Nzira yekudzidza kudzidza. Chikamu 3 - kudzidzisa ndangariro yako "maererano nesainzi"

Tinoenderera mberi nenyaya yedu pamusoro pekuti ndeapi maitiro, akasimbiswa neongororo yesainzi, anogona kubatsira nekudzidza chero zera. IN kutanga chikamu takakurukura mazano ari pachena se "maitiro akanaka ezuva nezuva" uye humwe hunhu hwehupenyu hune hutano. In chikamu chechipiri hurukuro yacho yaive yekuti doodling inokubatsira sei kuchengetedza zvirinani muhurukuro, uye kufunga nezvebvunzo iri kuuya kunobvumidza iwe kuwana giredhi repamusoro.

Nhasi tiri kutaura pamusoro pezano ripi kubva kumasayendisiti rinokubatsira kuyeuka ruzivo zvakanyanya uye kukanganwa ruzivo rwakakosha zvishoma nezvishoma.

mufananidzo Dean Hochman CC BY

Nhau - kurangarira kuburikidza nekunzwisisa

Imwe nzira yekurangarira zvirinani ruzivo (semuenzaniso, pamberi pebvunzo yakakosha) kutaura nyaya. Ngatione kuti sei. Kutaura nyaya - "kutaurirana ruzivo kuburikidza nenhoroondo" - inzira yave kufarirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda: kubva pakushambadzira uye kushambadza kusvika kuzvinyorwa mumhando isiri yengano. Chirevo chayo, muchimiro chayo chikuru, ndechekuti munyori anoshandura seti yechokwadi kuita rondedzero, nhevedzano yezviitiko zvakabatana.

Nyaya dzakadai dzinoonekwa zviri nyore pane data rakabatana zvakasununguka, saka nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa paunenge uchiyeuka zvinhu - edza kuvaka ruzivo rwunoda kuyeukwa kuita nyaya (kana kunyange nyaya dzinoverengeka). Ehe, nzira iyi inoda kusika uye kushanda nesimba - kunyanya kana iwe uchida, semuenzaniso, kuyeuka humbowo hweiyo theorem - kana zvasvika kune mafomula, hapana nguva yengano.

Nekudaro, mune iyi kesi, iwe unogona kushandisa matekiniki asina kunangana nekutaura nyaya. Imwe yesarudzo inotsanangurwa, kunyanya, nemasayendisiti kubva kuColumbia University (USA), rakabudiswa gore rapfuura mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwake mumagazini Psychological Science.

Nyanzvi dzakashanda pachidzidzo ichi dzakadzidza mhedzisiro yenzira yakakosha yekuongorora ruzivo rwekugona kuona nekurangarira data. Nzira yekutsoropodza yakafanana nekukakavara ne "munyengeri wemukati" asingagutsikane nenharo dzako uye mibvunzo zvose zvaunotaura.

Maitirwo akaitwa chidzidzo: 60 vatori vechikamu mukuyedza vakapihwa data rekupinza. Vaisanganisira ruzivo nezve "sarudzo yemeya mune rimwe guta X": zvirongwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvevamiriri uye tsananguro yematambudziko edhorobha rengano. Boka rinodzora rakakumbirwa kunyora rondedzero pamusoro pezvakanakira mumwe nemumwe wevavhoti, uye boka rekuyedza rakakumbirwa kuti ritsanangure nhaurirano pakati pevatori vechikamu mukuratidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika vachikurukura nezvevanokwikwidza. Mapoka ese ari maviri (kutonga nekuyedza) akabva akumbirwa kunyora script yehurukuro yeterevhizheni vachifarira mumiriri wavo wavanofarira.

Zvakazoitika kuti muchiitiko chekupedzisira, boka rekuedza rakapa chokwadi, rakashandisa mutauro wakanyatsojeka, uye rakaratidza kunzwisisa kuri nani kwezvinyorwa. Muchinyorwa chenzvimbo yeTV, vadzidzi veboka rekuyedza vakaratidza mutsauko uripo pakati pevadzidzi nezvirongwa zvavo uye vakapa rumwe ruzivo nezve marongero avanoda kugadzirisa matambudziko emudhorobha.

Uyezve, boka rekuedza rakaratidza pfungwa dzavo zvakanyatsojeka: pakati pevadzidzi vose vari muboka rekuedza, 20% chete ndivo vakataura zvinyorwa mumagwaro ekupedzisira eTV nzvimbo iyo yakanga isingatsigirwi nechokwadi (kureva, data yekuisa). Muboka rekutonga, 60% yevadzidzi vakaita zvirevo zvakadaro.

sei zivisa vanyori vechinyorwa, kudzidza kwemaonero akasiyana-siyana anotsoropodza maererano neimwe nyaya kunobatsira pakunyatsoidzidza. Iyi nzira inobata maonero aunoita ruzivo - "nhaurirano yemukati nemutsoropodzi" inobvumidza iwe kuti usangotora ruzivo pakutenda. Iwe unotanga kutsvaga dzimwe nzira, kupa mienzaniso nehumbowo - uye nekudaro nzwisisa nyaya yacho zvakadzama uye rangarira zvimwe zvinobatsira.

Iyi nzira, semuenzaniso, inokubatsira iwe zvirinani kugadzirira mibvunzo inonyengera yebvunzo. Ehe, haugone kufanotaura zvese izvo mudzidzisi angakubvunza, asi iwe unonzwa uine chivimbo uye wakagadzirira - sezvo iwe watove "watamba" mamiriro akafanana mumusoro wako.

Kukanganwa curve

Kana kutaura wega iri nzira yakanaka yekunzwisisa zvirinani ruzivo, zvino kuziva mashandiro anoita curve yekukanganwa (uye kuti inogona kunyengedzwa sei) ichakubatsira kuchengetedza ruzivo runobatsira kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira. Iyo yakanaka ndeyekuchengeta ruzivo rwakawanikwa muhurukuro kusvika pabvunzo (uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, mushure mayo).

Kukanganwa curve haisi itsva kuwanikwa, izwi iri rakatanga kuunzwa neGerman psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus muna 1885. Ebbinghaus akadzidza rote memory uye akakwanisa kutora mapatani pakati penguva kubva pakawanikwa data, nhamba yekudzokorora, uye chikamu cheruzivo chinozochengetwa mundangariro.

Ebbinghaus akaita zviedzo pakudzidzisa "memory memory" - kubata nemusoro masirairi asina zvaanofanirwa kumutsa chero mubatanidzwa mundangariro. Zvakanyanya kuoma kurangarira zvisina maturo (zvakadai zvinoteedzana "zvinobvisa" kubva mundangariro zviri nyore) - zvisinei, kukanganwa curve "inoshanda" zvakare zvine chekuita nechero chine musoro, data rakakosha.

mufananidzo torbakhopper CC BY

Semuyenzaniso, mukosi yekuyunivhesiti, unogona kududzira kukanganwa curve sezvizvi: Pakarepo mushure mekuenda kuhurukuro, une humwe ruzivo. Inogona kudomwa se100% (kungotaura, "iwe unoziva zvese zvaunoziva").

Kana zuva rinotevera ukasadzokera kumanotsi ako ehurukuro uye uchidzokorora izvo, ipapo pakupera kwezuva iro chete 20-50% yeruzivo rwese rwakagamuchirwa pahurukuro icharamba iri mundangariro dzako (tinodzokorora, ichi hachisi govera ruzivo rwese rwakapihwa nemudzidzisi pahurukuro, asi kubva pane zvese zvawakakwanisa kuyeuka pahurukuro). Mumwedzi, neiyi nzira, iwe uchakwanisa kuyeuka nezve 2-3% yeruzivo rwakagamuchirwa - semhedzisiro, usati wanyora bvunzo, iwe uchafanirwa kugara pasi padzidziso uye kudzidza matikiti anenge kubva kutanga.

Mhinduro pano iri nyore - kuti urege kuyeuka ruzivo "sekutanga," zvakakwana kuti ugare uchidzokorora kubva pane zvinyorwa kubva muhurukuro kana kubva mubhuku. Ehe, iyi inzira inofinha, asi inogona kuchengetedza nguva yakawanda isati yaitwa bvunzo (uye yakachengeteka kubatanidza ruzivo mundangariro dzenguva refu). Kudzokorora munyaya iyi kunoshanda sechiratidzo chakajeka kuuropi kuti ruzivo urwu rwakakosha chaizvo. Somugumisiro, nzira yacho ichabvumira zvose zviri nani kuchengetedza ruzivo uye nekukurumidza "activation" yekuwana iyo panguva yakakodzera.

Semuenzaniso, iyo Canadian University yeWaterloo rinopa zano vadzidzi vako kuomerera kunzira dzinotevera: “Kurudziro huru ndeyokupa inenge hafu yeawa kuhwirudzura zvakafukidzwa mukati mevhiki uye kubva paawa imwe nehafu kusvikira kuawa maviri pakupera kwevhiki. Kunyangwe ukangogona kudzokorora ruzivo mazuva mana-4 pasvondo, ucharamba uchiyeuka zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo 5-2% yedata yaizoramba iri mundangariro dzako kana usina chawaita.

TL; DR

• Kuti urangarire ruzivo zviri nani, edza kushandisa nzira dzekutaura nyaya. Ukabatanidza chokwadi kuita nyaya, rondedzero, unozvirangarira zviri nani. Ehe, nzira iyi inoda kugadzirira kwakadzama uye haishande nguva dzose - zvakaoma kuti uuye nerondedzero kana uchifanira kubata nemusoro humbowo hwemasvomhu kana mafomula efizikisi.

• Muchiitiko ichi, imwe nzira yakanaka kune "yechinyakare" kutaura nyaya ndeyekutaurirana iwe pachako. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani nyaya yacho, edza kufungidzira kuti munhu anofungidzira arikupokana newe, uye uri kuedza kumugutsa. Ichi chimiro chinowedzera pasi rose, uye panguva imwechete ine nhamba yezvakanaka zvinhu. Kutanga, zvinomutsa kufunga kwakadzama (haubvume chokwadi chauri kuedza kurangarira, asi tsvaga humbowo hunotsigira maonero ako). Chechipiri, nzira iyi inokubvumira kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyaya. Chechitatu, uye chinonyanya kubatsira mukumhanya-mhanya kwebvunzo, nzira iyi inobvumidza iwe kuti udzokorore mibvunzo ine hutsinye uye zvingangoita mabhodhoro mumhinduro yako. Hungu, kudzokorora kwakadaro kunogona kutora nguva, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko kunoshanda zvikuru kupfuura kuedza kuyeuka mashoko acho nemichina.

• Kutaura nezvekudzidza nemusoro, rangarira kukanganwa curve. Kudzokorora zvinyorwa zvawakavhara (semuenzaniso, kubva pane zvinyorwa zvehurukuro) kwemaminitsi makumi matatu zuva rega rega kuchakubatsira kuchengetedza ruzivo rwakawanda mundangariro yako - kuitira kuti zuva risati rasvika bvunzo hauzofanira kudzidza musoro. kubva pakutanga. Vashandi vepaYunivhesiti yeWaterloo vanopa zano kuita ongororo uye kuyedza nzira iyi yekudzokorora kweanokwana mavhiki maviri - uye nekutarisa zvawawana.

• Uye kana uchinetseka kuti zvinyorwa zvako hazvina kunyatso kudzidzisa, edza maitiro atakanyora nezvawo mune zvakapfuura zvinhu.

Source: www.habr.com