Inofatal Printer
Ityai vaDhani vanouya nezvipo.
– Virgil, "Aeneid"
Zvakare printer itsva yakazadza bepa.
Awa imwe yapfuura, Richard Stallman, mugadziri wepurogiramu paArtificial Laboratory
MIT Intelligence (AI Labs), yakatumira gwaro remapeji makumi mashanu
rakadhindwa paprinter yehofisi, ndokupinda mubasa. Zvino Richard
Ndakasimudza musoro kubva pane zvandaiita, ndakaenda kumudhinda ndikaona chinhu chisingafadzi:
panzvimbo pemapeji 50 akadhindwa akanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu, maiva ne4 chete mutireyi
akagadzirira mapepa. Uye avo vakanyatsotaura kune rimwe gwaro remumwe munhu.
Faili raRichard rine mapeji makumi mashanu rakasanganiswa nehafu-yakadhindwa faira remumwe munhu mukati
kuoma kunzwisisa kwehofisi network, uye printer yakakundwa nedambudziko iri.
Kumirira muchina kuti uite basa rawo kwakajairika.
kumugadziri wepurogiramu, uye Stallman akanga akarurama kuti atore dambudziko iri
stoically. Asi chinhu chimwe kana iwe uchipa muchina basa uye woriita
nyaya dzako, uye zvakasiyana zvachose kana iwe uchifanira kumira pedyo
muchina uye kudzora. Aka kakanga kasiri kekutanga kuti Richard adaro
mira pamberi peprinta uye uone mapeji achibuda rimwe nerimwe
Poshi. Kufanana nenyanzvi ipi neipi yakanaka, Stallman aive neruremekedzo rwakanyanya
kushanda zvakanaka kwemidziyo nemapurogiramu. Hameno izvi
kumwe kuvhiringa basa kwakamutsa chido chaipisa chaRichard
pinda mukati meprinta uye uise muhurongwa hwakakodzera.
Asi nhamo, Stallman aive programmer, kwete mainjiniya. Ndosaka
Chakanga chasara kuona mapeji achikambaira achibuda ndofunga
dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa dambudziko rinoshungurudza.
Asi vashandi veAI Laboratory vakakwazisa printer iyi nekufara uye
nechido! Yakaunzwa naXerox, yaive budiriro yayo
kuvandudza - kugadziridzwa kweiyo inokurumidza fotokopi. Printer haina kungozviita
makopi, asi zvakare akashandura data chaiyo kubva kuhofisi network mafaera kuita
magwaro anotarisa zvakanaka. Mudziyo uyu wakanzwa kushinga
mweya mutsva weiyo yakakurumbira Xerox murabhoritari muPalo Alto, aive
mucherechedzo weshanduko yekudhinda padesktop iyo inozochinja zvachose
indasitiri yese pakupera kwemakore gumi.
Vachitsva nekushaya moyo murefu, vagadziri vemapurogiramu eLabhoreti vakabva vabatidza itsva
printer mune yakaoma hofisi network. Mibairo yakapfuura yaityisa
zvinotarisirwa. Mapeji aibhururuka achibuda nekumhanya kwe1 pasekondi, magwaro
akatanga kudhinda ka10 nekukurumidza. Mukuwedzera, motokari yacho yakanyanyisa
pedantic mubasa rake: madenderedzwa aitaridzika semadenderedzwa, kwete maovha, asi
mitsetse yakarurama haichafananidzi pasi-amplitude sinusoids.
Mupfungwa dzese, chipo cheXerox chaive chipo chawaisagona kuramba.
kuramba.
Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, kufarira kwacho kwakatanga kudzikira. Pakarepo printer yakava
mutoro kusvika pakakwirira, matambudziko akabuda. Chii chakanyanya kundisvota
nyaya yekuti mudziyo wakatsenga bepa zvakanyanya. Injiniya Kufunga
vagadziri vepurogiramu vakakurumidza kuona mudzi wedambudziko. Chokwadi ndechekuti
Mafotokopi echinyakare anoda kugara aripo munhu ari pedyo.
Kusanganisira kuitira kugadzirisa bepa kana zvichidiwa. UYE
Xerox paakatanga kushandura photocopier kuita printer, mainjiniya
makambani haana kuterera kune iyi pfungwa uye akatarisa
kugadzirisa mamwe, mamwe matambudziko ekudzvanya kune printer. Engineering kutaura
mutauro, iyo itsva Xerox printer yaive nekutora chikamu kwevanhu nguva dzose
yakatanga kuvakwa muchigadziriso.
Nekushandura photocopier kuita printer, mainjiniya eXerox akaunza chinhu chimwe
kuchinja kwakava nemigumisiro inosvika kure. Panzvimbo ye,
kuitira kuti ive pasi pechishandiso kune mumwe chete opareta, chakaiswa pasi
kune vese vashandisi vehofisi network. Mushandisi akange asisamire pedyo
muchina, unodzora kushanda kwawo, iye zvino ari kuburikidza netiweki yehofisi yakaoma kunzwisisa
akatumira basa rokudhinda, achitarisira kuti gwaro racho raizodhindwa seizvi
sezvinodiwa. Ipapo mushandisi akaenda kumudhinda kuti atore akapedza
gwaro rose, asi panzvimbo pezvo rakawanikwa rakadhindwa zvakasarudzwa
mapepa.
Hazvigoneke kuti Stallman ndiye ega muAI Lab akaona
dambudziko, asi akafungawo nezvekugadzirisa kwaro. Makore mashoma pamberi
Richard akava nemukana wokugadzirisa dambudziko rakafanana nemudhindi wake wekare. For
akagadzirisa izvi pakombuta yake yebasa PDP-11
chirongwa chaimhanya paPDP-10 mainframe uye chaidzora printa.
Stallman haana kukwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutsenga bepa; pachinzvimbo
izvi akaisa kodhi yakamanikidza PDP-11 nguva nenguva
tarisa chimiro cheprinta. Kana muchina watsenga bepa, chirongwa
Ndangotumira chiziviso kune inoshanda PDP-11s senge "printa iri kutsenga
bepa, rinoda kugadziriswa." Mhinduro yakazova inoshanda - kuzivisa
akaenda zvakananga kune vashandisi vakashinga kushandisa printer, saka
kuti mitambo yake nepepa yaiwanzomiswa pakarepo.
Ehe, iyi yaive ad-hoc mhinduro - inoshevedzwa nevagadziri vepurogiramu
“mudonzvo,” asi mudonzvo wacho wakazova wakanaka. Haana kugadzirisa
paita dambudziko nemuchina wekudhinda, asi ndakaita nepandaikwanisa
kuita - yakasimbisa inodzidzisa mhinduro pakati pemushandisi nemuchina.
Mimwe mitsetse mishoma yekodhi yakachengetedza vashandi veLabhoritari
AI ye10-15 maminetsi ekushanda nguva vhiki nevhiki, kuvaponesa kubva
kufanirwa kugara uchimhanya kutarisa printer. Kubva pakuona
programmer, chisarudzo chaStallman chaive chakavakirwa pahuchenjeri hwese
Marabhoritari.
Achiyeuka nyaya iyoyo, Richard akati: “Paunogamuchira shoko rakadaro, hauzoiti
aifanira kuvimba nemumwe munhu kuti agadzirise printer. Unoda
zvaive nyore kusimuka ndokuenda kuprinter. Kwapera miniti kana maviri
mudhindi paakangotanga kutsenga bepa, vanhu vaviri kana vatatu vakabva vauya kwaari
vashandi. Mumwe wavo aiziva chaizvo zvaifanira kuitwa.”
Akangwara mhinduro senge aya anga ari mucherechedzo weAI Lab uye yayo
programmers. Kazhinji, iwo akanakisa mapurogiramu eLabhoritari akati wandei
vakazvidza shoko rokuti “programmer”, vachirifarira
slang ye "hacker". Iyi tsananguro yakanyatsoratidza hunhu hwebasa, iro
yaisanganisira mabasa akasiyana siyana, kubva pakuvaraidzwa kwenjere kusvika
kuvandudzwa kunorwadza kumapurogiramu nemakombiyuta. Zvakanzwawo
kutenda kwechinyakare pamusoro pehuchenjeri hweAmerica. Hacker
Hazvina kukwana kungonyora purogiramu inoshanda. Hacker anoedza
ratidza simba rehungwaru hwako iwe pachako uye vamwe hackers nekuisa
tora mamwe akawanda akaoma uye akaoma mabasa - semuenzaniso, ita
purogiramu panguva imwe chete nekukurumidza, compact, simba uye
runako.
Makambani akaita seXerox akapa nemaune zvigadzirwa zvavo kunharaunda huru
hackers. Yakanga iri kuverenga kuti hackers vaizotanga kuishandisa,
Vanozobatana naye vozouya kuzoshandira kambani. Muma60s uye
mukutanga kwe70s, hackers vaiwanzonyora zvakadaro zvepamusoro-soro uye zvinobatsira
zvirongwa izvo vagadziri vakazvigovera nechido pakati pavo
vatengi.
Saka, takatarisana nepepa-kutsenga itsva Xerox printer,
Stallman akabva afunga kuita hunyengeri hwake hwekare naye - "hack"
mudziyo wekudzora chirongwa. Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kusina kufadza kwakamumirira.
- printer haina kuuya nechero software, zvirinani kwete mune izvi
fomu kuitira kuti Stallman kana mumwe programmer anogona kuiverenga uye
edit. Kusvika panguva ino, makambani mazhinji aifunga zvakanaka
ipa mafaera ane source code mune toni inoverengwa nevanhu,
iyo yakapa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemirairo yepurogiramu uye inoenderana
Michina mabasa. Asi Xerox panguva ino yakapa chirongwa chete mukati
yakanyorwa, binary fomu. Kana mugadziri akaedza kuverenga
mafaera aya, aingoona nzizi dzisingaperi dze zero uye imwe,
zvinonzwisisika kumuchina, asi kwete kumunhu.
Kune mapurogiramu anonzi "disassemblers" anoturikira
iwo uye zero mune yakaderera-level muchina mirairo, asi kufunga kuti chii
mirayiridzo iyi kuita - refu chaizvo uye zvakaoma muitiro anonzi
"reverse engineering". Reverse engineering chirongwa cheprinta chiri nyore
ingadai yakatora nguva yakawanda kupfuura kururamisa kwese kwevakatsenga
bepa mumakore mashanu anotevera. Richard ainge asina kupererwa
kusarudza kutora danho rakadaro, uye naizvozvo akangoisa dambudziko racho parutivi
refu bhokisi.
Xerox's hutsinye mutemo waipesana zvakanyanya neyakajairwa tsika
Hacker community. Semuyenzaniso, kukudziridza munhu
komputa PDP-11 zvirongwa zvekudzora printa yekare uye
zviteshi, iyo AI Lab yaida muchinjiko muunganidzi waizoungana
zvirongwa zvePDP-11 paPDP-10 mainframe. Lab hackers vaigona
nyora muchinjiro wega wega, asi Stallman, ari mudzidzi paHarvard,
Ndakawana chirongwa chakafanana murabhoritari yemakombuta yeyunivhesiti. Iye
yakanyorerwa imwe mainframe, PDP-10, asi kune imwe yakasiyana
operating system. Richard aisaziva kuti ndiani akanyora chirongwa ichi,
nekuti iyo kodhi kodhi haina chaakataura nezvazvo. Akangouya nazvo
kopi yekodhi kodhi kuLabhoritari, akaigadzirisa, uye akaitanga
PDP-10. Pasina kunetseka kusingakoshi uye kunetseka, Laboratory yakagamuchira chirongwa ichi,
izvo zvaive zvakakosha pakushanda kwemahofisi emahofisi. Stallman kunyange
yakaita kuti purogiramu iwedzere kuva nesimba nekuwedzera mabasa akawanda akanga asina
yaiva mune yepakutanga. "Tave tichishandisa chirongwa ichi kwemakore,"
– anoti kwete pasina kuzvikudza.
Mumeso emugadziri we70s, iyi modhi yekugovera
purogiramu code yakanga isina kusiyana nehukama hwakanaka hwemuvakidzani apo
mumwe anogovera kapu yeshuga nemumwe kana kuti anokweretesa chibhorani. Asi kana iwe
paunokwereta chibhorani, unonyima muridzi mukana wekuishandisa, ipapo
Panyaya yekukopa zvirongwa, hapana chakadai chinoitika. Kana
munyori wechirongwa, kana vamwe vashandisi vayo, vanorasikirwa nechero chinhu kubva
kukopa. Asi vamwe vanhu vanowana kubva pane izvi, sepanyaya ye
hackers yeLabhoritari yakagamuchira chirongwa chine mabasa matsva, ayo
yakanga isati yavapo. Uye mabasa matsva aya anogona kunge akawanda
unoda kukopa uye kugovera kune vamwe vanhu. Stallman
anorangarira mumwe mugadziri wepurogiramu kubva kukambani yakazvimirira yeBolt, Beranek &
Newman, uyo akagamuchirawo purogiramu uye akaigadzirisa kuti iite
pasi peTwenex - imwe sisitimu yekushandisa yePDP-10. Iyewo
akawedzera akati wandei maficha kuchirongwa, uye Stallman akaakopa
kune yako vhezheni yechirongwa muLabhoritari. Mushure meizvi vakasarudza pamwe chete
gadzira chirongwa chakatokura nekusaziva kuita chigadzirwa chine simba,
kushanda pane akasiyana masisitimu anoshanda.
Achirangarira iyo AI Lab's software, Stallman anoti:
“Zvirongwa zvakashanduka seguta. Zvimwe zvikamu zvachinja
zvishoma nezvishoma, zvimwe - pakarepo uye zvachose. Nzvimbo itsva dzakaonekwa. Uye newe
aigona kugara akatarisa kodhi uye oti, tichitonga nemaitiro, chikamu ichi
yakanyorwa mukutanga 60s, uye ino pakati 70s. "
Nekuda kwekubatana kuri nyore kwepfungwa uku, matsotsi akagadzira akawanda
ane simba uye akavimbika masisitimu muLabhoritari uye kunze kwayo. Haasi wese programmer
uyo anogovera tsika iyi angazviti hacker, asi vazhinji vavo
akagoverana zvizere mirangariro yaRichard Stallman. Kana purogiramu kana
kodhi yakagadziriswa inogadzirisa dambudziko rako zvakanaka, ivo vanorigadzirisa zvakare
dambudziko iri kune chero munhu. Wadii kugovera izvi zvino?
chisarudzo, zvichida nokuda kwezvikonzero zvetsika?
Iyi pfungwa yekushandira pamwe kwemahara yakakanganiswa nekubatanidzwa kwemakaro
uye zvakavanzika zvekutengeserana, zvichipa kusanganisa kunoshamisa kwekuvanzika uye
kubatana. Muenzaniso wakanaka hupenyu hwepakutanga hweBSD. Hune simba
inoshanda sisitimu yakagadzirwa nemasaenzi uye mainjiniya kuCalifornian
Yunivhesiti kuBerkeley yakavakirwa paUnix, yakatengwa kubva kuAT&T. Price
kukopa BSD yaive yakaenzana nemutengo wefirimu, asi nechimiro chimwe -
zvikoro zvaingogona kuwana firimu rine kopi yeBSD kana vaine rezinesi reAT&T,
iyo inodhura $50,000. Zvakazoitika kuti maBerkeley hackers aigovana
zvirongwa chete kusvika pamwero wavakabvumirwa nekambani kuita kudaro
AT&T. Uye havana kuona chinhu chinoshamisa mairi.
Stallman haana kutsamwira Xerox zvakare, kunyangwe akaodzwa mwoyo. Haana kumbodaro
Ini handina kufunga nezvekubvunza kambani kopi yekodhi kodhi. "Ivo uye
saka vakatipa laser printer,” akadaro, “handina kukwanisa kutaura
kuti vachiri nechikwereti kwatiri. Mukuwedzera, manyuko acho akanga asipo zvakajeka
hazvina kuitika kuti iyi yaive sarudzo yemukati yekambani, uye ichikumbira kuchinje
zvakanga zvisingabatsiri.
Pakupedzisira, mashoko akanaka akauya: zvakazoitika kuti kopi yezvinyorwa
Muongorori weYunivhesiti ane zvirongwa zveXerox printer
Carnegie Mellon.
Kukurukurirana naCarnegie Mellon hakuna kumira zvakanaka. Muna 1979
mudzidzi wechiremba Brian Reed akashamisa nharaunda nekuramba kugovera yake
chirongwa chekugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvakafanana neMunyori. Ndiye aive wekutanga
chirongwa cherudzi urwu chaishandisa mirairo ye semantic
sekuti “simbisa izwi iri” kana kuti “ndima iyi yakatorwa” pane kudaro
yakaderera “nyora izwi iri nemavara akatsveyama” kana kuti “wedzera indentation ye
ndima iyi." Reed akatengesa Munyori kukambani yePittsburgh-based
Unilogic. Sekureva kwaReed, pakupera kwezvidzidzo zvake zvedoctoral aingotsvaga timu
vagadziri, pamapfudzi avo zvinogoneka kuendesa mutoro we
kuitira kuti iyo kodhi kodhi yechirongwa irege kuwira mukushandiswa kwevanhu (kusvika ikozvino
hazvizivikanwe kuti sei Reed akafunga izvi zvisingatenderwi). Kutapira piritsi
Reed akabvuma kuwedzera seti yenguva-yakavakirwa mabasa kune kodhi, saka
inonzi "nguva mabhomba" - vakashandura kopi yemahara yechirongwa kuita
kusashanda mushure memazuva makumi mapfumbamwe ekuedzwa. Kugadzira
chirongwa kushanda zvakare, vashandisi vaifanira kubhadhara kambani uye
gamuchira "dzima" nguva bhomba.
Kuna Stallman, uku kwaive kutengesa kuri pachena.
programmer ethics. Panzvimbo pekutevera musimboti wekuti “gova uye
zvipe," Reed akatora nzira yekuchaja vanogadzira mapurogiramu kuti vawane
ruzivo. Asi haana kunyanya kufunga nezvazvo nekuti aisawanzozviita
Ndakashandisa Munyori.
Unilogic yakapa AI Lab kopi yemahara yeMunyori, asi haina kuibvisa
bhomba renguva uye handina kana kumbozvitaura. Kwenguva iri purogiramu
Zvakashanda, asi rimwe zuva zvakamira. System Hacker Howard Cannon
akapedza maawa akawanda achigadzirisa chirongwa chebhinari faira, kusvika pakupedzisira
haina kuona bhomba renguva uye haina kuibvisa. Izvi zvakamusvota chaizvo
nyaya, uye haana kuzeza kuudza vamwe hackers nezvazvo, uye kutaura
pfungwa dzangu dzese uye manzwiro pamusoro pechinangwa "chikanganiso" cheUnilogic.
Nezvikonzero zvine chekuita nebasa rake paLabhoritari, Stallman akaenda
Carnegie Mellon campus mwedzi mishoma gare gare. Akaedza kutsvaga murume
uyo, maererano nemashoko aakanzwa, aiva nekodhi yepurogiramu
printer. Sezvineiwo murume uyu aive muhofisi make.
Hurukuro yacho yakazova yechokwadi uye yakapinza, mune yakajairika maitiro einjiniya.
Mushure mekuzvisuma, Stallman akakumbira kopi yekodhi yechirongwa chechirongwa
kutonga kwe Xerox laser printer. Kukushamisika kwake kukuru uye
Zvinosuruvarisa, muongorori akaramba.
“Akati akavimbisa mugadziri wacho kuti aisazondipa kopi,” anodaro
Richard.
Memory chinhu chinosetsa. Makore makumi maviri mushure mechiitiko ichi, chiyeuchidzo
Stallman akazara nenzvimbo dzisina chinhu. Haana kungokanganwa chikonzero nei
akauya kuna Carnegie Mellon, asiwo nezvekuti ndiani aive mumwe wake mune izvi
hurukuro isingafadzi. Sekureva kwaReed, munhu uyu angangodaro
Robert Sproll, aimbova mushandi weXerox Research uye Development Center
Palo Alto, uyo akazova mutungamiriri wekutsvakurudza
Sun Microsystems zvikamu. Muma70s Sproll ndiye aive muridzi
mugadziri wezvirongwa zveXerox laser printers. Imwe nguva muna 1980
Sproll akagamuchira chigaro semuongorori wepaCarnegie Mellon, uko
yakaramba ichishanda pamaprinta elaser.
Asi Sprall paanobvunzwa mibvunzo pamusoro pehurukuro iyi, anonyengera chete
maoko. Izvi ndizvo zvaanopindura neemail: “Handigone kutaura
hapana chokwadi, hapana chandinorangarira nezve chiitiko ichi."
"Code yaidiwa naStallman yaityisa,
chimiro chechokwadi cheunyanzvi. Sproll akazvinyora gore rakapfuura
akauya kuCarnegie Mellon kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro," Reed anodaro. Kana izvi
zvirokwazvo saka, pane kusanzwisisana: Stallman anodiwa
chirongwa icho MIT chave kushandisa kwenguva yakareba, kwete chimwe chitsva
shanduro yake. Asi muhurukuro pfupi iyoyo hapana kana izwi rakataurwa nezvaro
chero shanduro.
Paanenge achitaurirana nevateereri, Stallman anogara achiyeuka chiitiko ichi
Carnegie Mellon anosimbisa kuti kusada
munhu wekugovera masource codes ingori mhedzisiro yechibvumirano pa
kusaburitsa pachena, izvo zvakapihwa muchibvumirano pakati pake uye
by Xerox. Mazuva ano zvakajairika kuti makambani ade
chengetedza zvakavanzika mukutsinhana kwekuwana kune zvichangobva kuitika, asi panguva imwe chete
NDAs chaive chinhu chitsva kare ikako. Yakaratidza kukosha kuXerox kwezvose zviri zviviri
laser printers, uye ruzivo rwaidiwa pakushanda kwavo.
"Xerox akaedza kugadzira laser printers chigadzirwa chekutengesa,"
anoyeuka kudaro Reed, “kwaizova kupenga kuti vape munhu ari wose kodhi yemabviro
kondirakiti".
Stallman akaona iyo NDA zvakasiyana zvachose. Kwaari kwaive kuramba
Carnegie Mellon anotora chikamu muhupenyu hwekugadzira nzanga, zvinopesana nezvino
kukurudzirwa kuona zvirongwa sezvishandiso zvenharaunda. Sokunge
mumwe murimi aizongoerekana awana migero yokudiridza yagara mazana emakore
akaoma, uye mukuedza kutsvaga chikonzero chedambudziko aisvika pakupenya
hutsva hwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ane Xerox logo.
Zvakatora Stallman imwe nguva kuti anzwisise chikonzero chechokwadi chekuramba -
chimiro chitsva chekudyidzana pakati pemugadziri uye
makambani. Pakutanga, akaona kuramba kwomunhu oga. "Zvakadaro kwandiri
Ndakanzwa hasha zvekuti ndakashaya chekutaura. Ndakangocheuka ndokubva
“Ndakabuda chinyararire,” anoyeuka kudaro Richard, “zvimwe ndakatorovera dhoo, handina.
Ndinoziva. Ndinorangarira bedzi chishuvo chinopisa chokubuda imomo nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Handiti ndaifamba hangu
kwavari, ndichitarisira kushandira pamwe, uye handina kumbofunga kuti ndaizoita sei kana ini
vacharamba. Uye izvi pazvakaitika, ndakanga ndisingatauri -
Zvakandishamisa uye zvakandishungurudza zvikuru.”
Kunyangwe makore makumi maviri gare gare, achiri kunzwa maungira ehasha idzodzo uye
kuora mwoyo. Chiitiko cheCarnegie Mellon chaive shanduko muhupenyu
Richard, achimuunza akatarisana nedambudziko idzva retsika. IN
mwedzi inotevera yakatenderedza Stallman nevamwe AI Lab hackers
zvakawanda zviitiko zvichaitika, zvichienzaniswa izvo 30 masekonzi kutsamwa uye
kuodzwa mwoyo paCarnegie Mellon kuchaita sepasina. Zvakadaro,
Stallman anotarisisa chiitiko ichi. Akanga ari wekutanga uye
iyo inonyanya kukosha munhevedzano yezviitiko zvakashandura Richard kubva
munhu ari ega hacker, intuitive anopikisa simba repakati, mukati
radical evangelist yerusununguko, kuenzana uye hukama mukati
programming.
“Aka kaive kekutanga kusangana nechibvumirano chekusaburitsa pachena, uye ini
Ndakakurumidza kuona kuti vanhu vanova vanyajambwa vezvibvumirano zvakadaro, - nechivimbo
Stallman anoti, “Ini nevandaishanda navo takanga tisiri vanyajambwa vakadaro.
Laboratories."
Richard akazotsanangura kuti: “Kudai akandiramba nokuda kwezvikonzero zvake, zvaizodaro
zvingava zvakaoma kuzviti idambudziko. Ndaigona kuzviverenga nekudzoka
dhongi, uye ndizvo chete. Asi kuramba kwake kwakanga kusiri kwomunhu, akaita kuti ndinzwisise
kuti haazodyidzani kwete neni chete, asi nemunhu chero upi zvake
aiva. Uye izvi hazvina kungogadzira dambudziko chete, asi zvakare rakazviita chaizvo
mukuru."
Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune matambudziko mumakore apfuura izvo zvakaita kuti Stallman atsamwe,
Maererano naye, yakanga iri mushure mechiitiko cheCarnegie Mellon kuti akaziva izvozvo
tsika yepurogiramu yaaiona sechitsvene inotanga
shanduko. “Ndakanga ndatogutsikana kuti zvirongwa zvinofanirwa kuwanikwa pachena
kumunhu wese, asi haana kukwanisa kuigadzira zvakajeka. Pfungwa dzangu panyaya iyi
vakanga vasina kujeka uye vakavhiringidzika kuti vataure zvose
kunyika. Mushure mechiitiko ichi, ndakatanga kuona kuti dambudziko raivepo, uye
kuti zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa izvozvi."
Kuve wepamusoro-notch programmer mune imwe yemasangano akasimba
rugare, Richard haana kutarisisa zvakanyanya kune zvibvumirano uye kutengeserana kwevamwe
programmers - chero bedzi vasingakanganisi basa rake guru. Ndichiri mukati
Xerox laser printer haina kusvika murabhoritari, Stallman aive nezvose
mikana yekutarisira pasi michina nezvirongwa zvavakatambura nazvo
vamwe vashandisi. Mushure mezvose, aigona kuchinja mapurogiramu aya sezvaaifunga
zvakakodzera.
Asi kuuya kwemudhindi mutsva kwakatyisidzira rusununguko urwu. Apparatus
akashanda zvakanaka, kunyangwe aipota achitsenga bepa, asi pakanga pasina
mikana yekuchinja maitiro ake kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa nechikwata. Kubva pakuona
software industry, kuvhara purogiramu yeprinta yaiva
danho rinodiwa mubhizinesi. Zvirongwa zvave zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuti
makambani akange asisakwanise kuburitsa macode codes,
kunyanya apo mapurogiramu aisanganisira mamwe matekinoroji ekubudirira. Shure kwezvose
zvino vakwikwidzi vaigona kukopa izvi mahara
matekinoroji ezvigadzirwa zvavo. Asi semaonero aStallman, mudhindi wacho aiva
Trojan Horse. Pashure pemakore gumi okukundikana kwokuedza kugovera
"Proprietary" mapurogiramu ayo kugovera mahara kunorambidzwa uye
kugadziridzwa kwekodhi, iyi ndiyo chaiyo chirongwa chakapinda munzvimbo yekugara yevabiki
nenzira yakanyanyisa - pasi pechipo chechipo.
Iyo Xerox yakapa vamwe vanogadzira mapurogiramu kuwana kodhi mukutsinhana
kuchengetedza zvakavanzika kwakanga kusinganyanyi kutsamwisa, asi Stallman airwadziwa
akabvuma kuti pazera duku, sezvingabvira aizobvuma kudaro
Xerox kupa. Chiitiko cheCarnegie Mellon chakasimbisa tsika dzake
chinzvimbo, kwete kungomupomera nekumufungira nehasha
zvirevo zvakafanana mune ramangwana, asiwo nekubvunza mubvunzo: chii,
kana rimwe zuva mubiki akauya nechikumbiro chakafanana, uye zvino kwaari,
Richard achafanira kuramba kukopa zvinyorwa, achitevera zvinodiwa
mushandirwi?
"Pandinokumbirwa kutengesa vandinoshanda navo nenzira imwecheteyo,
Ndinorangarira kutsamwa kwangu uye kuodzwa mwoyo pavakandiitira zvimwe chete uye
dzimwe nhengo dzeLabhoritari, anodaro Stallman, saka
ndinokutendai zvikuru, chirongwa chenyu chakanaka, asi handibvumi
maererano nemamiriro ekushandiswa kwayo, saka ndichaita pasina iyo. "
Richard achachengeta zvakasimba ndangariro yechidzidzo ichi mumhirizhonga 80s, apo
vazhinji vevaanoshanda navo muLabhoritari vachaenda kunoshanda mune mamwe makambani,
zvakasungwa nezvibvumirano zvisina kuburitsa pachena. Pamwe vakazviudza
kuti ichi chinhu chakaipa chinodiwa munzira yekushanda pane inonyanya kufadza uye
mapurojekiti anoedza. Nekudaro, kuna Stallman, iko chaiko kuvepo kweNDA
inobvunza kukosha kwetsika kwechirongwa. Chii chingava chakanaka
mupurojekiti, kunyangwe ichinakidza zvehunyanzvi, kana isingashandire mukuru
zvinangwa?
Nenguva isipi Stallman akaziva kuti kusabvumirana nezvikumbiro zvakadaro
ine kukosha kwakakwirira zvakanyanya kudarika zvido zveunyanzvi. Vakadaro
chimiro chake chisingachinji chinomuparadzanisa kubva kune vamwe vanokuvadza avo, kunyange zvakadaro
venga kuvanzika, asi vakagadzirira kuenda kuhurefu hwetsika
kubvumirana. Maonero aRichard akajeka: kuramba kugovera kodhi sosi
uku kurasika kwete chete basa rekutsvagisa
programming, asiwo Mutemo weGoridhe wetsika, iyo inotaura kuti yako
maonero ako kune vamwe anofanira kufanana sezvaunoda kuona
mafungiro pamusoro pako.
Uku ndiko kukosha kweiyo laser printer nyaya uye chiitiko mukati
Carnegie Mellon. Pasina zvose izvi, sezvinobvuma Stallman, mugumo wake wakaenda
kwaizotora nzira yakasiana chose chose, kuenzanisa pakati pepfuma yokunyama
mutengesi purogiramu uye kuora mwoyo kwekupedzisira muupenyu,
akapedza kunyora chirongwa kodhi isingaonekwe kune chero munhu. Handina
hapangavi nechikonzero chekufunga nezvedambudziko iri, iro vamwe vese
handina kuona dambudziko. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha, hapazovi nechikamu ichocho chinopa hupenyu
hasha, izvo zvakapa Richard simba uye chivimbo chekuenderera mberi.
“Zuva iroro ndakasarudza kuti handifi ndakabvuma kutora rutivi
izvi, "anodaro Stallman, achireva NDA netsika yese zvakazara,
iyo inosimudzira kuchinjana kwerusununguko rwemunhu kune mamwe mabhenefiti uye
Benefits.
“Ndakasarudza kuti handifi ndakazoita mumwe munhu nyajambwa wandakazova.
rimwe zuva ini."
Source: linux.org.ru