocysts akaonekwa zvakare, kureva, akadaro nematocytes akapera (4D-4G).
Basa rekuwedzera mumatende ejellyfish rakaedzwa nekudzidza voids mune nematocytes mushure mekuvhara sero kuvharika neCH4N2O2. Chiyero chenematocyte isina chinhu mujellyfish mushure mekupindira kwezvinodhaka yakanga yakakwirira kudarika muboka rekutonga: 11.4% Β± 2.0% mujellyfish kubva muboka rekutonga uye 19.7% Β± 2.0% mujellyfish ine CH4N2O2 (4D-4G ΠΈ 4H) Nekuda kweizvozvo, kunyangwe mushure mekuneta, nematocytes inoramba ichinyatso kupihwa nekuwedzera progenitor masero, ayo anosimbisa pesvedzero yeiyi nzira kwete chete pakukura kwematende, asiwo nematogenesis mavari.
Nhanho yainyanya kunakidza yaive yekudzidza kwekugona kudzoreredza kwejellyfish. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemasero anowedzera mune tentacle bulb yejellyfish yakakura Cladonema, masayendisiti akasarudza kudzidza kuvandudzwa kwematende.
Mufananidzo Nhamba 5: kuitika kwekupararira pakuvandudzwa kwetende.
Mushure mekupatsanurwa kwematende pachigadziko, nzira yekuzvarwa patsva yakaonekwa (5A-5D) Mumaawa ekutanga e24, kuporesa kwakaitika munzvimbo yekucheka (5B) Pazuva rechipiri rekucherechedza, muromo wakatanga kureba uye matavi akaonekwa (5Π‘) Pazuva rechishanu, tende racho rakanga rakazara mapazi (5D), saka, kuvandudzwa kwetende kunogona kutevera yakajairika tende morphogenesis mushure mekurebesa.
Kuti tidzidze zviri nani danho rekutanga rekuzvarwa patsva, masayendisiti akaongorora kugoverwa kwemasero anowedzera achishandisa PH3 kusvibisa kuona mitotic masero.
Kunyange zvazvo masero ekuparadzanisa aiwanzoonekwa pedyo nenzvimbo yakagurwa, mitotic masero akaparadzirwa mune uncut control tentaled bulbs (5E ΠΈ 5F).
Quantification yePH3-positive masero aripo mumatentacle bulbs yakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwePH3-positive masero mumatentacle bulbs evakagurwa achienzaniswa nekutonga (5G) Semhedziso, maitiro ekutanga ekuvandudza anoperekedzwa nekuwedzera kushingaira kwekuwedzera kwesero mumabhururu etende.
Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera pakuzvarwa patsva yakaedzwa nekuvhara maseru ane CH4N2O2 mushure mekucheka tende. Muboka rekutonga, kureba kwetende mushure mekucheka kwakaitika kazhinji, sezvaitarisirwa. Asi muboka iro CH4N2O2 yakashandiswa, kureba hakuna kuitika, kunyangwe kupora maronda akajairwa.5H) Mune mamwe mazwi, kuporesa kuchaitika mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu, asi kuwanda kunodiwa pakuvandudzwa kwetende.
Pakupedzisira, masayendisiti akasarudza kudzidza kupararira mune mamwe marudzi ejellyfish, kureva Cytaeis ΠΈ Rathkea.
Mufananidzo #6: Kuenzanisa kwekuwedzera muCytaeis (kuruboshwe) uye Rathkea (kurudyi) jellyfish.
Π£ Cytaeis medusa EdU-positive masero akaonekwa mune manubrium, tentacle bulbs uye chikamu chepamusoro cheamburera (6A ΠΈ 6B) Nzvimbo yakaonekwa PH3-positive masero mukati Cytaeis zvakafanana ne Cladonema, zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvakasiyana (6C ΠΈ 6D) Asi pa Rathkea EdU-positive uye PH3-positive masero akawanikwa anenge ari munharaunda ye manubrium uye tentacle bulbs (6E-6H).
Zvinonakidzawo kuti masero anowedzera aiwanzoonekwa muitsvo dzejellyfish Rathkea (6E-6G), iyo inoratidza asexual rudzi rwekuberekana kwerudzi urwu.
Tichifunga nezvemashoko akawanikwa, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kuwedzera kwesero kunoitika mumabhururu etende kwete mumhando imwe chete yejellyfish, kunyange zvazvo kune misiyano nekuda kwekusiyana kwe physiology uye morphology.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa .
Epilogue
Mumwe weandinofarira mavara mavara ndiHercule Poirot. Mutikitivha ane njere aigara akatarisisa kune zvidiki izvo vamwe vaifunga kuti hazvina kukosha. Masayendisiti akawanda sematikitivha, achiunganidza humbowo hwese hwavanogona kuwana kuti vapindure mibvunzo yese yekuferefeta uye kuona "muparidzi."
Hazvina mhosva kuti zvingaite sezviri pachena sei, kudzoreredzwa kwemasero ejellyfish kune hukama hwakananga nekupararira - chiitiko chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemasero, matishu uye, semhedzisiro, chipenyu chose. Kuongorora kwakadzama kweiyi nzira yakazara kuchatitendera kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mamorekuru ari pasi payo, izvo zvinozowedzera kwete chete huwandu hweruzivo rwedu, asiwo zvakanangana nehupenyu hwedu.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Kurume kwejellyfish yemhando yeAurelia, inovhiringidzika nechikara chine zita risingawanzoiti "fried egg jellyfish", i.e. fried zai jellyfish (Planet Earth, voice-over naDavid Attenborough).
Haisi jellyfish, asi chisikwa ichi chakadzika-mugungwa (pelican-like largemouth) haiwanzotorwa mifananidzo (zvinoitwa nevatsvakurudzi zvinongobata).
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com