Vese vana vechikoro vanoziva kuti Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matatu (kana mana) makuru akaturikidzana: crust, mantle uye core. Ichi chinowanzova chokwadi, kunyangwe izvi zvakajairika zvisingatarise akati wandei mamwe akatemerwa akaonekwa nemasainzi, imwe yacho, semuenzaniso, ndiyo shanduko yemukati mukati mejasi.
Muchidzidzo chakaburitswa Kukadzi 15, 2019, geophysicist Jessica Irving uye mudzidzi waTenzi Wenbo Wu wekuPrinceton University, vachibatsirana naSidao Ni weGeodetic uye Geophysical Institute kuChina, vakashandisa data rakawanikwa kubva mukudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba muna 1994 muBolivia kutsvaga makomo. uye mamwe maumbirwo ari pamusoro penzvimbo yeshanduko yakadzika mukati mejasi. Iyi nhanho, iri makiromita 660 pasi pevhu, inoparadzanisa jasi repamusoro nerezasi (pasina zita repamutemo reiyi danda, vaongorori vakangoidaidza kuti "660-kilomita muganhu").
Kuti "vatarise" zvakadzika pasi pevhu, masayendisiti akashandisa masaisai ane simba zvikuru pasi pano, anokonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba. "Unoda kudengenyeka kwepasi kwakasimba, kwakadzika kuzunungusa pasi," akadaro Jessica Irving, mutevedzeri wepurofesa we geoscience.
Kudengenyeka kukuru kwepasi kune simba zvikuru kupfuura kusingawanzoitiki—simba racho rinowedzera kakapetwa ka30 nenhanho imwe neimwe yokuwedzera kukwira pachikero cheRichter. Irving anowana data rake rakanakisa kubva pakudengenyeka kwenyika nehukuru 7.0 uye pamusoro nekuti masaisai ekudengenyeka anotumirwa nekudengenyeka kukuru kwakadaro akapararira munzira dzakasiyana uye anogona kufamba nepakati kuenda kune rumwe rutivi rwepasi uye kumashure. Pakuongorora uku, mashoko anokosha akabva kumafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika akanyorwa kubva pakudengenyeka kwenyika kwakakura 8.3—kudengenyeka kwenyika kwechipiri kwakadzika zvikuru kwakambotaurwa nenyanzvi dzepasi—kwakazunguza Bolivia muna 1994.
“Kudengenyeka kwepasi kwakakura uku hakuitike kakawanda. Tine rombo rakanaka kuti pari zvino kune akawanda seismometer akaiswa pasi rose kupfuura aivepo makore makumi maviri apfuura. Seismology yakachinjawo zvakanyanya mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, nekuda kwezviridzwa zvitsva uye simba rekombuta.
Seismologists uye data masayendisiti anoshandisa makombiyuta makuru, akadai sePrinceton's Tiger cluster supercomputer, kutevedzera maitiro akaoma ekuparadzira masaisai ekudengenyeka pasi pasi pevhu.
Tekinoroji dzinobva pane zvakakosha zvemafungu: kugona kwavo kuratidzwa uye kudzorwa. Sezvinongoita masaisai emwenje anogona kubvongodza (kuratidza) kubva pachionioni kana kukotama (refract) paanopfuura nemuprism, masaisai ekudengenyeka kwenyika anofamba nemumatombo ane homogeneous asi anoratidzwa kana kudzokororwa paanosangana nenzvimbo dzakakasharara munzira yavo.
"Tinoziva kuti zvinenge zvinhu zvese zvine nzvimbo isina kuenzana saka zvinokwanisa kuparadzira mwenje," akadaro Wenbo Wu, munyori anotungamira wechidzidzo ichi, achangobva kuwana doctorate mu geonomy uye parizvino ari kutsvaga kuyanana postdoctoral kuCalifornia Institute of Technology. Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, tinogona "kuona" zvinhu izvi - masaisai anoparadzira anotakura ruzivo nezve kushata kwenzvimbo dzavanosangana nadzo munzira yavo. Muchidzidzo ichi, takatarisa kuparadzira masaisai ekudengenyeka kwenyika achifamba mukati mePasi kuti aone "kushata" kwemuganhu we660-kilomita wakawanikwa.
Vatsvagiri vakashamiswa nekuita "kukasharara" muganho uyu - zvakatonyanya kupfuura nzvimbo yatinogara pairi. "Nemamwe mazwi, iyi yepasi pevhu ine topography yakaoma kupfuura Rocky Mountains kana Appalachian makomo system," Wu akadaro. Nhamba yavo yenhamba haina kukwanisa kuona kureba chaiko kweaya makomo epasi pevhu, asi pane mukana wakanaka wekuti akakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura chero chinhu chiri pamusoro pePasi. Vesainzi vakaonawo kuti muganhu wemakiromita mazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu wakagovaniswawo zvisina kuenzana. Nenzira imwecheteyo iyo nzvimbo yepasi ine nzvimbo dzakatsetseka dzegungwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye makomo makuru mune mamwe, 660 km muganho une nzvimbo dzakakasharara uye dzakatsetseka strata pamusoro payo. Vatsvakurudzi vakatarisawo pasi pevhu pakadzika kwemakiromita 660 uye nechepamusoro pejasi repakati, asi havana kukwanisa kuwana hutsinye hwakafanana munzvimbo idzi.
"Vakaona kuti muganho wemakiromita makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu wakaoma sepasi," akadaro Christina Hauser, mubatsiri wepurofesa kuTokyo Institute of Technology uyo asina kubatanidzwa muchidzidzo ichi. "Kushandisa masaisai ekudengenyeka kwepasi kwakagadzirwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kune simba kuwana mutsauko wemakiromita matatu mukukwirira kwenzvimbo makiromita 660 yakadzika pasi pevhu chinhu chisingafungidzike ... Zvavakawana zvinoreva kuti mune ramangwana, tichishandisa zviridzwa zvekudengenyeka kwenyika zvakanyanya. inokwanisa kuona zviratidzo zvisati zvambozivikanwa, zvisingaoneki, izvo zvichatiratidza zvitsva zvemukati mepasi redu. "
Seismologist Jessica Irving, mubatsiri purofesa we geophysics, akabata meteorites maviri kubva kuPrinceton University muunganidzwa ane iron uye anotendwa kuva chikamu chepasi.
Mufananidzo wakatorwa naDenis Appelwhite.
Izvi zvinorevei?
Kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakashama pamuganhu we660-kilomita kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti pasi redu rinoita sei uye rinoshanda sei. Iri rakaturikidzana rinokamura mantle, iro rinoumba inenge 84 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi redu, kuva zvikamu zvepamusoro nepasi. Kwemakore, nyanzvi dzepasi dzakakakavadzana kuti muganhu uyu wakakosha sei. Kunyanya, vakadzidza kuti kupisa kunotakurwa sei kuburikidza nejasi - uye kana matombo anopisa anofamba kubva kumuganhu weGutenberg (iyo dhizaini inoparadzanisa jasi kubva pakati pakadzika makiromita 2900) kusvika kumusoro kwejasi, kana kufamba uku. inovhiringwa pamuganhu we660-kilomita. Humwe humbowo hwe geochemical uye mineralogical hunoratidza kuti mativi ekumusoro uye epasi ejasi ane akasiyana emakemikari anoumbwa, achitsigira pfungwa yekuti maviri akaturikidzana ari thermally kana mumuviri zvisingagoneke. Zvimwe zvinoonekwa zvinoratidza kuti mativi ekumusoro neazasi ejasi haana mutsauko wemakemikari, izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekukakavadzana pamusoro peiyo inonzi "mantle yakavhenganiswa," apo mativi ose ejasi anobatanidzwa mukutenderera kwekuchinjana kwekupisa.
"Chidzidzo chedu chinopa ruzivo rutsva mugakava iri," Wenbo Wu akadaro. Mashoko akawanikwa kubva muchidzidzo ichi anoratidza kuti mativi ose ari maviri anogona kunge ari akarurama. Iyo yakatsetseka strata ye660 km yemuganhu inogona kunge yakaumbwa nekuda kwekunyatso, kwakatwasuka kusanganiswa, uko kwakashata, nzvimbo dzine makomo dzingave dzakaumbwa uko kusanganiswa kwepamusoro nepasi kwejasi hakuna kuenderera zvakanaka.
Mukuwedzera, "kushata" kwechidzitiro pamuganhu wakawanikwa wakaonekwa pazvikero zvakakura, zvepakati uye zviduku nemasayendisiti ekutsvakurudza, izvo mukufungidzira zvinogona kukonzerwa nemafuta anomalies kana kemikari heterogeneity. Asi nekuda kwemafambisirwo anofambiswa kupisa mujasi, Wu anotsanangura, chero diki-diki yekupisa anomaly yaizogadziriswa mukati memamiriyoni mashoma emakore. Saka, chete kemikari heterogeneity inogona kutsanangura kushata kweiyo layer.
Chii chingakonzeresa akakosha makemikari heterogeneity? Semuenzaniso, kutaridzika kwematombo mumitsetse yejasi iyo yaive yepasi uye yakatamira ikoko kwemamiriyoni akawanda emakore. Masayendisiti ave achikakavadzana kwenguva refu nezve mahwendefa ari pasi pegungwa anosundirwa mukati mejasi nenzvimbo dzepasi dzinopondera kuPacific Ocean nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Weibo Wu naJessica Irving vanokurudzira kuti zvakasara zvemahwendefa aya zvino zvinogona kunge zviri pamusoro kana pasi pemuganhu we660-kilomita.
"Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti zvakaoma kudzidza chimiro chemukati chepasi uye shanduko dzayo mumakore 4.5 bhiriyoni apfuura tichishandisa data rekudengenyeka kwenyika chete. "Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi!" Irving akati: "Kutsvakurudza uku kwatipa ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pemagumo etectonic plates ekare akadzika mujasi kwemabhiriyoni akawanda emakore."
Pakupedzisira, Irving akawedzera, "Ini ndinofunga seismology inonyanya kufadza kana ichitibatsira kunzwisisa chimiro chemukati chepasi redu munzvimbo nenguva."
Kubva kumunyori weshanduro: Ndaigara ndichida kuedza ruoko rwangu kushandura chinyorwa chesainzi chakakurumbira kubva kuChirungu kuenda kuRussia, asi handina kuzvitarisira. kusvika kure zvakaoma. Ruremekedzo rukuru kune avo vanogara vachishandura uye nemazvo zvinyorwa zveHabré. Kuti ushandure chinyorwa nehunyanzvi, haufanirwe kungoziva Chirungu chete, asiwo kuti unzwisise musoro wacho pachawo nekudzidza kwechitatu-bato masosi. Wedzera zvishoma "gag" kuti iite kuti iite seyakasikwa, asiwo urege kuidarika, kuitira kuti usakanganise chinyorwa. Thanks zvikuru nekuverenga :)
Source: www.habr.com