Munyika yemhuka dzesango, vavhimi nemhuka dzinogara dzichitamba-bata, zvese chaizvo uye nenzira yekufananidzira. Pakarepo muvhimi paanotanga hunyanzvi hutsva kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka kana dzimwe nzira, mhuka yakapambwa inojairana navo kuti irege kudyiwa. Uyu mutambo usingaperi wepoker unogara uchiwedzera mabheti, uyo anokunda anogashira mubairo wakanyanya kukosha - hupenyu. Munguva pfupi yapfuura takambokurukura , iyo inobva pachizvarwa chekuvhiringidza kwe ultrasonic. Pakati pezvipembenene zvinonaka kune echolocators ane mapapiro, kuvhara chiratidzo chavo cheultrasonic inyanzvi inokosha. Zvisineyi, zviremwaremwa hazvidi kuramba zvine nzara, saka zvine hunyanzvi mudura razvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuona mhuka dzadzinenge dzabatwa kunyangwe dzakavandika. Zviremwaremwa zvinotamba sei chaizvo seSauron, maitiro avo ekuvhima anoshanda sei, uye mashizha ekudyara anovabatsira sei neizvi? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yeboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Zviremwaremwa zvakagara zvichimutsa manzwiro akasiyana-siyana muvanhu: kubva pakuda kuziva nekuremekedza kusvika pakutya nekusemesa chaiko. Uye izvi zvinonzwisisika, nokuti kune rumwe rutivi, zvisikwa izvi vavhimi vakanaka, vachishandisa zvinenge chete kunzwa kwavo panguva yekuvhima, uye kune rumwe rutivi, zvisikwa zvinokambaira usiku zvinopinda mubvudzi uye zvinoedza kuruma munhu wose (izvi. , hongu, ingano dzakagadzirwa nekutya kwevanhu) . Zvakaoma kuda mhuka inobatanidzwa mutsika dzakakurumbira naDracula neChupacabra.
Hey, handisi kumbotya.
Asi masayendisiti vanhu vasingasaruri, havana basa kuti wakaita sei kana kuti unodyei. Kunyangwe iwe uri fluffy tsuro kana chiremwaremwa, ivo vanozofara kuitisa akati wandei kuyedza pauri, uyezve patsanura huropi hwako kuti upedze mufananidzo. Zvakanaka, ngatisiyei kuseka kwakasviba (netsanga yechokwadi) parutivi uye tiswedere pedyo nenzvimbo yacho.
Sezvatinotoziva, chishandiso chikuru chezviremwaremwa panguva yekuvhima kunzwa kwavo. Mbeva dzinoshanda husiku nekuda kwevakwikwidzi vashoma / njodzi uye yakawanda nyama. Nekuburitsa masaisai eultrasonic, zviremwaremwa zvinotora masaini ese ekudzoka anosvetuka kubva pazvinhu zvakavatenderedza, kusanganisira zvingangobatwa.
Emitting masking ultrasonic ruzha, hongu, inotonhorera, asi havasi vese vanonyorera chinzvimbo chekudya kwemanheru kune zviremwaremwa vane tarenda rakadaro. Asi kunyange zvipembenene zvepakati zvinogona kuvanza nzvimbo yazvo. Kuti vaite izvi, vanofanira kubatanidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, asi kwete sePredator kubva mufirimu yezita rimwe chete, nokuti tiri kutaura pamusoro pezwi. Sango racho usiku rakazara nemanzwi kubva kwakasiyana-siyana, mamwe acho ari ruzha rwekumashure. Kana chipembenene chikagara, toti, chisina kufamba pashizha, saka pane mukana mukuru wekurasika muruzha urwu rwemashure uye kurarama kusvika mangwanani.
Zvichipa izvi, masayendisiti akawanda akatenda kuti mhuka yakadaro yezviremwaremwa yakanga isingawaniki, asi ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Mamwe marudzi ezviremwaremwa akanga achiri kukwanisa kugadzirisa chirahwe chezvipembenene "zvisingaoneki" uye kubudirira kubata. Mubvunzo unoramba uripo - sei? Kupindura mubvunzo uyu, masayendisiti kubva kuSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute akashandisa biomimetic sensor inorekodha chero shanduko mumaungira kubva kuzvipembenene zvakagara chinyararire pamashizha (kureva kuhwanda). Zvadaro, masayendisiti akaverenga nzira dzakakodzera dzekurwisa, kureva kuti, nzira dzekubhururuka uye nhanho dzekubata zviremwaremwa, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kudarika camouflage. Ipapo vakaedza maverengero avo nedzidziso mukuita nekuona zviremwaremwa zvichirwisa mhuka dzakavanza. Zvinoda kuziva kuti mashizha aigara zvipembenene zvisina hanya akashanda semudziyo wekuzvibata.
Haasi tsvarakadenga here?
Zvidzidzo zvechidzidzo ichi vaive varume vana verudzi rweMicronycteris microtis (chiremwaremwa chine nzeve huru) vakabatwa munzvimbo yavo yechisikigo paBarro Colorado Island (Panama). Munguva yekuedza, keji yakakosha (4 Γ 1.40 Γ 1.00 m) iri musango pachitsuwa yakashandiswa. Masayendisiti akarekodha data pamusoro pendege dzevanhu vakaiswa mukeji iyi. Husiku hwakatevera mushure mekubatwa, kuedza chaiko kwakatanga. Mumwe munhu akaiswa mukeji uye aifanira kutsvaga uye kubata βmhuka yainge yakavanzika.β Hapana anopfuura maawa e0.80 ekuedza akaitwa nemunhu mumwe (1 husiku hwemaawa masere ega ega) kuitira kuderedza mhedzisiro yekurangarira kwenzvimbo uye kushushikana pamhuka. Mushure mekuedza, zviremwaremwa zvese zvakaburitswa munzvimbo imwechete iyo zvakabatwa.
Vatsvaguri vakave nedzidziso huru mbiri dzekutsanangura kuti zviremwaremwa zvinovhima sei nyama yakavharika: iyo acoustic shadow theory uye acoustic mirror theory.
Iyo "acoustic shadow" mhedzisiro inoitika kana chinhu chiri pamusoro pepepa chinobvisa echo simba, nekudaro ichideredza simba reiyo echo kubva pashizha. Kuwedzera acoustic mumvuri wechinhu, bat inofanira kusvika yakananga kubva kumberi munzira inoenda kuseri kwemashure (1A).
Mufananidzo #1
Kana iri chionioni chinonzwika, zviremwaremwa zvemusango zvinoita sehama dzavo dzemachira, dzinotora mhuka kubva pamusoro pedhamu. Echolocation zviratidzo zvinobudiswa pakona yakaderera kusvika pamusoro pemvura zvinoratidzwa kubva pachiremwaremwa chinovhima. Asi iyo echo kubva kune inogona kubatwa inoratidzwa kumashure kune bat (1B).
Vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kuti mashizha anoita sepamusoro pemvura, i.e. ita sechiratidzo chekuratidzira (1Π‘) Asi nokuda kwekuita kwakazara kwegirazi, imwe kona yekurwisa inodiwa.
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yeacoustic shadowing, zviremwaremwa zvinofanirwa kurwisa zvakapambwa kubva kumberi, sekutaura, musoro-pamusoro, nekuti muchiitiko ichi mumvuri uchave wakasimba. Kana acoustic mirror yakashandiswa, ipapo kurwisa kunofanira kuitika pakona yepamusoro. Kuti uone kuti ndeipi kona yekurwisa inogona kuve yakakwana, masayendisiti akaita zviyero zveacoustic pamakona akasiyana ane chekuita nebepa.
Mushure mekupedza kuverenga uye kuyedza dzidziso, bvunzo dzekuzvibata dzakaitwa pachishandiswa zviremwaremwa mhenyu uye mhedzisiro yekutarisa yakaenzaniswa nemhedzisiro yedzidziso yekuenzanisira.
Mibairo yekuverenga nekutarisa
Mufananidzo #2
Chekutanga, acoustic modhi (dome) yeshizha rine uye isina mhuka yakasikwa nekubatanidza maungira ese pamakona akasiyana ekurwisa kuita mufananidzo mumwe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, 541 zvinzvimbo zvakawanikwa pa9 semicircular trajectories yakatenderedza pepa (2A).
Papfungwa imwe neimwe yatakaverenga simba spectral density* ΠΈ acoustic size* (TS - chinangwa chesimba) zvibodzwa (kureva echo intensity) ye5 siyana frequency renji iyo inowirirana neharmonic zvikamu zveinobuda chiratidzo chebheti.2B).
Power spectral density* - chiratidzo chekugovera simba basa zvichienderana nehuwandu.
Acoustic size* (kana chinangwa acoustic simba) chiyero chenzvimbo yechinhu maererano nemhinduro acoustic chiratidzo.
Mumufananidzo 2Π‘ mhedzisiro yemakona akatorwa ekurwiswa anoratidzwa, ayo makona ari pakati peakajairika hukama nepamusoro pepepa pakati pekubvisa uye chinzvimbo chechiratidzo chechiratidzo, i.e. bat.
Mufananidzo #3
Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti ese ari maviri marudzi emashiti (ane uye asina kugadzirwa) mune ese ma frequency renji anoratidza yakakura acoustic saizi pamakona <30Β° (pakati zvikamu zvegirafu. 3A ΠΈ 3B) uye diki acoustic saizi pamakona β₯ 30 Β° (chikamu chekunze chegirafu pa 3A ΠΈ 3B).
Image Image 3A inosimbisa kuti pepa rinonyatsoita seacoustic mirror, kureva, pamakona <30 Β° yakasimba specular echo inogadzirwa, uye pa β₯ 30 Β° iyo echo inoratidzwa kubva kune inonzwika.
Kufananidzwa kweshizha rine chakapambwa pairi (3A) uye pasina kugadzirwa (3B) yakaratidza kuti kuvapo kwemhuka kunowedzera acoustic size yechinangwa pamakona β₯ 30 Β°. Muchiitiko ichi, echo-acoustic effect yemhuka pashizha inonyatsoonekwa pakuronga TS inobatwa-induced, i.e. misiyano muTS pakati peshizha rine uye risina mhuka (3Π‘).
Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kuwedzera kweiyo acoustic saizi yechinangwa pamakona β₯ 30 Β° inongoonekwa chete kana yakakwira frequencies; pazasi ma frequency hapana imwe mhedzisiro zvachose.
Masvomhu ari pamusoro apa akaita kuti zvikwanisike kuona theoretical range of angles of attack in the case of implementing theory of mirror reflection - 42Β°...78Β°. Muchikamu ichi, kuwedzera kwakafanana kweacoustic target size kubva 6 kusvika 10 dB yakaonekwa pakakwirira (> 87 kHz), iyo inopindirana neacoustic data yeM. microtis bats.
Iyi nzira yekuvhima (pakona, sekutaura) inobvumira mhuka inodya nyama nekukurumidza kuona kuvepo / kusavapo kwemhuka pashizha: isina simba uye yakaderera-frequency echo - shizha harina chinhu, simba uye Broadband echo - pane chikafu chinonaka pashizha.
Kana tikafunga dzidziso ye acoustic shadow, ipapo angle yekurwisa inofanira kunge iri pasi pe 30. Muchiitiko ichi, maererano nekuverenga, kupindira pakati pezviratidzo zveecho zveshizha uye mhuka dzakabatwa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti kuderera kweTS kuenzaniswa. kune echo yeshizha pasina mhuka, i.e. izvi zvinoguma neacoustic shadowing.
Tapedza macalculations, ngatienderere mberi kune zvakaonekwa.
Munguva yekucherechedza, zvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pakudya kwezviremwaremwa, zviri pashizha rekugadzira, zvakashandiswa semhuka. Pachishandiswa makamera maviri anomhanya zvikuru uye maikorofoni yeultrasonic, kurekodhwa kwakaitwa maitiro ezviremwaremwa pakuswedera pedyo nemhuka. Kubva pane zvakarekodhwa, nzira 33 dzekubhururuka dzezviremwaremwa dzaisvika uye dzichimhara pamhuka dzakagadzirwa patsva.
Chiremwaremwa chinorwisa mhuka yacho.
Mafambiro endege akanga akavakirwa pamirangariro yemhino dzezviremwaremwa mukati mefuremu imwe neimwe sezvavaitumira chiratidzo chavo.
Sezvaitarisirwa, zvakacherechedzwa zvakaratidza kuti zviremwaremwa zvaisvika pane mhuka pakona.
Mufananidzo #4
Mumufananidzo 4A inoratidza XNUMXD mepu yezvikara kurwisa trajectories. Zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti kugoverwa kwemakona ekurwiswa kunotevera acoustic size curves kune yakakwirira frequencies (4B).
Zvidzidzo zvese zvakarwisa chinangwa pamakona <30Β° uye zvakanzvengesa mamwe mafambiro ekumberi. Pamakona ese ekurwiswa akaonekwa panguva yekuyedza, 79,9% yaive mune yakafanotaurwa yakakwana ye42 Β° ... 78 Β°. Kuti zvive zvakanyatsojeka, 44,5% yemakona ose akanga ari muhuwandu hwe60 Β° ... 72 Β°.
Prey kurwisa pakona uye spectrograms emitted acoustic chiratidzo.
Imwe cherechedzo inyaya yekuti zviremwaremwa hazvina kumborwisa mhuka dzazvo kubva kumusoro, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vaongorori.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nuances yechidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa ΠΈ kwaari.
Epilogue
Iko kushandiswa kweiyo echolocation seyo huru, uye dzimwe nguva iyo yega, yekuvhima chishandiso yatove yakasarudzika uye inoshamisa chiitiko. Nekudaro, zviremwaremwa hazviregi kushamisika, zvichiratidza maitiro akaomarara ekurwisa kupfuura zvaimbofungwa. Kutsvaga uye kubata mhuka isina kuvanza haina kuoma, asi kuwana uye kubata chipembenene chiri kuedza kuvanza mu acoustic background ruzha kunoda nzira yakasiyana. Mune zviremwaremwa, nzira iyi inonzi acoustic shadow uye acoustic mirror. Nekusvika pashizha pane imwe kona, chiremwaremwa chinobva chaona kuvapo kana kusavapo kwezvinenge zvabatwa. Uye kana pane imwe, ipapo kudya kwemanheru kunovimbiswa.
Ichi chidzidzo, maererano nevanyori varo, chinogona kutungamira nharaunda yesainzi kune zvitsva zvinowanikwa muacoustics uye echo nzvimbo, zvese zviri zviviri uye pakati pemhuka. Chero zvazvingava, kudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva pamusoro penyika yakakupoteredza uye zvisikwa zvinogara mairi hazvina kumbova chinhu chakaipa.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Kuti urarame, dzimwe nguva hazvina kukwana kuva muvhimi ane hunyanzvi. Kana kuine chando chisingadaviriki kumativi ose, uye pasina chekudya zvachose, chinongosara kurara.
Off-top 2.0:
Vamwe vanoshandisa kumhanya, vamwe vanoshandisa simba, uye vamwe vanongoda kunyarara semumvuri.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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