Pane mibvunzo yatakabvunza kana kuedza kupindura: nei denga riri bhuruu, ingani nyeredzi dziri mudenga, ndiani ane simba - white shark kana muurayi whale, nezvimwewo. Uye pane mibvunzo yatisina kubvunza, asi izvo hazviite kuti mhinduro ive shoma. Mibvunzo yakadaro inosanganisira zvinotevera: chii chainyanya kukosha zvokuti masayendisiti okuLund (Sweden), Witwatersrand (South Africa), Stockholm (Sweden) neWΓΌrzburg (Germany) pamwe chete vakasarudza kudzidza? Ichi chingangove chinhu chakakosha, chakaomarara uye chinobatsira zvinoshamisa. Zvakanaka, zvakaoma kutaura chokwadi pamusoro peizvi, asi zvinonakidza chaizvo, kureva kuti, mafambisirwo ezvipembenene munzvimbo. Pakutanga kuona, zvinhu zvose pano hazvina maturo, asi nyika yedu izere nezvinhu zvisiri nyore sezvazvinoratidzika, uye zvipembenene zvendove uchapupu hweizvi. Saka, chii chakasiyana nemafambisirwo ezvipembenene zvendove, masayendisiti akaiongorora sei, uye makwikwi anei nazvo? Tichawana mhinduro kumibvunzo iyi nemimwe mumushumo weboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.
Protagonist
Chekutanga pane zvese, zvakakosha kuti uzive munhu mukuru wechidzidzo ichi. Akasimba, anoshanda nesimba, anoshingirira, akanaka uye ane hanya. Ibhete rendove kubva kumhuri yepamusoro Scarabaeidae.
Zvipembenene zvendove zvakawana zita rawo risinganyanyi kukwezva nekuda kwekuda kwavo gastronomic. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvishoma zvishoma, asi kune nyuchi ndiyo nzvimbo yakanakisisa yezvokudya, ndicho chikonzero mhando dzakawanda dzemhuri iyi dzisingadi zvimwe zvekudya kana mvura. Iyo chete inosarudzika ndeyemhando yeDeltochilum valgum, iyo vamiriri vayo vanofarira kudya ma centipedes.
Kuwanda kwezvinyavada ishanje dzezvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda, sezvo zvichigara mumakondinendi ose kunze kweAntarctica. Nzvimbo yekugara inotangira kubva kumasango anotonhorera kusvika kumagwenga anopisa. Zviripachena, zviri nyore kuwana huwandu hwakakura hwezvipembenene munzvimbo dzemhuka dziri "mafekitori" ekugadzira chikafu chavo. Zvinyavada zvinoda kuchengeta chikafu chemangwana.
Vhidhiyo pfupi nezvezvipembenene zvendove uye kuoma kwemararamiro avo (BBC, David Attenborough).
Mhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene dzine maitiro avo ekugadzirisa maitiro. Mamwe anoumba mabhora emupfudze, ayo anokungurutswa kubva panzvimbo yekuunganidza ovigwa mugomba. Vamwe vanochera migero pasi pevhu, vachiazadza nezvokudya. Uye vamwe, vanoziva chirevo chaMuhammad uye kusuwa, vanongogara mumirwi yendove.
Zvokudya zvekudya zvakakosha kune bete, asi kwete zvakanyanya nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuzvichengetedza, asi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekutarisira vana vanotevera. Chokwadi ndechekuti zvipembenene zvendove zvinogara mune zvakaunganidzwa nemubereki kare. Uye kana mupfudze wakawanda, ndiko kuti, zvokudya zvemakonye, ββzvinoita kuti zvive nyore kurarama.
Ndakasangana nekuumbwa uku mukuita kuunganidza ruzivo, uye hazvinzwike zvakanyanya, kunyanya chikamu chekupedzisira:... Varume vanorwira vakadzi, vachimisa tsoka dzavo kumadziro emugero, uye vachisunda mhandu yavo nenyanga dzakabuda ... Vamwe varume havana nyanga uye naizvozvo havapindi muhondo, asi vane gonads yakakura uye varindi. mukadzi mugero rinotevera...
Zvakanaka, ngatifambei kubva kumazwi zvakananga kutsvagiridzo pachayo.
Sezvandambotaura, mamwe marudzi ezvipembenene zvendove zvinoumba mabhora uye anoaputira mumutsara wakatwasuka, pasinei nemhando kana kuoma kwenzira yakasarudzwa, kupinda mugomba rekuchengetedza. Ndiwo maitiro ezvipembenene aya atinonyanya kujaira nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvakawanda. Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti mukuwedzera kune simba (mamwe marudzi anogona kusimudza ka1000 uremu hwawo), zvido zvegastronomic uye kutarisira vana vavo, zvipembenene zvendove zvine yakanakisa kutaridzika kwenzvimbo. Uyezve, ndidzo chete tumbuyu tunokwanisa kufamba usiku tichishandisa nyeredzi.
MuSouth Africa (nzvimbo yezvicherechedzo), nyuchi, yawana "mhuka", inoumba bhora uye inotanga kuitenderedza mumutsara wakatwasuka munzira isina kurongeka, zvinonyanya kukosha kure nevakwikwidzi vasingazeze kutora. chikafu chayakawana. Naizvozvo, kuti kutiza kubudirire, unofanira kufamba nenzira imwe nguva dzose, usingaendi munzira.
Zuva ndiro rinonyanya kutaurwa nezvaro, sezvatinotoziva, asi handiro rakavimbika. Kureba kwezuva kunoshanduka zuva rose, izvo zvinoderedza kurongeka kwekutarisa. Sei zvipembenene zvisingatange kumhanya zvakatenderedza, kuvhiringika kwakananga uye kutarisa mepu maminetsi maviri ega ega? Zvine musoro kuti tifunge kuti zuva handiro chete rinopa mashoko ezvaanoenda muchadenga. Uyezve masayendisiti akakurudzira kuti chechipiri chinongedzo chezvipembenene imhepo, kana kuti kutungamira kwayo. Ichi hachisi chinhu chakasiyana, sezvo masvosve uye kunyange mapete anokwanisa kushandisa mhepo kutsvaga nzira yavo.
Mubasa ravo, masayendisiti akafunga kuongorora kuti zvipembenene zvinoshandisa sei ruzivo urwu rwemultimodal sensory, pavanenge vachida kufamba nezuva uye kana nekwairi kuenda nemhepo, uye kana vachishandisa nzira mbiri panguva imwe chete. Kucherechedzwa uye kuyerwa kwakaitwa munharaunda yezvidzidzo zvechisikigo, pamwe chete neyakateedzerwa, inodzorwa murabhoritari mamiriro.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Muchidzidzo ichi, basa renyaya huru rakatambidzwa nebete remhando Scarabaeus lamarcki, uye kucherechedzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo kwakaitwa munharaunda yepurazi reStonehenge, pedyo neJohannesburg (South Africa).
Mufananidzo Nhamba 1: shanduko mukumhanya kwemhepo mukati mezuva (Π), shanduko munzira yemhepo mukati mezuva (Π).
Zviyero zvekutanga zvekumhanya kwemhepo uye kwairi zvakaitwa. Husiku, kumhanya kwakaderera (<0,5 m/s), asi kwakawedzera pedyo nekuedza, kusvika pakakwirira zuva nezuva (3 m/s) pakati pe11:00 ne13:00 (solar altitude ~70 Β°).
Kumhanya ukoshi hunoonekwa nekuti vanodarika chikumbaridzo che 0,15 m/s inodiwa pakuita menotactic yezvinyavada. Muchiitiko ichi, mhepo yepamusoro-soro inopindirana panguva yezuva nebasa repamusoro rezvipembenene Scarabaeus lamarcki.
Zvipembenene zvinokungurutsa mhuka dzadzo mumutsara wakatwasuka kubva panzvimbo yaunganidzirwa kuenda pachinhambwe chakati kurei. Paavhareji, nzira yese inotora 6.1 Β± 3.8 maminetsi. Nokudaro, munguva ino yenguva vanofanira kutevera nzira yacho nenzira chaiyo sezvinobvira.
Kana tichitaura pamusoro pekutungamira kwemhepo, zvino panguva yekushanda kukuru kwezvipembenene (kubva 06:30 kusvika 18:30), avhareji yekuchinja kwemhepo inotungamira panguva yemaminitsi matanhatu haisi kupfuura 6 Β°.
Nekubatanidza data pamusoro pekumhanya kwemhepo uye kwairi kuita zuva rese, masayendisiti anotenda kuti mamiriro ekunze akadaro anokwana kuti zvipembenene zvifambe nenzira dzakasiyana.
Mufananidzo #2
Inguva yekucherechedza. Kuti uedze simba rinogoneka remhepo pamaitiro enzvimbo yezvipembenene zvendove, denderedzwa "arena" yakagadzirwa ine chikafu pakati. Zvipembenene zvakasununguka kukungurutsa mabhora avakaumba munzira ipi neipi kubva pakati muhupo hwemhepo inodzorwa, yakagadzikana inoyerera ichimhanya 3 m/s. Iyi miedzo yakaitwa pamazuva akajeka apo urefu hwezuva hwakasiyana-siyana zuva rose sezvinotevera: β₯75 Β° (yakakwirira), 45-60 Β° (pakati), uye 15-30 Β° (pasi).
Shanduko mukuyerera kwemhepo uye nzvimbo yezuva inogona kushanduka kusvika 180 Β° pakati pekushanyira kwebeetle kaviri (2A) Izvo zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvekuti zvipembenene hazvitambudzi ne sclerosis, uye saka mushure mekushanyira kwekutanga vanorangarira nzira yavakasarudza. Kuziva izvi, masayendisiti anofunga nezvekuchinja kwekona yekubuda kubva munhandare panguva yekupinda kunotevera kwebete seimwe yezviratidzo zvekubudirira kwekutarisa.
Kana zuva rakareba β₯75 Β° (yakakwirira), shanduko muazimuth mukupindura kune 180 Β° shanduko yemhepo nzira pakati pekutanga neyechipiri seti yakaunganidzwa kutenderedza 180 Β° (P <0,001, V bvunzo) ine shanduko ye166.9 Β± 79.3 Β° (2B) Muchiitiko ichi, shanduko yenzvimbo yezuva (girazi rakashandiswa) ne180 Β° yakakonzera kuita kwakajeka kwe13,7 Β± 89,1 Β° (denderedzwa rezasi pa 2B).
Sezvineiwo, panzvimbo dzepakati nepakati uye dzakaderera zuva, zvipembenene zvakanamatira kunzira dzadzo kunyangwe shanduko munzira yemhepo - avhareji urefu: -15,9 Β± 40,2 Β°; P <0,001; kudzika kwakadzika: 7,1 Β± 37,6Β°, P <0,001 (2C ΠΈ 2D) Asi kushandura nzira yemwaranzi yezuva ne180 Β° kwaive nekupesana, ndiko kuti, shanduko huru munzira yebete - kureba kwepakati: 153,9 Β± 83,3 Β°; kudzika kwakadzika: β162 Β± 69,4Β°; P <0,001 (yepasi madenderedzwa mukati 2A, 2Π‘ ΠΈ 2D).
Zvichida kutaridzika kunoitwa kwete nemhepo pachayo, asi nekunhuhwirira. Kuti uedze izvi, boka rechipiri rezvipembenene zvekuedza rakave nezvikamu zvadzo zveantenna, izvo zvinokonzeresa kunhuwa kwavo, zvakabviswa. Shanduko dzenzira mukupindura 180Β° shanduko mugwara remhepo rinoratidzwa nezvipembenene izvi zvaive zvichiri kuungana zvakanyanya kutenderedza 180Β°. Mune mamwe mazwi, hapana mutsauko padanho rekuona pakati pezvipembenene zvine uye pasina pfungwa yekunhuwa.
Mhedziso yepakati ndeyekuti zvipembenene zvinoshandisa zuva nemhepo. Muchiitiko ichi, pasi pemamiriro erabhoritari anodzorwa, zvakaonekwa kuti kambasi yemhepo inotonga pamusoro pekambasi yezuva pakakwirira kwezuva, asi mamiriro ezvinhu anotanga kuchinja kana zuva richiswedera pedyo.
Uku kucherechedzwa kunoratidza kuti kune dynamic multimodal compass system munzvimbo, umo kupindirana pakati pemaitiro maviri aya kunoshanduka zvichienderana neruzivo rwekunzwa. Kureva kuti, bete rinofamba chero nguva yezuva, richitsamira pane yakavimbika sosi yeruzivo panguva iyoyo (zuva rakadzika - zuva ireferensi; zuva rakakwirira - mhepo inoreva).
Zvadaro, masayendisiti akafunga kuongorora kana mhepo ichibatsira kutungamira zvipembenene kana kuti kwete. Nechinangwa ichi, nhandare ine dhayamita 1 m yakagadzirwa nechikafu pakati. Pakazara, zvipembenene zvakaita kuvira kwezuva makumi maviri panzvimbo yakakwirira yezuva: 20 nemhepo uye gumi pasina mhepo (2F).
Sezvaitarisirwa, kuvapo kwemhepo kwakaita kuti zvipembenene zvifambe zvakanaka. Zvinotaridzirwa kuti mukutanga kwekucherechedza kwekombisi yezuva, kuchinja kweazimuth pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvakatevedzana zvakapetwa kaviri panzvimbo yakakwirira yezuva (> 75 Β°) kana ichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yakaderera (<60 Β°).
Saka, takaona kuti mhepo inobata basa rinokosha mukutungamira kwezvipembenene zvendove, kubhadhara kusarurama kwekambasi yezuva. Asi bete rinounganidza sei mashoko pamusoro pokumhanya kwemhepo uye kwairi? Ehe, chinhu chiri pachena ndechekuti izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza neantennae. Kuti aone izvi, masayendisiti akaita bvunzo mukati meimba inogara ichiyerera (3 m / s) nekutora chikamu kwemapoka maviri ezvipembenene - ane uye asina antennae (3A).
Mufananidzo #3
Mucherechedzo mukuru wekurongeka kwechokwadi yaive shanduko yeazimuth pakati penzira mbiri apo mafambiro emhepo akachinja ne180 Β°.
Shanduko munzira yekufamba kwezvipembenene zvine antennae zvakaunganidzwa zvakatenderedza 180 Β°, mukusiyana nenyuchi dzisina antennae. Mukuwedzera, zvinoreva shanduko yakakwana muazimuth yezvipembenene zvisina antennae yaiva 104,4 Β± 36,0 Β°, iyo yakasiyana zvikuru nekuchinja kwakakwana kwezvipembenene zvine antennae - 141,0 Β± 45,0 Β° (girafu mu 3B) Kureva kuti, zvipembenene zvisina antennae zvaisakwanisa kufamba zvakanaka mumhepo. Zvisinei, vakanga vachiri kukwanisa kufamba zvakanaka nezuva.
Mumufananidzo 3A inoratidza bvunzo yekumisikidza kuyedza kugona kwezvipembenene kusanganisa ruzivo kubva kune dzakasiyana siyana modalies kugadzirisa nzira yadzo. Kuti uite izvi, bvunzo yacho yaisanganisira ese maratidziro (mhepo + zuva) panguva yekutanga kusvika, kana imwe chete chiratidzo (zuva kana mhepo) panguva yechipiri. Nenzira iyi, multimodality uye unimodality zvakaenzaniswa.
Kucherechedza kwakaratidza kuti kuchinja kune nzira yekufamba kwezvipembenene mushure mekuchinja kubva kune yakawanda-kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yepasiredhi yakasvibiswa yakakomberedza 0 Β°: mhepo chete: -8,2 Β± 64,3 Β°; zuva chete: 16,5 Β± 51,6Β° (magirafu ari pakati uye ipapo 3C).
Hunhu hwekutarisa uhwu hwakanga husina kusiyana neiyo yakawanikwa pamberi penzvimbo mbiri (zuva + mhepo) (girafu kuruboshwe mu. 3Π‘).
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa, bete rinogona kushandisa chiratidzo chimwe chete kana chechipiri chisingatauri ruzivo rwakakwana, kureva, kubhadhara kusarurama kweimwe nzvimbo nechechipiri.
Kana iwe uchifunga kuti masayendisiti akamira ipapo, saka izvi hazvina kudaro. Zvadaro, zvaive zvakakodzera kutarisa kuti zvipembenene zvinochengetedza sei ruzivo nezveimwe yenzvimbo, uye kana vachiishandisa mune ramangwana sekuwedzera. Nechinangwa ichi, nzira 4 dzakaitwa: mune yekutanga pakanga paine 1 chiratidzo (zuva), mune yechipiri neyechitatu kuyerera kwemhepo kwakawedzerwa, uye panguva yechina kwaingova nekuyerera kwemhepo. Muedzo wakaitwa zvakare uko zvikwangwani zvaive zvakarongeka: mhepo, zuva + mhepo, zuva + mhepo, zuva.
A tentative dzidziso ndeyokuti kana zvipembenene zvinogona kuchengetedza ruzivo pamusoro pezvikwangwani zviviri munzvimbo imwechete yekuyeuka nzvimbo muuropi, saka vanofanira kuchengetedza nzira imwechete mukushanyira kwekutanga nekwechina, i.e. kuchinja munzira yekufamba kunofanirwa kuungana kutenderedza 0 Β°.
Mufananidzo #4
Iyo yakaunganidzwa data pamusoro pekushandurwa kweazimuth panguva yekutanga neyechina inomhanya yakasimbisa fungidziro iri pamusoro (4A), iyo yakawedzera kusimbiswa kuburikidza nekuenzanisira, mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa mugirafu 4C (kuruboshwe).
Sekuwedzera cheki, bvunzo dzakaitwa uko kuyerera kwemhepo kwakatsiviwa ne ultraviolet spot (4B uye 4C kurudyi). Mhedzisiro yacho yakada kufanana neyezuva uye miyedzo yekuyerera kwemhepo.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa ΠΈ kwaari.
Epilogue
Iko kusanganiswa kwemigumisiro kubva mukuedza mune zvose zvakasikwa uye zvakadzorwa zvakaratidza kuti mumararamiro ezvipembenene, ruzivo rwekuona uye mechanosensory rinosangana mune imwechete neural network uye inochengetwa semufananidzo wekambasi ye multimodal. Kuenzaniswa kwekubudirira kwekushandisa zuva kana mhepo sereferensi kwakaratidza kuti zvipembenene zvaiwanzoshandisa chirevo icho chinodzipa mamwe mashoko. Chechipiri chinoshandiswa sechisara kana chinopindirana.
Izvi zvingaita sechinhu chakajairika kwatiri, asi usakanganwa kuti uropi hwedu hukuru kwazvo kupfuura hwetwupukanana. Asi, sezvatakadzidza, kunyange zvisikwa zviduku zvikuru zvinokwanisa kuita gadziriro dzendangariro dzakaoma kunzwisisa, nokuti musango kurarama kwako kunotsamira pasimba kana kuti njere, uye kazhinji kazhinji pakubatanidzwa kwezvose zviri zviviri.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Kunyange zvipembenene zvinorwira mhuka. Uye hazvina basa kuti chakapambwa ibhora rendove.
(BBC Earth, David Attenborough)
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com