Muenzaniso wekuverenga kugona kwekupisa kune network network muNizhny Novgorod
Nharaunda yeguta yakaoma, ine heterogeneous system inogara ichichinja. Iwe unogona kutsanangura nharaunda uye kuongorora mamiriro emudhorobha uchishandisa zvinhu zvepamhepo (zvinhu). Zvinhu zvinotsanangura nharaunda zvinosiyana muchimiro chesimba ravo (chakanaka, chisina kunaka) uye geometric configuration (mapoinzi, mitsetse, maporigoni).
Zvinowanzonetsa kuona mwero wekurudziro yechinhu chimwe nechimwe padanho rekusimudzira dunhu rose kana chero chikamu chayo. Nhasi, dambudziko rekutsanangura uye kutsanangura pfungwa dzakadai se "tsika", "social sphere", "social tension", "hupenyu hwakanaka", "hupfumi hwehupfumi", "hutano hwevanhu" huri kuwedzera kuve hwakakosha. Kusajeka kwemazano aya kunowedzera kana tichida kuashandisa kumapoka akasiyana evanhu, vanhu vemazera akasiyana uye varume nevakadzi.
Zvakare, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti miganhu yeguta mune yemazuva ano pfungwa inopokana. Kutama kwezuva nezuva kwevanhu, kuwanika kwekutakura kwenzvimbo dziri kure "kunosvibisa muganhu" weguta zvakanyanya. Iyo yave kushandiswa zvakanyanya pfungwa yekusangana kazhinji inoratidza miganhu yeguta, asi panguva imwechete inoita iyo iyo pfungwa yemuganho weguta ive isina kujeka.
Kunyangwe matambudziko atsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kuongororwa uye kuongororwa kwenzvimbo nhasi ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinovimbisa uye dzinonakidza dzinobvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji ekumanikidza enzvimbo yemaguta.
Chinyorwa chinopa zano rekutarisa nzira yekuongorora ndima uchishandisa "thermal" modhi. Iyi nzira inobva pakudzidza kwezvinogona kugadzirwa nezvinhu (zvinhu) zvakasiyana-siyana (point, linear uye nzvimbo). Ongororo yenzvimbo uchishandisa nzira iyi inoita kuti zvibvire kusimuka kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yedata (zvinhu) inotsanangura nharaunda kuenda kunhamba yakarurama (score) ongororo panzvimbo yega yega yendima.
Izvo zvinogoneka zvakadzidzwa sechikamu chekuongorora ndima zvine dudziro yemuviri - kupararira kwekupisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana (2D, 3D). Chiitiko ichi chinogona kumiririrwa muchimiro che "thermal" mifananidzo ("kupisa" mepu yenzvimbo), ichipa pfungwa yedanho rekukura kwenzvimbo zvichienderana nekusimba kweruvara rwechifananidzo.
Territory factors
Kuongorora nharaunda kunosanganisira kutsvaga nekugadzirisa ruzivo nezvezvinhu zvinopesvedzera ndima uye zviratidzo zvavo. Kufurira zvinhu zvinhu zvinopesvedzera nharaunda yakatenderedza uye zvine seti yemaitiro uye nzvimbo inorongeka. Mienzaniso yezvinhu zvinopesvedzera zvinosanganisira zvitoro, zvivakwa zveindasitiri, migwagwa, masango, nenzvimbo dzemvura.
Zvinoratidza pesvedzero zvinhu reflective pesvedzero yezvinhu uye zvakare kuve neseti yehunhu uye nzvimbo inorongedzerwa. Mienzaniso yezviratidzo zvekupesvedzera: maATM, zvikwangwani, zviyeuchidzo.
Muchiratidziro chinotevera tichashandisa pfungwa yezvikonzero zvekufurira, iyo inosanganisa ese mazwi - zvinhu uye zviratidzo zvesimba.
Pazasi pane muenzaniso wedhata renzvimbo rinoita sekufurira zvinhu.
Imwe yematanho akakosha ebasa rekuongorora matunhu idanho rekuunganidza nekugadzirisa ruzivo rwekutanga. Nhasi kune ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvinopesvedzera ndima yeakasiyana madhigirii eruzivo.
Ruzivo runogona kuwanikwa kubva kune akavhurika masosi kana kune akaganhurirwa zvinyorwa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, ruzivo rwakazaruka rwakakwana kuti ruongororwe, kunyange zvazvo, sekutonga, inoda kunyatsogadzirisa kushanda.
Pakati pezvakavhurika masosi, mutungamiri, mumaonero edu, ndiye sosi OpenStreetMap (OSM). Ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva kune ino sosi runovandudzwa zuva nezuva pasirese.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) ruzivo rwezvekushandisa runoratidzwa mune anotevera mafomati:
- OSM fomati. Chimiro chikuru nekuwedzera ".osm" inoshandiswa kurondedzera XML mifananidzo yemifananidzo - nodes, nzira, hukama.
- "chiPolish chimiro". Manyorerwo emavara ane ".mp" ekuwedzera anoshandiswa pakushanda nemifananidzo.
- PBF fomati. Kuchengetedzwa kwedata nekuwedzera ".osm.pbf".
Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa zvinotevera semanyuko eruzivo:
- 2 GIS
Iyo sosi ine yemhando yepamusoro, yemwedzi nemwedzi yakagadziriswa ruzivo, ine yakanakisa 3-level classifier yemabhizinesi nemasangano.
- KML (Keyhole Markup Mutauro) mafaera
KML (Keyhole Markup Mutauro) mafaera ifomati yefaira inoshandiswa kuratidza dhata renzvimbo muGoogle Earth, Google Mepu, uye Google Mepu dzenharembozha.
NeKML mafaera unogona:
- isa zvidhori zvakasiyana uye gadzira masiginecha kuratidza nzvimbo dziri pamusoro pePasi
- gadzira makona akasiyana ezvinhu zvakasarudzwa nekuchinja nzvimbo yekamera
- shandisa akasiyana akaturikidzana mifananidzo
- tsanangura masitaera kugadzirisa kuratidzwa kwechinhu, shandisa HTML kodhi kugadzira hyperlink uye inline mifananidzo.
- shandisa maforodha ekuronga kwehierarchical yezvinhu
- gamuchira zvine simba uye nekugadzirisa KML mafaera kubva kure kana emunharaunda network node
-Gamuchira data yeKML zvinoenderana neshanduko mune 3D muoni
- Federal Service yeHurumende Kunyoresa, Cadastre uye Cartography "Rosreestr"
Ruzivo rwuri paRosreestr portal rwakakosha kune zvirimo uye kukosha kwayo, asi, zvinosuruvarisa, hazviite kuti zvikwanise kuwana mifananidzo yemapurojekiti ekuvaka makuru uye nzvimbo dzevhu pasina muripo. Iyo Rosreestr portal zvakare ine huwandu hukuru hwekuvharirwa ruzivo rwekuwana.
- Statistical body
Statistical data inzvimbo yepamutemo yeruzivo nezvedunhu, zvisinei, kubva nhasi, data kubva kumasangano enhamba inongowanikwa kune imwe nhamba yezviratidzo, kunyanya mumishumo yematare ehuwandu uye mishumo yevakuru vematunhu.
- Zvirongwa zvemashoko ezviremera
Ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro rwuri muhurongwa hwemashoko ehurumende, asi chikamu chidiki chete chayo chinoburitswa munharaunda yeruzhinji uye inowanikwa kuti iongororwe.
Kuita ongororo yenzvimbo hakuisi chero zvipi zvinodikanwa pakuumbwa kweruzivo; Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kunyangwe ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva kuOSM resource chete rwakakwana kuita ongororo yenzvimbo isingazivikanwe.
Ongororo yendima uchishandisa "thermal" modhi. Tsanangudzo yepanyama yezvinogona
Sezvambotaurwa, kuongororwa kwenzvimbo nhasi inyaya inopisa uye chishandiso chine simba chekukwezva kukwezva kwekudyara mukuvandudza zvivakwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemaguta.
Iwo akasiyana ematambudziko anogadziriswa nekuongorora ndima anogona kusanganiswa munzvimbo dzakakura dzakati wandei:
-Kuwana kuongororwa kwakanyanya uye kwakadzama kwenzvimbo panzvimbo yega yega.
Nekugadzirisa dambudziko, iwe unogona kuwana seti yemapoinzi pane imwe neimwe nzvimbo yenzvimbo, uchipa pfungwa yezinga rekusimudzira yedunhu zvakazara, uye mune imwe nzvimbo yezvidzidzo. Nzvimbo yezvidzidzo zvakadaro inogona kunge iri, semuenzaniso, tsika, indasitiri, kutengeserana, nezvimwe.
-Kuona nzvimbo dzakanakisa dzekuisa zvinhu zvekudyara zveimwe mhando (semuenzaniso, mabhangi, zvitoro zvine hunyanzvi, nzvimbo dzekutenga uye dzevaraidzo, nezvimwewo) munzvimbo yakasarudzwa.
- Ongororo yekushandiswa kunobudirira kwendima.
Iyi nhungamiro inobvumira ongororo yakadzama yehunhu hwenzvimbo, mamiriro emusika akavepo munharaunda iri kuongororwa, uye kuzivikanwa kwesarudzo dzakakurumbira.
- Kutsunga kwemupiro wechimwe chinhu kumuenzaniso wemutengo, uchishandisa muenzaniso wekubuda kwemigwagwa mitsva uye nzira itsva.
- Ongororo yezvikamu zvakasiyana zvendima imwe uye kuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana (kuenzanisa kwenzvimbo).
Mavambo enzira yekuongorora nharaunda inotsanangurwa muchinyorwa uchishandisa "thermal" modhi iri mukushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvebudiriro yendima - zvinogona, zvinoratidzwa munhamba uye kuratidza dhigirii rekuita kwechinhu (kufurira chinhu) pandima.
Kuti unzwisise kukosha kwechidzidzo, zvinodikanwa kutaura mazwi mashoma pamusoro pekugona kupisa pachako uye kupa kududzirwa kwayo kwepanyama.
Mufizikisi mune pfungwa dzakadai se simba munda ΠΈ simba basa. Munda wesimba une chiyero chesimba, basa resimba rine chiyero chesimba.
Pamutemo wekukwevera pasi rose, nzvimbo yesimba inotsanangurwa neformula:
F=k/r2, kupi
k - nguva dzose;
r - kureba pakati pezvinhu zvinodyidzana.
Simba basa Ο rinotsanangurwa nekutaura:
dΟ=-F*dr, kupi
Ο - simba remumunda;
dΟ, dr - kusiyana;
r chinhambwe chiri pakati pezvinhu zvinodyidzana,
saka Ο=k/r.
Chirevo chemuviri chesimba remusimba rinogona kuita Ο ibasa E rinoitwa nemunda wesimba uchipfuura imwe nzira. Panyaya yemutemo wekukwevera pasi rose, kana chinhambwe chechinhu chichichinja kubva pa r2 kuenda pa r1, kushanda kwesimba kunotariswa neformula.
E=k*(1/r1-1/r2), kupi
E ibasa rinoitwa nechisimba munda uchipfuura imwe nzira;
r1, r2 - nzvimbo yekutanga uye yekupedzisira yechinhu.
Kune basa rekuongorora ndima, pesvedzero yezvinhu (zvinhu) pandima inogona kutorwa sesimba (simba basa), uye nhanho yekuvandudzwa kwenharaunda seyakazara yekupisa inogona (simba munda) kubva pazvinhu zvese (zvinhu). Mumatambudziko efizikisi, kupisa kunogona kupisa, uye mumatambudziko ekuongorora ndima uchishandisa "thermal" modhi, iyo inogona inomiririra kukanganisa kwese kupesvedzera zvinhu pane imwe nzvimbo munharaunda.
Spatial data ine mapoinzi, mitsetse, uye maporigoni. Kuti uverenge zvinogoneka, data yenzvimbo yakawedzerwa inokamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Pachidimbu chega chega, iyo inogona kubva panzvimbo yacho inoverengwa neine multiplier yakaenzana nehukuru hwechinhu chimedu (factor).
Iyo data yakakamurwa kuita semantic mapoka zvichienderana nemusimboti wepedyo kufanana. Semuenzaniso, zvinhu zvekutengesa zvinosanganiswa nechigadzirwa. Kune mapoka ezvinhu zvesango, mitumbi yemvura, nzvimbo dzekugara, zvifambiso zvinomira, nezvimwe. Mapoka akabatana nechirevo anomiririra chinhu. Tapfuura nepakati pezvinhu zvese (zvinhu), tinowana seti yezvinopisa zvinokwanisa kuenderera mberi.
Kushandiswa kwezvinogoneka ("mamepu ekupisa") anotendera iwe kuti ufambe kubva munzvimbo yedata kuenda kune "zvinopisa" mifananidzo yezvinhu (zvinhu) zvine pesvedzero panharaunda (kuona kwezvinogona kuitika). Kuchinja kwakadaro kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuona chiyero chekuvapo kwechinhu panzvimbo imwe neimwe yenharaunda uye kuita kumwe kuongorora, i.e. ratidza nzira dzakasiyana dzekuvandudzwa kweguta muruvara. Nokudaro, tinowana kupenya kwekusimba kwakasiyana-siyana kune imwe neimwe yendima.
Mienzaniso yemifananidzo ye "thermal" yenharaunda yeNizhny Novgorod mumamiriro ezvinhu akati wandei inoratidzwa pazasi.
Mepu ye "Thermal" yeNizhny Novgorod, inoratidza "Pharmacy chain" chinhu
"Kupisa" mepu yeNizhny Novgorod, inoratidza chinhu "Polyclinics yevakuru"
Mepu ye "Thermal" yeNizhny Novgorod, inoratidza "Makiriniki evana" chinhu
"Thermal" mepu yeNizhny Novgorod, inoratidza chinhu "Industrial zones"
Mifananidzo ye "Thermal" yenzvimbo inoita kuti zvikwanise kuona kusanganiswa kwezvinogona kubva kuzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira. Tevere, zvinodikanwa kusanganisa izvo zvinogoneka zvakawanikwa kuita hunhu hwakakosha hunobvumira kuongororwa kwenzvimbo zvichienderana nenhamba yakawanda yezvinhu. Izvi zvinoda nzira inokubvumira kuti uongorore huwandu hwakawanda hweruzivo, kuziva zvinhu, uye zvakare kuderedza chiyero che data, kurasikirwa nehuwandu hushoma hweruzivo. Imwe yeiyi nzira ndeye principal component analysis (PCA). Mamwe mashoko pamusoro peiyi nzira anogona kuwanikwa mukati .
Chinhu cheiyo nzira ndeyekutsvaga mutsara musanganiswa wemaparamendi ekutanga anochinja zvakanyanya munzvimbo yekuongorora. Kune data yenzvimbo - yakanyanya kushanduka panharaunda.
Nzira huru yechikamu inozivisa zvinhu (zvinhu) zvinoshanduka zvakanyanya pamusoro penzvimbo. Nekuda kweiyo nzira, mitsva mitsva inooneka - iyo huru zvikamu, izvo zvakanyanya kudzidzisa zvichienzaniswa neyekutanga data, nerubatsiro rwekuti zviri nyore kuongorora, kutsanangura uye kuona nharaunda, iyo zviri nyore kuvaka mamodheru. .
Zvikamu zvikuru ndezvinyorwa zvekuongorora - uwandu hwezvinogona zvezvinhu zvekutanga nemamwe ma coefficients. Zvisinei, kana chimwe chinhu chine simba guru pandima, asi chisingashanduki munharaunda yose yakaongororwa, nzira huru yechikamu haizosanganisi chinhu ichi mukuumbwa kwezvikamu zvikuru.
Izvo zvikamu zvikuru zvakarongerwa mukudzika kurongeka kwemashoko - i.e. richipararira munharaunda yese. Zvikamu zvakakosha zvekutanga zvinotakura zvakanyanya ruzivo kupfuura zvinhu zvega uye zvinotsanangura ndima zvakanaka. Sezvo mutemo, kana uchishandisa zvinhu zvinenge zana, chikamu chikuru chekutanga chinotakura inenge 50% yemashoko ose (kusiyana) kwendima. Izvo zvakakosha zvikamu hazvidyidzane uye zvinogona kushandiswa semienzaniso sehunhu hwenzvimbo panzvimbo yega yega.
Chinhu chikuru, sechimwe chiratidzo chakaverengerwa chenharaunda, hachina zita rakajeka uye kupatsanurwa. Zvisinei, imwe seti yezvinhu zvinonyatsoenderana nechikamu chikuru chinotibvumira kududzira zvikamu zvikuru. Sezvo mutemo, zvinotevera zvinhu zvinopindirana nezvikamu zvikuru:
- mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa;
- chikamu chekutakura chenharaunda;
- mamiriro ekunze;
- mwero webudiriro yekurima;
- mukana wehupfumi wenharaunda.
Kumwe kuongorora, kusanganisira kusanganisa, kunoenderera nekutanga mashoma akakosha ezvikamu.
Mune manhamba iwe unogona kuona graphical inomiririra yekutanga yekutanga zvikamu munharaunda yemaguta akati wandei eRussian Federation.
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinoratidza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta muNizhny Novgorod
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinotaridza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta muYekaterinburg
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinoratidza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta muKazan
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinotaridza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemadhorobha muPerm
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinotaridza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta muSamara
Chinhu chekutanga chikuru chinoratidza mwero wekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta muKhabarovsk
Integral maitiro: clustering
Imwezve nhanho yebasa pakuongorora ndima ndeyekutsvaga kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo yedhorobha dzine homogeneous mumhando. Kutsvaga uku kunoenderana nekuongororwa kwehunhu hwezvinhu zvikuru pane imwe neimwe nzvimbo mundima. Dambudziko rekutsvaga aya mahomogeneous zones rinogona kugadziriswa uchishandisa clustering - maitiro ekuisa mapoka enzvimbo zvichienderana nemusimboti wekuswedera kweseti yehunhu.
Territory clustering ine zvinangwa zviviri:
- kugadzira kutaridzika kunoonekwa kuri nani kwenzvimbo;
- kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzekubatanidza mamodheru ega.
Matunhu akaunganidzwa maererano nezvakasarudzwa zvinhu zvekuongorora. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri zvinhu zvinopesvedzera mitengo kana zvinhu zvinotsanangura chimwe chikamu chebudiriro yenzvimbo, semuenzaniso, nharaunda.
Pane nzira mbiri dzakajairwa dzekirasi yekuunganidza: nzira yeK-nzira uye nzira yedendrogram. Paunenge uchishanda nenharaunda, iyo K-nzira nzira yakaratidza pachayo zvakanaka, iyo ficha iri "kukura" kweboka nekuwedzera zvinhu zvitsva kune ekukura nzvimbo. Kubatsira kweK-kureva nzira iri mukufanana kwebasa rayo kune yakasikwa nzira yekuumbwa kwendima: kubatanidzwa kwezvakafanana, pane kuparadzaniswa kwezvakasiyana.
Iyo K-zvinoreva nzira yakashandiswa pakuverenga kweNizhny Novgorod (mufananidzo pazasi).
Kutevedzera masumbu nehuwandu hwekukura kwenharaunda uchishandisa muenzaniso weNizhny Novgorod
Nenzira yakarongwa, zvinobvira kuwana muchidimbu ndima yacho pamisoro yakasiyana-siyana. Misoro yezvido kwatiri inogona kunge iri, semuenzaniso, nhanho yekuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvemaguta, nhanho ye "eliteness" yenzvimbo, nhanho yekusimudzira tsika, chikamu chemagariro ekusimudzira ndima. Aya madingindira haana kutsanangurwa akakosha pfungwa, uye ane akawanda anodyidzana zvinhu.
Tichishandisa imwe algorithm yekusarudza maparamendi ekuongorora (kusanganisira nekubatanidzwa kwenyanzvi), isu tinowana mamepu ane thematic anopa pfungwa yeimwe chikamu chebudiriro yendima.
Integral hunhu hunonzwisiswa sechinhu chekutanga chikuru chezvikamu, kunyanya chinodzidzisa chekutanga chikamu chikuru, uye kuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo zvinoenderana neakasarudzwa paramita.
Mamepu ezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvebudiriro zvinoratidzwa munhamba dziri pazasi.
Thematic mepu "Cultural Objects" uchishandisa muenzaniso weNizhny Novgorod
Thematic mepu "Social sphere" uchishandisa muenzaniso weNizhny Novgorod
Hunhu hwakabatana hunoita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa hunhu hwenzvimbo uchishandisa zvinhu zvakawanda nekurasikirwa kushoma kweruzivo.
Mukupedzisa, zvakakosha kuti ticherechedze zvakare kuti nhasi kuongororwa kwenzvimbo idanho rakakosha kwazvo mukugadzirisa matambudziko ekuvandudza nharaunda yedhorobha, kusarudza nzvimbo dzekudyara mukuvaka, kutsvaga nzvimbo inonyanya kubatsira yezvivakwa zvitsva nemamwe mabasa.
Nzira yekuongorora ndima inotsanangurwa muchinyorwa uchishandisa "thermal" modhi kubva kuzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana haisi yakakosha kune seti yezvinhu, i.e. haiisi zvirambidzo kana zvinodiwa paruzivo rwekutanga.
Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuwanda kweruzivo rwekunobva, pamwe nemukana wekushandisa yakavhurika data, inopa tarisiro dzisingagumi dzekuongorora chero ndima rugare.
Muzvinyorwa zvinotevera zvakapihwa kumatambudziko ekuongororwa kwenzvimbo, isu tinoronga kuburitsa maficha ekugadzira mamodheru tichishandisa zvakakosha zvikamu uye nzira dzekuita kwavo mabasa akadai se:
- kusarudza nzvimbo yakanakisa kana uchiisa chinhu chitsva;
- kuvakwa kwenzvimbo yemutengo kune rimwe boka rezvinhu uchishandisa kukosha kwemusika;
- kuongororwa kwekubatsira kweimwe rudzi rwekuita zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yezvinhu.
Kune zvakare hurongwa hwekupa nzira dzekuchinjisa shanduko kubva kuzvinhu zvikuru kuenda kuzvinhu, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana modhi kubva kuzvinhu zvenzvimbo yakapihwa.
Source: www.habr.com