Ndakazvibvunza mubvunzo uripo wakaiswa mumusoro mukuumbwa kwaGrebenshchikov mushure meimwe denderedzwa renhaurirano mune imwe yenharaunda nezvekuti wekutanga web backend developer anoda SQL ruzivo, kana kuti ORM ichaita zvese zvakadaro. Ndakafunga kutsvaga mhinduro zvishoma zvakapamhama pane kungoita nezveORM neSQL, uye edza kuyedza kuronga kuti vanhu vari kuenda kubvunzurudzo dzezvinzvimbo zvejunior uye zvepakati-level, chii nhoroondo yavo uye kuti ndeipi nyika yavari kuenda. kugara mu. Kazhinji, ndaive nemafungiro, asi akaumbwa neruzivo rwekuhaya uye akagadziridzwa zvakajeka kumusika weko. Kazhinji, yakava inofadza. Hezvino zvatakawana.
Global developer population
Kuti neimwe nzira ndisvike kumubvunzo, ndakasarudza kutanga nekutsvaga data pamusoro pekuti vangani vagadziri varipo munyika nhasi uye kuti huwandu uhu huri kuchinja sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Kufungidzira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kunoisa nhamba kubva pamamiriyoni gumi nemaviri kusvika ku12. Ndakasarudza kumira pa , nokuti nzira yavo yaiita seyakadzikama uye yaienderana nezvandaida. Mukuongorora kwavo, vakafunga nezvehuwandu hweakaunti uye marepositori paGithub, huwandu hweakaundi paStackOverflow, npm maakaunti uye data kubva kune zviri pamutemo zvinyorwa nezve basa muUS neEurope. Vakagadzirisawo nhamba dzakazobuda vachishandisa zvidzidzo zvavo gumi nematanhatu, izvo zvaisanganisira vanhu vangangosvika zviuru makumi maviri paongororo yega yega.
Sekureva kwaSlashData, pakanga paine vangangoita mamirioni gumi nemasere vanogadzira pasirese muchikamu chechina che2018, 18.9 miriyoni vaive vanogadzira nyanzvi, ndiko kuti, vanoita chirongwa chekurarama. Avo vasiri pari zvino vanogadzira hunyanzvi vanhu avo chirongwa chinonakidza, pamwe neavo vari kudzidza hunyanzvi (vadzidzi vakasiyana uye vanozvidzidzisa). Zvakanaka, ndiko kuti, heino chirevo chekukura kweboka rinondifarira - mamiriyoni matanhatu evanhu. Kutaura chokwadi, izvi zvinopfuura zvandaitarisira.
Chechipiri chinoshamisa kwandiri chaive chekukura kwenhamba yevagadziri vepurogiramu: kubva pachikamu chechipiri che2017 kusvika kuchikamu chechina che2018, yakawedzera kubva pa14.7 kusvika kune yakataurwa 18.9 mamiriyoni, kana yakawedzera ne21% muna 2018! Kana ndikakumbirwa kuti ndienzanise chiyero chekukura kwenhamba yevagadziri vepurogiramu, ndingataura kuti inenge 5% pagore nekuwedzera kuduku kwehuwandu gore negore. Uye pano zvinosvika kusvika 20%.
Pamusoro pezvo, SlashData inofungidzira kuti huwandu hwevanhu huchasvika mamirioni makumi mana nemashanu panosvika 2030. Zviri nyore kuona kuti izvi zvinoreva kukura kweanopfuura 45% pagore, kwete 8%, asi ivo vanoreva gadziriso yeaccount yekupinda internet (ikozvino ingangoita 20% pasi rese). ) nezvimwe zvinhu zvakati wandei, senge nhamba yevagadziri pamunhu. Nenzvimbo, huwandu hwevagadziri huri kukura zvakanyanya muIndia neChina; India inotarisirwa kukunda United States muhuwandu hwevagadziri panosvika 2023 (izvi zvatove. ).
Muzhinji, pachava nevazhinji vanogadzira mapurogiramu, zvisinei kuti unozviona sei, nokuti kudiwa kuri kukura. Nenzira, pamusoro pekuda.
Chii chiri kudiwa?
Kuti ndifungidzire kudiwa, ndakashandisa HackerRank data ye и gore.
Panyaya yemitauro yekuronga, inonyanya kudiwa ndeyeJavaScript, Python neJava munenge maindasitiri ese, kunze kweComputer Hardware. Mune yekupedzisira, iyo yakanyanya kudiwa ndeye C / C ++, inonzwisisika; mapurojekiti ehardware achiri nezvinodiwa zvekusimba kwesimba uye kuita kwesoftware inoenderana.
Panyaya yezvirongwa, AngularJS, Node.js uye React vari kunyanya kudiwa, uye vane mukaha mukuru pakati pekupa uye kudiwa, iyo inoita seinotsanangurwa nekukurumidza iyo JavaScript ecosystem iri kuchinja, nokuti semuenzaniso, ye ExpressJS. , kuwanikwa kwatopfuura zvinodiwa.
Panyaya yehunyanzvi, vashandirwi vanonyanya kutarisira hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa Dambudziko kubva kune vanokwikwidza. Inenge 95% yevashandirwi vanotaura hunyanzvi uhu sehunokosha. Chirongwa cheMutauro Hunyanzvi chiri munzvimbo yechipiri ne56%. Nenzira, hapana mutsara zvachose neruzivo rwakakosha rwealgorithms, zvimiro zvedata uye imwe Computer Science, ingave isiri mugwaro remibvunzo, kana ruzivo rwedzidzo haruchadikanwa pamwero mukuru.
Database Design inodiwa ne23.2% yemakambani ari pasi pe100 vanhu, uye 18.8% yemakambani anopfuura 1000 vanhu. Ehe, zvinoita sekunge ndezveORM neSQL! Izvo zvine musoro, IMHO, tsananguro ndeyekuti mumakambani makuru mune basa rakatsaurirwa reDBA, uyo ane basa reichi chikamu, uye saka zvinokwanisika kupfavisa zvinodiwa kune vanogadzira uye kuhaya nekukurumidza. Asi neSystem Design ndiyo imwe nzira yakatenderedza: 37.0% mudiki, 44.1% muhombe. Zvingaita sekuti mahombe anofanirwa kunge aine vagadziri vakazvipira, asi pamwe ivo havangokwanise kuvhara huwandu hwemasystem ari kugadzirwa. Kana iwo akafanana akakosha algorithms uye data zvimiro zvinoiswa muSystem Dhizaini, zvobva zvajeka zvishoma.
Makambani madiki anoda Framework Hunyanzvi zvakanyanya uye zvishoma zvambotaurwa System Dhizaini, kubva kwatinogona kutora mhedziso yekaputeni kuti zvakakosha kuti vanotangisa vatange neimwe nzira inoshanda chigadzirwa nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, uye mangwana richave mangwana.
Vadzidzi vanodzidzei?
Apa ndaivimba nedata kubva kune imwe .
Izvo zvakakosha kufunga kuti kunyangwe hazvo chirongwa muchimiro chimwe kana chimwe chinodzidziswa kumayunivhesiti (ndinoreva Computer Science majors), inopfuura hafu yeavo vakaongororwa vakati ivo vanoitawo mukuzvidzidzisa.
Vadzidzi vemazuva ano vanosarudza kudzidza kubva kuYouTube, nepo vagadziri vechikuru vanotsamira kumatutoriki nemabhuku. Vese vari vaviri vanoshingairira kushandisa StackOverflow. Ini ndinopa izvi kune chokwadi chekuti vhidhiyo inzira inozivikanwa midhiya yechizvarwa Z, nepo vamiriri vechizvarwa Y vachiri munguva isina mablogger.
Ivo vanodzidzisa izvo zviri kudiwa nevashandirwi: JavaScript, Java, Python. Vanoratidza kuti vanoziva C/C++, asi izvi pamwe nekuti mitauro iyi inoshandiswa pakudzidzisa kumayunivhesiti. Vanodzidzisa maitiro eJS, asi kudiwa kwakanyanya kudarika kupihwa, saka zviri pachena kuti vari kushingaira kudzidza mushure mekuwana basa ravo rekutanga.
Kazhinji, sezvinotarisirwa, vanodzidzisa zvinenge zvichidiwa.
Vadzidzi vanotarisira kukura kwehunyanzvi kubva pabasa ravo rekutanga, chiyero chebasa-hupenyu chinouya chechipiri (mune dzimwe nyika kutanga), uye mabasa anonakidza anouya kechitatu.
Dynamics yehuwandu hwekuvandudza nemitauro yekuronga uye software mhando
Webhu maapplication ari munzvimbo yekutanga aine anofungidzirwa 16.9 miriyoni vanogadzira. Iyi iSlashData zvakare. Zvinotevera Backend Services (13.6 miriyoni), nharembozha (13.1 miriyoni) uye desktop (12.3 miriyoni). AR/VR neIoT zvikamu zviri kuwedzera mukurumbira zvishoma nezvishoma, AI/ML/Data Sayenzi yakakura zvakanyanya mumakore maviri apfuura.
Javascript iri kukura nekukurumidza; nharaunda yayo yatove hombe, ichikura ne2018 miriyoni mu2.5 chete. Ivo vari kutoyedza kunyora mairi muIoT uye ML zvikamu.
Python yakakura ne2018 miriyoni muna 2.2 nekuda kwekuwedzera kukurumbira kweML, uko kwaine tsika yakasimba, uye nekuda kwekureruka kwekudzidza uye kureruka kwemutauro.
Java, C/C++ uye C# zviri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura huwandu hwese hwekuvandudza. Iye zvino havasati vari mutauro wepurogiramu uyo vanhu vanosarudza kutanga nawo. Iko kudiwa kwevagadziri pano kwakanyanya kana kushoma kuenzanirana nekupa. Ndinofunga Java ingadai yakatokura zvishoma kana isiri yeAroid.
PHP ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kufarirwa pawebhu application programming mutauro uye iri kukura zvakanyanya (ne32% muna 2018). Nharaunda yaro inofungidzirwa kune 5.9 miriyoni vanogadzira. Pasinei nemukurumbira wepolarizing wePP, zviri nyore kudzidza uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Vadiki vanhasi vanodzidza sei zvichienzaniswa nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura?
HackerRank data zvakare. Avo vava pakati pemakumi matatu nemasere kusvika makumi mashanu nenhatu vanonyora mitambo semapurojekiti avo ekutanga.
Nenzira, ndinosimbisa kuti basa rangu rekutanga rakawanda kana rakaderera raiva "tic-tac-toe" kusvika kune mashanu mumutsara nemunda usingagumi, wechipiri waiva mutambo we 15. Ndakanyora zvose izvi pa , paivapo , aka BASIC-86 uye focal. Eh.
Mazuva ano novice programmers (kusvika kumakore makumi maviri nerimwe) vanonyora macalculator nemawebhusaiti semapurojekiti avo ekutanga.
Pakati pevamiriri vechizvarwa X, inenge hafu yakatanga kunyora kodhi isati yasvika makore gumi nematanhatu, vazhinji vakaita izvi kubva pa16 kusvika ku5 makore (kunyanya avo vava pakati pe10 ne35 yemakore). Izvo zvakanyanya kana zvishoma kujeka kuti nei: pakanga paine mashoma masosi eruzivo, uye kuti uve mugadziri wakanyatso kuida zvakashata, uye avo vainyatsoida vakatanga kuronga kare. Avo vakanga vasingazvidi zvakanyanya vangangove vava nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana, saka mufananidzo wesociology wakafanana neizvi.
Nhasi vechidiki vechidiki 20% chete yenguva vanotanga hurongwa vasati vasvika makore gumi nematanhatu, ruzhinji pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pe16 ne16. Asi zvakare zvakareruka zvakanyanya kwavari kuti vadzidze; ikozvino yave kuwanikwa zvakanyanya.
zvakawanikwa
Ini handisati ndawana mhinduro chaiyo kumubvunzo wekuti wekutanga web backend developer anoda SQL nhasi, asi ndagadzirisa pfungwa yangu yehuwandu hwemazuva ano hwevagadziri.
Chizvarwa chinotevera chevagadziri vanhuwo zvavo, mune dzimwe nzira vanofanana nevekare; dambudziko redzimba rakangovaparadza. Vanogutsa kudiwa kunogadzirwa nevashandirwi. Iyo chikumbaridzo chekupinda hunyanzvi chave kuderera nekuda kwezvishandiso zviri nyore uye masisitimu anobvumidza iwe kukurumidza kuwana mhedzisiro. Vanhu vazhinji vava kuita zvirongwa; chizvarwa chedhijitari (Generation Z) chave kurarama muhunyanzvi kubva pakuzvarwa; kwavari ibasa rakajairika, hakuna kuipa kupfuura vamwe.
Avo vanoziva kuti L1 cache latency is ~ 4 cycles, uye kuti zviri nani kuti usaputse mitsetse ye cache zvisina kufanira, vari kuita diki sechikamu chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu. Nekudaro, havafanirwe kunetseka nezve kuwana basa; mumwe munhu, shure kwezvose, anofanira kunyora zvinhu zvakaderera pazvichiri kudikanwa. Saizvozvovo, avo vane ruzivo rwakadzama mukugadzira sisitimu uye vakaiwana muhondo dzine ropa dzinoshanda, uye kwete kungotevera chitendero chekutakura zvinhu, havafanirwe kunetseka. Nekuti kuchange kuine vanhu vakawanda muzvikwata vanogona "kungonyora kodhi" uye "zvakarurama" kushandisa marongero, uye kuitira "kudzivisa kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kwemakore akapedzwa pasina chinangwa" (c) vachada kudzikamiswa nevanhu vakadaro. .
Unyanzvi hwakapfava huri kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva muchikamu chezvinodiwa kuenda kune chinosungirwa (handina dhata rekusimbisa izvi, kungoona kunoshanda). Huwandu hwevagadziri vezvirongwa huri kukura, uye vese vanofanirwa kutungamirwa kuti vawane mhedzisiro, kungave kuburikidza nekutonga kwakananga kana kusiri kwakananga, uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo izvo hunyanzvi hwakapfava hunodiwa.
"Pinda IT" inoratidzika kwandiri senyaya yedunhu renzvimbo, yakajairika kunzvimbo dziya uko mari yemugadziri wezvirongwa inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune inofananidzwa ne "asiri-IT" nyanzvi. MuMinsk, kwandinogara, uku kunowanzova kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda, zuva rega rega ndinoona zviziviso zvekosi itsva dzekuti ungapinda sei muIT inoshuviwa, uye makambani ekuchenesa anonangana nevagadziri neshoko "Unonzwisisa kodhi iri pamufananidzo uyu? Izvi zvinoreva kuti haugone kuchenesa imba yako, tichakuitira zvese." Chinhu chimwe chetecho sezviri pachena chiri kuitika mune imwe India. Iniwo handina data rinoratidza izvi.
Kazhinji, mumaonero angu, hapana chinotyisidzira huwandu hwevagadziri. Hapana chikonzero chekutaura pamusoro pekuti haugone kuwana vanogadzira chaiyo mukati mezuva, uye kuti vavhoti kazhinji "havana chavanoziva." Vakangwara uye vanokwanisa, zvichida vakatochenjera uye vanogona kupfuura "vagadziri vepurogiramu chaivo"; vanongowana ruzivo rwunodiwa nemusika unokurumidza kubva kwavari uye vorega kune gare gare izvo zvavasati vakuda uye hazvizounza pundutso. ikozvino. Vachadzidza pavanenge vachida, nokuti vachiri kuda kudzidza. Pamwe, havasi vese vanogona kuita izvi, asi havasi vese vanozozvidawo; mune ramangwana rinoonekwa, musika uchagamuchira zviri nyore vanhu vanogona kukurumidza kuisa pamwe imwe pfungwa yekushandisa vachishandisa imwe chimiro.
Vashandisi vakanyoresa chete ndivo vanogona kutora chikamu muongororo. , Munogamuchirwa.
Ko web backender interviews inoda SQL ruzivo?
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Hongu ndinoida nekuti ndinoida kubasa
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Hongu, ndinodaro, kunyange zvazvo zvisinganyanyi kudiwa kubasa.
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Kwete, ini handizvide, isu tine NoSQL
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Kwete, ini handizvide, ORM ichaita zvese
320 vashandisi vakavhota. 230 vashandisi vakaramba.
Source: www.habr.com