Previous chikamu chenyaya yedu pakutanga kwema80s uye 90s. Panguva ino, vadzidzisi vakanga vatodzikama pamakombiyuta. Zvaitendwa kuti vagadziri vepurogiramu chete ndivo vaida ivo. Maonero aya ainyanya kukonzerwa nekuti makomputa epanguva iyoyo aive asingawanikwe zvakakwana maererano neruzivo rwemushandisi, uye vadzidzisi vaisagara vaine hunyanzvi hwakakwana hwekugadzirisa nekuishandisa mukuita kwedzidzo.
Apo kukwanisa kwePC kwakanyatsozarurwa, uye vakave vakajeka, vakanyanya nyore uye vanonyanya kufadza kune vanhuwo zvavo, mamiriro acho akatanga kuchinja, kusanganisira mumunda wezvidzidzo zvepurogiramu.
Mufananidzo: /unsplash.com
"Iron" kushandiswa
Iyi yaive yekutanga Apple modhi ine peripheral bhazi SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface, yakadanwa "skazi"), nekuda kwekuti zvakasiyana-siyana zvemidziyo zvaigona kubatanidzwa pakombuta: kubva kune hard drive uye madhiraivha kuenda kune scanner nemaprinta. Zviteshi zvakadaro zvinogona kuoneka pamakomputa ese eApple kusvika kuMac, yakaburitswa muna 1998.
Pfungwa yekuwedzera ruzivo rwemushandisi yaive kiyi kuMacintosh Plus. Ipapo kambani yakapa zvidzikiso kuzvikoro zvedzidzo pamhando yakakosha - Macintosh Plus Ed, uye Steve Jobs vakashingairira kupa zvishandiso kuzvikoro nemayunivhesiti, uye panguva imwe chete - mabhenefiti emitero kumakambani eIT anoita mapurojekiti akadaro.
Gore mushure meMacintosh Plus, Apple yakaburitsa komputa yayo yekutanga ine yakazara-ruvara kuratidza, iyo Macintosh II. Mainjiniya Michael Dhuey naBrian Berkeley vakatanga kushanda pane iyi modhi muchivande kubva kuMabasa. Aive akatarisana nemuvara Macintoshes, asingadi kurasikirwa nekunaka kwemufananidzo we monochrome. Naizvozvo, chirongwa ichi chakawana rutsigiro rwakazara chete neshanduko mukutungamira kwekambani uye yakazunungusa musika wese wePC.
Iyo haina kukwezva chete yayo 13-inch color color uye rutsigiro rwemamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu emavara, asiwo modular architecture, yakagadziridzwa SCSI interface uye nyowani NuBus bhazi, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kushandura seti yemidziyo yehardware (nenzira, Steve aive pamusoro pechinhu ichi zvakare).
Mufananidzo: /PD
Pasinei nemutengo wezviuru zvemadhora zviuru, makomputa akaswedera pedyo nevatengi gore rega rega, zvirinani pamwero wemabasa uye kugona. Chakanga chasara kuita kugadzira zvirongwa zvaizoshanda pane zvese izvi zvakanaka hardware.
Vadzidzisi vechokwadi
Makombiyuta matsva akamutsa nhaurirano pamusoro pezvinetso mugadziriro yedzidzo yose. Vamwe vakataura nezvokusabvira kwokusvika mudzidzi ari wose mukirasi yakazara vanhu. Vamwe vakaverenga kuti yakatora nguva yakareba sei kuita uye kuongorora bvunzo. Vamwewo vakatsoropodza mabhuku nezvinyorwa, kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakadhura peni yakanaka uye kwakatora makore.
Kune rumwe rutivi, "mudzidzisi wemagetsi" aigona kushanda nezviuru zvevadzidzi panguva, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo aizogamuchira 100% yengwariro yake. Miedzo inogona kugadzirwa otomatiki, uye chirongwa chekudzidzisa chinogona kuvandudzwa pakubata kwebhatani. Tisingarevi chokwadi chekuti nenzira iyi zvingave zvichigoneka kuburitsa zvinyorwa pasina kuzviisa pasi pekuongorora uye kuwedzera, nguva dzose mune fomu uye vhoriyamu yakatenderwa nenyanzvi munharaunda.
Mufananidzo: /unsplash.com
Mukutanga 90s, vadzidzi vechikoro vakapihwa software yekudzidzisa yechizvarwa chitsva - vakatanga kudzidza algebra ne и (PAT), uye fizikisi - pamwe . Iyi software yakapa mikana kwete yekuongorora ruzivo chete, asiwo rubatsiro mukuziva zvinhu kubva mukharikhulamu. Asi kugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvakadaro kune maitiro edzidzo kwakanga kusiri nyore - software itsva yakanga yakasiyana nemapurogiramu ekutanga uye yaida nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzidzisa - vagadziri vaida kuti vana vechikoro vasamanikidzira zvinyorwa, asi kuti vazvinzwisise.
“Vadzidzi vose vechikoro chesekondari vanoshandisa masvomhu muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, asi vashoma vanobatanidza ruzivo rwavo nemasvomhu e“chikoro,” vagadziri vePAT vakarangarira kudaro. “Muzvidzidzo zvedu [zvechokwadi], vanoshanda pamapurojekiti madiki, semuenzaniso, vachienzanisa mwero wekukura kwesango munguva dzakasiyana. Iri basa rinovamanikidza kuita fungidziro zvichienderana nedata iripo, rinovadzidzisa kuongorora hukama pakati peseti, uye kutsanangura zvese zvinoitika mumutauro wemasvomhu. "
Vagadziri vesoftware vakataura nezvezvikumbiro zveNational Council of Teachers of Mathematics, iyo muna 1989 yakakurudzira kusarwadzisa vadzidzi nematambudziko ekufungidzira, asi kuti vaumbe nzira inoshanda yekudzidza chidzidzo ichi. Vechivanhu mune zvedzidzo vakashoropodza kuvandudzwa kwakadaro, asi muna 1995 zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa zvakaratidza kushanda kwekubatanidza mabasa anoshanda - makirasi ane software nyowani akawedzera kuita kwevadzidzi pakuedzwa kwekupedzisira ne15%.
Asi dambudziko guru rakanga risingabatanidzi kuti chii chekudzidzisa, asi kuti vagadziri vepurogiramu vekutanga 90s vakakwanisa sei kutanga nhaurirano pakati pevadzidzisi vemagetsi nevadzidzi vavo?
Hurukuro yevanhu
Izvi zvakagoneka apo vadzidzi vechikoro vakabvisa chaiko mechanics enhaurirano dzevanhu kuita magiya. Mumabasa avo, vanogadzira vanotaura (Jim Minstrell), akaumba iyo nzira yekudzidzisa, kubudirira mumunda wecognitive psychology uye kudzidza psychology. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakavabvumira kugadzira masisitimu ayo, makumi emakore pamberi pe smart chatbots, aigona kutsigira "kukurukurirana" -kupa mhinduro sechikamu chemaitiro ekudzidza.
Saka, mukati Iyo e-mudzidzisi wefizikisi AutoTutor inoti inogona "kupa mhinduro yakanaka, isina kunaka uye isina kwayakarerekera, kusunda mudzidzi kumhinduro yakazara, kubatsira nekurangarira izwi chairo, kupa mazano nekuwedzera, kugadzirisa, kupindura mibvunzo uye kupfupisa musoro wenyaya."
"AutoTutor inopa nhevedzano yemibvunzo inogona kupindurwa mumitsara mishanu kusvika kunomwe," vakadaro vagadziri veimwe yehurongwa hwekudzidzisa fizikisi. - Vashandisi vanotanga vapindura neshoko rimwe kana mitsara mishoma. Chirongwa , kugadzirisa chirevo chedambudziko. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kune mitsara ye50-200 yenhaurirano pamubvunzo wega wega.
Mufananidzo: /unsplash.com
Vagadziri vemhinduro dzedzidzo havana kungovapa ruzivo rwezvinhu zvechikoro - sevadzidzisi "chaivo", masisitimu aya aimiririra mwero weruzivo rwevadzidzi. Ivo "vainzwisisa" apo mushandisi aifunga nenzira isiri iyo kana kuti nhanho imwe kubva pamhinduro yakarurama.
“Vadzidzisi vanoziva kusarudza kumhanya kwakakodzera nokuda kwevateereri vavo uye kuwana tsananguro yakarurama kana vakaona kuti vateereri vasvika kumugumo,” DIAGNOSER vagadziri. "Ndiko kugona uku kuri pasi peiyo Minstrel chikamu nzira (facet-based instruction). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhinduro dzevadzidzi dzinobva pakunzwisisa kwavo kwakadzama kwechimwe chidzidzo. Mudzidzisi anofanira kumutsa pfungwa chaiyo kana kubvisa isiriyo kuburikidza nekupokana kana kuratidzira kupokana. "
Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa izvi (DIAGNOSER, Atlas, AutoTutor) zvichiri kushanda, zvapfuura nezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvekushanduka-shanduka. Vamwe vakazvarwa patsva pasi pemazita matsva - semuenzaniso, kubva kuPAT yakazara zvigadzirwa zvedzidzo zvepakati nepamusoro zvikoro, makoreji uye masangano edzidzo yepamusoro. Mubvunzo unomuka: nei idzi mhinduro huru dzisati dzatsiva vadzidzisi?
Chikonzero chikuru ndechokuti, hongu, mari uye kuoma kwekuronga kwenguva refu maererano nekubatanidza software yakadaro muhutano hwekudzidzisa (kufunga nezvehupenyu hwezvirongwa pachavo). Naizvozvo, vadzidzisi vemagetsi nevadzidzisi nhasi vanoramba vari chinhu chinonakidza chekuwedzera icho zvikoro zvega nemayunivhesiti zvinogona kuratidza. Kune rumwe rutivi, kubudirira kwekupedzisira kwe90s uye kutanga kwe2000s hakugone kungonyangarika. Nehwaro hwetekinoroji hwakadaro uye netarisiro iyo Internet yakavhurwa, masisitimu edzidzo aingogona kukura.
Mumakore akatevera, makirasi echikoro akabvisirwa madziro, uye vana vechikoro nevadzidzi (vanenge) vakasunungurwa pahurukuro dzinofinha. Tichakuudza kuti izvi zvakaitika sei mune imwe habratopic itsva.
Tine pana Habré:
Source: www.habr.com