Dambudziko retsika dzakakwana

Pakati pegumi nembiri husiku hwaGunyana 27, 1983, meseji isina kujairika yakabuda muboka reUsenet net.unix-wizards yakasaina rms@mit-oz. Musoro wemeseji waive mupfupi uye uchiyedza zvakanyanya: "Kuitwa kutsva kweUNIX." Asi pachinzvimbo cheimwe yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa vhezheni yeUnix, muverengi akawana runhare:

Kutenda uku, ndave kutanga kunyora itsva, yakazara Unix-inoenderana inoshanda sisitimu inonzi GNU (GNU's Not Unix). Ndichachipa pachena kumunhu wese. Ini ndinoda nguva yako, mari, kodhi, zvishandiso - chero rubatsiro.

Kune ane ruzivo Unix kuvandudza, meseji yaive musanganiswa wekufungidzira uye ego. Munyori haana kungoita zvekugadzira patsva kubva kutanga iyo yese yekushandisa sisitimu, yakanyanya kusimba uye ine simba, asi zvakare kuivandudza. Iyo GNU system yaifanirwa kunge iine zvese zvinodiwa senge text editor, command shell, compiler, pamwe "nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda." Vakavimbisawo zvinhu zvinoyevedza zvanga zvisingawanikwe mune iripo Unix masisitimu: graphical interface mumutauro weLisp programming, kukanganisa-kushivirira faira system, network protocol yakavakirwa paMIT network architecture.

"GNU ichakwanisa kumhanyisa Unix zvirongwa, asi hazvizofanani neiyo Unix system," munyori akanyora kudaro, "Tichaita zvese zvinodiwa kuvandudzwa kwakakura mumakore ekushanda pane akasiyana masisitimu anoshanda."

Achitarisira kusavimbika kumharidzo yake, munyori akaiwedzera nekapfupi keooographical digression pasi pemusoro unoti: "Ndini ani?":

Ini ndini Richard Stallman, mugadziri weiyo yekutanga EMACS mupepeti, imwe yemakoroni ayo iwe waungangove wakasangana nawo. Ini ndinoshanda kuMIT AI Lab. Ndine ruzivo rwakakura mukugadzira ma compilers, vapepeti, debugger, vaturikiri vemirairo, ITS uye Lisp Machine masisitimu anoshanda. Yakamisikidzwa terminal-yakazvimirira screen rutsigiro muITS, pamwe nekukanganisa-kushivirira faira system uye maviri mahwindo masisitimu eLisp michina.

Zvakangoitika kuti chirongwa chakaoma kunzwisisa chaStallman hachina kutanga paZuva Rokutenda, sezvakavimbiswa. Yakanga isiri kusvika muna Ndira 1984 apo Richard akanyura muUnix-maitiro ekuvandudza software. Kubva pamaonero emugadziri weITS masisitimu, zvaive zvakaita sekubva pakuvaka dzimba dzeMoorish kuenda kuvaka mashopu ezvitoro. Nekudaro, kuvandudzwa kweiyo Unix system kwakapawo zvakanakira. ITS, nokuda kwesimba rayo rose, yakanga ine nzvimbo isina simba - yaingoshanda pakombiyuta yePDP-10 kubva kuDEC. Mukutanga ma80s, iyo Laboratory yakasiya PDP-10, uye ITS, iyo matsotsi akaenzaniswa neguta rakabatikana, yakava guta remweya. Unix, kune rumwe rutivi, yakatanga kugadzirwa neziso kutakurika kubva kune imwe komputa yekuvaka kuenda kune imwe, saka matambudziko akadaro haana kutyisidzira. Yakagadzirwa nevadiki vatsvagiri paAT&T, Unix yakatsvedza pasi peradar yekambani ikawana imba yakanyarara munyika isingaite purofiti yematangi ekufunga. Nezviwanikwa zvishoma pane hama dzavo dzehacker kuMIT, ivo vagadziri veUnix vakagadzirisa hurongwa hwavo kuti umhanye pane zoo yezvakasiyana Hardware. Kunyanya pa16-bit PDP-11, iyo Lab hackers vaiona isingakodzeri mabasa akakomba, asiwo pa32-bit mainframes seVAX 11/780. Pakazosvika 1983, makambani akadai seSun Microsystems akange agadzira makomputa ane compact desktop- "nzvimbo dzekushandira" - akaenzana nesimba kune yekare PDP-10 mainframe. Iyo ubiquitous Unix yakagadzikawo pane idzi nzvimbo dzekushandira.

Unix portability yakapihwa nekuwedzera dhizaini yekubvisa pakati pekushandisa uye hardware. Panzvimbo pekunyora zvirongwa mukodhi yemuchina yekombuta chaiyo, sezvakaitwa neveLab hackers pavakagadzira zvirongwa zveITS paPDP-10, vagadziri veUnix vakashandisa mutauro wepamusoro-soro weC, wakanga usina kusungirirwa kune imwe hardware platform. Panguva imwecheteyo, vagadziri vakatarisa pakuenzanisa mainterfaces kuburikidza neapi zvikamu zvehurongwa hwekushandisa zvakadyidzana. Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga iri gadziriro apo chero chikamu chaigona kugadziriswa pasina kukanganisa mamwe mativi ose uye pasina kukanganisa kushanda kwawo. Uye kuitira kuendesa sisitimu kubva kune imwe Hardware architecture kuenda kune imwe, zvaive zvakare zvakakwana kugadzirisa chikamu chimwe chete chehurongwa, uye kwete kuinyora zvakare zvachose. Nyanzvi dzakatenda iyi yakanakisa nhanho yekuchinjika uye nyore, saka Unix yakakurumidza kupararira munyika yese yemakombuta.

Stallman akafunga kugadzira iyo GNU system nekuda kwekuparara kweITS, yaidiwa brainchild yeAI Lab hackers. Kufa kweITS kwakavarwadza kusanganisira Richard. Kana iyo nyaya ine Xerox laser printer yakavhura maziso ake kune kusarongeka kwemarezinesi evaridzi, ipapo kufa kweITS kwakamusundidzira kubva pakuvenga software yakavharwa kuenda kune inopikisa inopikisa.

Zvikonzero zvekufa kweITS, senge kodhi yayo, inoenda kure munguva yakapfuura. Pakazosvika 1980, vazhinji vevabiki veLab vanga vachitoshanda pamushini weLisp uye sisitimu yekushandisa yayo.

Lisp inoyevedza programming mutauro wakanakira kushanda nedata rine chimiro chisingazivikanwe pamberi. Yakagadzirwa napiyona wekutsvagisa hungwaru uye mugadziri wezita rekuti "artificial intelligence" John McCarthy, akashanda kuMIT muhafu yechipiri ye50s. Zita remutauro chidimbu chekuti "LIst Processing" kana "list processing". Mushure mekunge McCarthy abva kuMIT achienda kuStanford, maLab's hackers vakachinja Lisp neimwe nzira, vachigadzira mutauro wemuno MACLISP, uko mabhii matatu ekutanga aimiririra chirongwa cheMAC, nekuda kwaizvozvo, iyo AI Laboratory paMIT yakaonekwa. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwemugadziri wehurongwa Richard Greenblatt, maLab's hackers akagadzira Lisp muchina - yakakosha komputa yekuita zvirongwa muLisp, pamwe neiyo inoshanda sisitimu yekombuta iyi - zvakare, yakanyorwa muLisp.

Pakazosvika makore ekuma80, mapoka anokwikwidza evabiki akanga atanga makambani maviri anogadzira nekutengesa michina yeLisp. Kambani yeGreenblatt yainzi Lisp Machines Incorporated, kana kungoti LMI. Aitarisira kuita pasina mari yekunze uye kugadzira "kambani yehacker" chete. Asi vazhinji vevabiki vakajoinha Symbolics, yakajairika yekutengesa kutanga. Muna 1982, vakasiya zvachose MIT.

Avo vakasara vaigona kuverengwa paminwe yeruoko rumwe, saka mapurogiramu nemichina zvakatora nguva yakareba uye yakareba kugadzirisa, kana kuti hazvina kugadziriswa zvachose. Uye zvakaipisisa kwazvo, maererano naStallman, “chinjo dzenhamba yenhamba” dzakatangira paLabhoritari. Hackers, avo vakambove vari vashoma, vakapotsa vanyangarika, vachisiya Laboratory iripo zvachose yevadzidzisi nevadzidzi, avo vane maitiro kune PDP-10 aive pachena.

Muna 1982, iyo AI Lab yakagamuchira kutsiva kwePDP-12 yemakore gumi nemaviri - iyo DECSYSTEM 10. Zvikumbiro zvakanyorerwa PDP-20 zvakamhanya pasina matambudziko pakombuta nyowani, nekuti DECSYSTEM 10 yaive yakagadziridzwa PDP. -20, asi yekare iyo inoshanda sisitimu yakanga isina kukodzera zvachose - ITS yaifanira kutakurwa kune komputa nyowani, izvo zvinoreva kuti inenge yakanyatso kunyorwazve. Uye iyi inguva apo vanenge vese ma hackers vaigona kuita izvi vakasiya Laboratory. Saka iyo yekutengesa Twenex inoshanda sisitimu yakakurumidza kutora komputa itsva. Iwo mashoma matsotsi akasara paMIT aingogona kugamuchira izvi.

“Pasina matsotsi ekugadzira nekuchengetedza hurongwa hwekushandisa, tinoparara,” vakadaro vadzidzisi nevadzidzi.” “Tinoda hurongwa hwekutengeserana hunotsigirwa neimwe kambani kuitira kuti igadzirise matambudziko negadziriro ino pachayo.” Stallman anoyeuka kuti iyi nharo yakazova chikanganiso choutsinye, asi panguva iyoyo chainzwika kuva chinopwisa.

Pakutanga, matsotsi akaona Twenex seimwe hunhu hwehutongi hwehurumende hwavaida kutyora. Kunyangwe zita racho rairatidza kuvengana kwevanobira - kutaura zvazviri, iyo system yainzi TOPS-20, zvichiratidza kuenderera neTOPS-10, zvakare inotengesera DEC system yePDP-10. Asi zvekuvaka, TOPS-20 yakanga isina chinhu chakafanana neTOPS-10. Yakagadzirwa maererano neTenex system, iyo Bolt, Beranek naNewman vakagadzira PDP-10. . Stallman akatanga kudaidza sisitimu "Twenex" kungodzivirira kuidaidza kuti TOPS-20. "Sitimu iyi yaive kure nemhinduro dzekupedzisira, saka handina kukwanisa kuidaidza nezita rayo repamutemo," Stallman anoyeuka, "saka ndakaisa vara 'w' mu'Tenex' kuti iite 'Twenex'." (Iri zita rinotamba paizwi rekuti "makumi maviri", kureva "makumi maviri")

Iyo komputa yaimhanyisa Twenex/TOPS-20 yainzi "Oz." Icho chokwadi ndechekuti DECSYSTEM 20 yaida kadiki PDP-11 muchina wekushandisa iyo terminal. Imwe hacker, paakatanga kuona PDP-11 yakabatana nekombuta iyi, akaienzanisa nekuita kwekunyepedzera kweWizard yeOz. “Ndini Oz mukuru uye anotyisa! - akadzokorora. "Usatarise diki fry yandiri kushanda pairi."

Asi pakanga pasina chinhu chinosetsa mukushanda kwekombiyuta itsva. Chengetedzo nekutonga kwekuwana zvakavakwa muTwenex padanho rekutanga, uye mashandisirwo ayo ekushandisa akagadzirwawo aine chengetedzo mupfungwa. Kuzvidza majee nezvekuchengetedzwa kweLab kwachinja kuita hondo yakakomba yekudzora komputa. Vatungamiri vakapokana kuti pasina masisitimu edziviriro, Twenex yaizove isina kugadzikana uye inogona kukanganisa. Hackers vakavimbisa kuti kugadzikana uye kuvimbika kunogona kuwanikwa nekukurumidza nekugadzirisa iyo kodhi kodhi yehurongwa. Asi vaive vatove vashoma muLaboratory zvekuti hapana akavateerera.

Matsotsi aifunga kuti vaigona kutenderedza zvirambidzo nekupa vese vashandisi "maropafadzo ekutungamira" - kodzero dzakasimudzwa dzinovapa kugona kuita zvinhu zvakawanda izvo mushandisi wepakati anorambidzwa kuita. Asi mune iyi kesi, chero mushandisi anogona kubvisa "maropafadzo ekutungamira" kubva kune chero mushandisi, uye haakwanise kudzidzosera kwaari nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekodzero dzekuwana. Naizvozvo, ma hackers vakasarudza kutora kutonga kwehurongwa nekubvisa "maropafadzo ekutungamirira" kubva kune wese kunze kwavo.

Kufungidzira mapassword uye kumhanyisa debugger nepo sisitimu ichibhowa hapana chakaita. Wakundikana"coup d'etat", Stallman akatumira meseji kune vese vashandi veLabhoritari.

“Kusvikira zvino vatongi vakanga vakundwa,” akanyora kudaro, “asi zvino vakunda, uye kuedza kubvuta masimba kwakakundikana.” Richard akasaina meseji: "Radio Yemahara OZ" kuitira kuti pasave neanofungidzira kuti aive iye. Kuzvivanza kwakanaka, tichifunga kuti munhu wese muLabhoritari aiziva nezvemaitiro aStallman kune ekuchengetedza masisitimu uye kuseka kwake mapassword. Nekudaro, kuvenga kwaRichard kumapassword kwaizivikanwa kure kupfuura MIT. Inenge yese ARPAnet, iyo prototype yeInternet yenguva idzodzo, yakawana makomputa eLabhoritari pasi peakaundi yaStallman. "Mushanyi" akadaro aive, semuenzaniso, Don Hopkins, mugadziri wepurogiramu kubva kuCalifornia, uyo kuburikidza neshoko remuromo wehacker akadzidza kuti iwe unogona kupinda yakakurumbira ITS system paMIT nekungopinza mabhii matatu ekutanga kweStallman sekupinda uye password.

"Ndinogara ndichitenda kuti MIT yakandipa uye nevamwe vanhu vazhinji rusununguko rwekushandisa makomputa avo," anodaro Hopkins, "Zvaireva zvakawanda kwatiri tese."

Iyi "yekushanya" mutemo yakagara kwemakore akawanda iyo ITS system ichirarama, uye manejimendi eMIT akaitarisa achizvidzikisira. . Asi muchina weOz pawakava bhiriji guru kubva kuLabhoritari kuenda kuARPAnet, zvese zvakachinja. Stallman achiri kupa mukana kuaccount yake achishandisa zita rekupinda nepassword rinozivikanwa, asi vatungamiriri vakadaidzira kuti achinje password uye kuti asaipa kune mumwe munhu. Richard, achitaura nezvemaitiro ake, akaramba kushanda pamushini waOz zvachose.

"Apo mapassword akatanga kuoneka pamakomputa eAI Lab, ndakafunga kutevedzera kutenda kwangu kuti hapafanirwe kuve nemapassword," akadaro Stallman, "uye sezvo ndaitenda kuti makomputa aisada masisitimu ekuchengetedza, ndingadai ndisina kutsigira matanho aya kuti ndiite. ivo."

Kuramba kwaStallman kupfugama pamberi pemuchina mukuru uye unotyisa weOz kwakaratidza kuti kusawirirana kuri kukura pakati pevapambi nevakuru veLab. Asi kunetsana uku kwaingova mumvuri wakachenuruka wekukonana kwakaitika munharaunda yevapambi pachayo, iyo yakakamurwa kuita misasa miviri: LMI (Lisp Machines Incorporated) uye Symbolics.

Symbolics yakagamuchira mari yakawanda kubva kunze, iyo yakakwezva vazhinji vevabiki veLab. Vakashanda paLisp muchina system zvese kuMIT uye kunze kwayo. Pakupera kwa1980, kambani yakahaya vashandi gumi nevana veLabhoritari semazano kuti vagadzire yavo vhezheni yemuchina weLisp. Vamwe vese vevabiki, tisingaverenge Stallman, vakashandira LMI. Richard akasarudza kusatora rutivi, uye, nokuda kwetsika, akanga ari oga.

Pakutanga, matsotsi akabhadharwa neSymbolics akaramba achishanda kuMIT, achivandudza Lisp muchina system. Ivo, kufanana neLMI hackers, vakashandisa iyo MIT rezinesi kune yavo kodhi. Zvaida kuti shanduko dzidzoserwe kuMIT, asi zvaisada kuti MIT igovere shanduko. Nekudaro, muna 1981, matsotsi akaomerera kuchibvumirano chemurume munyoro umo kuvandudzwa kwavo kwese kwakanyorwa mumushini weMIT Lisp uye kugoverwa kune vese vashandisi vemichina iyoyo. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu achiri kuchengetedza kumwe kugadzikana kwemubatanidzwa wehacker.

Asi musi wa16 Kurume 1982 - Stallman anorangarira zuva iri zvakanaka nekuti raive zuva rake rekuzvarwa - chibvumirano chemurume uyu chakapera. Izvi zvakaitika pakurairwa kweSymbolics manejimendi; ivo nekudaro vaida kudzipa mukwikwidzi wavo, iyo LMI kambani, iyo yaive nevanobira vashoma vaiishandira. Vatungamiriri veSymbolics vakafunga nenzira iyi: kana LMI ine vashandi vashoma shoma, zvino zvinozoitika kuti basa rese pamushini weLisp rinobatsira kwairi, uye kana kuchinjana uku kwebudiriro kwakamiswa, ipapo LMI ichaparadzwa. Kuti izvi zviitike, vakasarudza kushandisa zvisizvo tsamba yerezinesi. Panzvimbo pekuita shanduko kuMIT vhezheni yehurongwa, iyo LMI yaigona kushandisa, vakatanga kupa MIT neSymbolics vhezheni yehurongwa, iyo yavaigona kugadzirisa zvisinei nezvavaida. Zvakazoitika kuti chero kuyedzwa uye kugadziridzwa kweiyo Lisp muchina kodhi kuMIT kwaienda chete mukufarira Symbolics.

Semurume ane basa rekuchengetedza muchina weLisp werabhoritari (nerubatsiro rwaGreenblatt kwemwedzi mishoma yekutanga), Stallman akashatirwa. Symbolic hackers vakapa kodhi ine mazana ekuchinja kwakakonzera kukanganisa. Tichifunga izvi semhedziso, Stallman akagura kutaurirana kweLabhoritari neSymbolics, akapika kuti haachazoshanda pamichina yekambani iyoyo zvakare, uye akazivisa kuti aizobatana nebasa pamushini weMIT Lisp kutsigira LMI. “Mukuona kwangu, Lab yakanga iri nyika isina kwayakarerekera, kufanana neBelgium muHondo Yenyika II,” anodaro Stallman, “uye kana Germany yakapinda nechisimba muBelgium, Belgium yakazivisa hondo neGermany ndokubatana neBritain neFrance.”

Vakuru veSymbolics pavakaona kuti hunyanzvi hwavo hwazvino hwanga huchiri kuoneka paMIT vhezheni yemuchina weLisp, vakashatirwa ndokutanga kupomera mbavha dzeLab dzekuba kodhi. Asi Stallman haana kutyora mutemo wekodzero zvachose. Akadzidza kodhi yakapihwa neSymbolics uye akaita fungidziro ine musoro nezve ramangwana rekugadzirisa nekuvandudza, izvo zvaakatanga kuita kubva kutanga kweMIT's Lisp muchina. Vakuru vakuru vezviratidzo havana kuzvitenda. Vakaisa spyware paStallman's terminal, iyo yakanyora zvese zvakaitwa naRichard. Saka vaitarisira kuunganidza humbowo hwekubiwa kwekodhi uye kuhuratidza kuMIT manejimendi, asi kunyangwe kutanga kwa1983 pakanga pasina chaungaratidza. Chavaive nacho chaive gumi nembiri kana kuti nzvimbo apo kodhi yemasitimu maviri aya aitaridzika zvishoma.

MaLab maneja paakaratidza humbowo hweSymbolics kuna Stallman, akazviramba, achiti kodhi yacho yaive yakafanana, asi haina kufanana. Uye akashandura pfungwa dzeSymbolics manejimendi pamusoro pake: kana aya zviyo zvekodhi yakafanana zviri zvese zvavaigona kuchera paari, zvino izvi zvinongoratidza kuti Stallman haana kunyatsoba iyo kodhi. Izvi zvaive zvakakwana kuti mamaneja eLabhoritari abvumire basa raStallman, uye akarienderera mberi kusvika pakupera kwa1983. .

Asi Stallman akachinja maitiro ake. Kuti azvidzivirire uye purojekiti zvakanyanya sezvinobvira kubva kuzvirevo zveSymbolics, akamira zvachose kutarisa macode avo. Akatanga kunyora kodhi chete zvichibva pane zvinyorwa. Richard akanga asingatarisiri hunyanzvi hutsva kubva kuSymbolics, asi akazviita iye pachake, ndokuzongowedzera machinjiro ekuenderana neSymbolics kuita, achivimba nezvinyorwa zvavo. Akaverengawo Symbolics code changelog kuti aone kuti tsikidzi dzipi dzavaigadzirisa, uye akazvigadzirisa iye pachake nedzimwe nzira.

Zvakaitika zvakasimbisa kutsunga kwaStallman. Mushure mekugadzira analogues emabasa matsva eSymbolics, akanyengetedza vashandi veLabhoritari kuti vashandise iyo MIT vhezheni yemuchina weLisp, iyo yakave nechokwadi chechiyero chakanaka chekuyedza uye kuona kukanganisa. Uye iyo MIT vhezheni yaive yakavhurika zvachose kuLMI. "Ndaida kuranga maSymbolics chero zvodii," anodaro Stallman. Ichi chirevo chinoratidza kwete chete kuti hunhu hwaRichard huri kure nerunyararo, asiwo kuti kukakavara pamushini weLisp kwakamubata nekukurumidza.

Kutsunga kwaStallman kunogona kunzwisiswa kana iwe uchifunga kuti zvairatidzika sei kwaari - "kuparadzwa" kwe "imba" yake, kureva, nharaunda yevabiki uye tsika yeAI Lab. Levy akazobvunzurudza Stallman kuburikidza neemail, uye Richard akazvifananidza naIshi, nhengo yekupedzisira inozivikanwa yeYahi Indian vanhu, vakaparadzwa muHondo dzeIndia dzema1860 nema1870. Enzaniso iyi inopa zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa epic, inenge yengano. Matsotsi aishandira Symbolics akaona izvi nenzira yakati siyanei: kambani yavo haina kuparadza kana kutsakatisa, asi yakangoita izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakaitwa kare. Mushure mekutamisa muchina weLisp mundima yekutengeserana, Symbolics yakachinja maitiro ayo kune dhizaini yepurogiramu - pachinzvimbo chekuacheka zvinoenderana neanofa-akaoma mapatani evanobira, vakatanga kushandisa zvakapfava uye zvine hushamwari zviyero zvemaneja. Uye vaisatora Stallman semurwi wemhandu mukudzivirira chikonzero chakanaka, asi semutakuri wekufunga kwechinyakare.

Kukakavadzana kwakawedzerawo moto. Kunyangwe kusati kwasvika kweSymbolics, matsotsi mazhinji akanzvenga Stallman, uye iye zvino mamiriro acho akawedzera kakawanda. “Ndakanga ndisisakokwa kuita nzendo dzokuChinatown,” Richard anoyeuka kudaro, “Greenblatt akatanga tsika yacho: apo unoda kuva nokudya kwamasikati, unotenderera vaunoshanda navo ndokuvakoka newe, kana kuti kuvatumira meseji. Kumwe muna 1980-1981 vakarega kundifonera. Havana kungondikoka bedzi, asi, sokubvuma kwomunhu mumwe gare gare, vakaisa dzvinyiriro pavamwe kuti pasava nomunhu aizondiudza pamusoro pezvitima zvakarongwa nokuda kwezvokudya zvamasikati.”

Source: linux.org.ru

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