Quantum makomputa uye quantum komputa - nyowani , iyo yakawedzerwa kune yedu ruzivo nzvimbo pamwe chete , nemamwe mazwi epamusoro-tech. Panguva imwe cheteyo, handina kuzombokwanisa kuwana zvinhu paInternet zvaigona kubatanidza puzzle mumusoro mangu rainzi "makomputa equantum anoshanda sei". Hongu, kune akawanda mabasa akanaka, kusanganisira paHabr (ona. ), zvirevo izvo, sezvazvinowanzoitika, zvinotonyanya kudzidzisa uye zvinobatsira, asi mufananidzo uri mumusoro mangu, sezvavanotaura, hauna kuwedzera.
Uye nguva pfupi yadarika vamwe vandaishanda navo vakauya kwandiri ndokubvunza, βUnonzwisisa here mashandiro anoita komputa yequantum? Mungatiudzewo here?" Uye ipapo ndakaona kuti handisi ndega ndine dambudziko rekuisa pamwe chete mufananidzo wakabatana mumusoro mangu.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuyedza kwakaitwa kuunganidza ruzivo nezve quantum makomputa kuita inowirirana logic circuit umo. danho rekutanga, pasina kunyudzwa kwakadzika mumasvomhu uye chimiro chenyika ye quantum, yakatsanangurwa kuti quantum komputa ndeyei, maitiro ainoshanda pairi, uye ndeapi matambudziko anotarisana nemasainzi paanenge achigadzira uye achiishandisa.
Tafura yezvinyorwa
Disclaimer
Munyori haasi nyanzvi mune quantum computing, uye Vateereri vakatarisana nechinyorwa ndivo vakafanana IT vanhu, kwete quantum nyanzvi, vanodawo kuisa pamwechete mufananidzo mumisoro yavo unonzi "Mashandisiro anoita macomputer equantum." Nekuda kweizvi, pfungwa zhinji dziri muchinyorwa dzakarerutswa nemaune kuti dzinzwisise zviri nani quantum tekinoroji padanho re "basic", asi pasina. .
Chinyorwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo chinoshandisa zvinhu kubva kune mamwe masosi, . Pese pazvinogoneka, zvinongedzo zvakanangana nezviratidzo zvemavara ekutanga, tafura kana nhamba zvinoiswa. Kana ndakanganwa chimwe chinhu (kana mumwe munhu) pane imwe nzvimbo, nyora uye ini ndichagadzirisa.
Nhanganyaya
Muchitsauko chino, tichatarisa muchidimbu kuti nguva yequantum yakatanga sei, chii chaive chikonzero chaikurudzira pfungwa yekombuta yehuwandu, iyo (iyo nyika nemakambani) ndivo parizvino vatambi vanotungamira mundima iyi, uye zvakare kutaura muchidimbu. nezve nzira huru dzekuvandudza kwe quantum computing.
Izvozvo zvakatanga sei
Nzvimbo yekutanga yenguva ye quantum inofungidzirwa kuva 1900, apo M. Planck akatanga kuisa mberi. simba iroro rinobudiswa uye rinotorwa kwete nguva dzose, asi muzvikamu zvakasiyana (zvikamu). Pfungwa iyi yakatorwa uye yakagadziridzwa nevakawanda vesainzi vakatanhamara panguva iyoyo - Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, SchrΓΆdinger, izvo zvakazotungamira mukusikwa nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi senge. . Pane zvakawanda zvakanaka zvekushandisa paInternet nezve kuumbwa kwehuwandu hwefizikisi sesainzi; mune ino chinyorwa hatisi kuzogara pane izvi zvakadzama, asi zvaive zvakafanira kuratidza zuva ratakapinda munguva itsva yehuwandu.
Quantum fizikisi yakaunza akawanda zvigadzirwa uye matekinoroji muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese, pasina izvo zvave kuoma kufungidzira nyika yakatitenderedza. Semuenzaniso, laser, iyo ikozvino inoshandiswa kwese kwese, kubva kumidziyo yemumba (laser mazinga, nezvimwewo) kune yakakwirira-tech masisitimu (ma lasers ekugadzirisa maonero, mhoro. ) Zvingave zvine musoro kufunga kuti munguva pfupi kana gare gare mumwe munhu achauya nepfungwa yekuti wadii kushandisa quantum masisitimu ekombuta. Uye zvino muna 1980 zvakaitika.
Wikipedia inoratidza kuti pfungwa yekutanga yequantum computing yakaratidzwa muna 1980 nemusayendisiti wedu Yuri Manin. Asi chaizvoizvo vakatanga kutaura nezvazvo muna 1981, apo R. Feynman anosanozivikanwa , akacherechedza kuti hazvibviri kutevedzera kushanduka kwehuwandu hwehuwandu pakombiyuta yekare nenzira inoshanda. Akaronga muenzaniso wekutanga , iyo ichakwanisa kuita muenzaniso wakadaro.
Pane a , iyo inotariswa zvakanyanya mune zvedzidzo uye zvakadzama, asi isu tichapfuura muchidimbu:
Mamiriro makuru munhoroondo yekugadzira quantum makomputa:
- [1994]. P. Shore. Yakagadzirwa na
- [1998]. Created
- [2001]. IBM yakaunza kuuraya kuwedzera nhamba 15
- [2007-2016]. inogadzira uye inovandudza komputa ine 128-2000 qubits
- [2012]. Inoitwa paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia
- [2016]. Google pane 9-qubit komputa
- [2017]. (maatomu matatu)
- [2019]. . 20-qubit komputa iri mugore
- [2019]. . 53 qubit komputa. ?
Sezvauri kuona, makore gumi nemanomwe apfuura (kubva 17 kusvika 1981) kubva panguva yezano kusvika pakuita kwayo kwekutanga mukombuta ine 1998 qubits, uye makore makumi maviri nerimwe (kubvira 2 kusvika 21) kusvika huwandu hwequbits hwawedzera kusvika makumi mashanu nematatu. Zvakatora makore gumi nerimwe (kubvira 1998 kusvika 2019) kuvandudza mhedzisiro yeShor's algorithm (tichaitarisa zvakadzama gare gare) kubva panhamba 53 kusvika 11. Zvakare, makore matatu chete apfuura takasvika padanho rekuti. kuita zvakataurwa naFeynman, uye dzidza kutevedzera zviri nyore masisitimu emuviri.
Iko kugadzirwa kwe quantum computing kunonoka. Masayendisiti uye mainjiniya akatarisana nemabasa akaomarara, quantum nyika inogara kwenguva pfupi uye isina kusimba, uye kuti vachengetedze kwenguva yakareba kuti vaverenge, vanofanirwa kuvaka sarcophagi yemakumi emamiriyoni emadhora, umo tembiricha inochengetwa. pamusoro pemhedziso zero, uye izvo zvakadzivirirwa zvakanyanya kubva kune zvekunze zvinofurira. Zvadaro tichazotaura pamusoro pemabasa aya nematambudziko mune zvakadzama.
Vanotungamira Vatambi
Masiraidhi echikamu chino akatorwa muchinyorwa , kubva kumuongorori Alexey Fedorov. Rega ndikupe makotesheni akananga:
Nyika dzese dzakabudirira tekinoroji parizvino dziri kushingaira kugadzira quantum tekinoroji. Mari yakawanda iri kuiswa mukutsvaga uku, uye zvirongwa zvakakosha zvekutsigira quantum tekinoroji zviri kugadzirwa.
Kwete chete nyika, asiwo makambani akazvimirira ari kutora chikamu mumujaho wequantum. Pakazara, Google, IBM, Intel neMicrosoft vachangobva kuisa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni emadhora 0,5 mukugadzirwa kwemakomputa ehuwandu uye vakagadzira marabhoritari makuru nenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa.
Kune zvakawanda zvinyorwa paHabrΓ© uye paInternet, semuenzaniso, , ΠΈ , umo mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino nekuvandudzwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu munyika dzakasiyana-siyana hunoongororwa zvakadzama. Chinhu chikuru kwatiri iko zvino ndechekuti nyika dzese dzakasimukira tekinoroji nevatambi vari kuisa mari yakawanda mukutsvaga mune iyi nzira, izvo zvinopa tariro yenzira yekubuda mukusagadzikana kwazvino kwetekinoroji.
Mafambiro ebudiriro
Parizvino (ndinogona kunge ndakanganisa, ndiruramise) kuedza kukuru (uye zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvakakosha mhedzisiro) yevatambi vese vanotungamira inonangana munzvimbo mbiri:
- Specialized quantum makomputa, iyo ine chinangwa chekugadzirisa imwe chaiyo chaiyo dambudziko, semuenzaniso, dambudziko rekugadzirisa. Muenzaniso wechigadzirwa ndeye D-Wave quantum makomputa.
- Universal quantum makomputa - izvo zvinokwanisa kuita zvekupokana quantum algorithms (Shor, Grover, nezvimwewo). Zvishandiso kubva kuIBM, Google.
Mamwe mavheji ebudiriro ayo quantum fizikisi anotipa, akadai se:
- sechikonzero che
- uye zvimwe zvakawanda
Hongu, iriwo parunyorwa rwenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa, asi parizvino zvinoita sekunge pasisina kana mhedzisiro yakakosha.
Uyezve unogona kuverenga , google"", Semuyenzaniso, , ΠΈ .
Basics. Quantum chinhu uye quantum masisitimu
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kunzwisisa kubva muchikamu ichi ndechekuti
Quantum komputa (kusiyana nemazuva ese) inoshandisa sevatakuri veruzivo quantum zvinhu, uye kuita kuverenga, quantum zvinhu zvinofanirwa kubatanidzwa mukati quantum system.
Chii chinonzi quantum object?
Quantum chinhu - chinhu cheiyo microworld (quantum world) inoratidza quantum zvivakwa:
- Iine mamiriro akatsanangurwa ane miganhu miviri
- Iri muhukuru hwemamiriro ayo kusvika panguva yekuyerwa
- Inozvipinza pachayo nezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira quantum system
- Inogutsa iyo no-cloning theorem (chinhu chechinhu hachigone kuteedzerwa)
Ngatitarisei pane imwe neimwe pfuma mune zvakadzama:
Iine mamiriro akatsanangurwa ane maviri emiganhu nhanho (yekupedzisira nyika)
Muenzaniso wekare wepasirese imari. Iine "side" state, iyo inotora pamiganhu miviri - "misoro" uye "miswe".
Iri muhukuru hwemamiriro ayo kusvika panguva yekuyerwa
Vakakanda mari, inobhururuka uye inotenderera. Kunyange zvazvo ichitenderera, hazvibviri kutaura kuti ndeipi yemiganhu yemiganhu yayo "side" mamiriro aripo. Asi kana tikangozviwisira pasi totarisa mhedzisiro, hukuru hwematunhu hunobva hwadonha kuita imwe yematunhu maviri emuganho - "misoro" uye "miswe". Kurova coin kwatiri chiyero.
Inozvipinza pachayo nezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira quantum system
Zvakaoma nemari, asi ngatiedze. Fungidzira takakanda simbi nhatu kuti dzitenderere dzakanamatirana, uku kujuja nemari. Panguva imwe neimwe yenguva, kwete chete imwe neimwe yadzo muhukuru hwematunhu, asi idzi nyika dzinopesvedzerana (mari inodhumhana).
Inogutsa iyo no-cloning theorem (chinhu chechinhu hachigone kuteedzerwa)
Nepo mari yacho ichibhururuka uye ichitenderera, hapana nzira yatinogona kugadzira kopi yekutenderera mamiriro eimwe yemari, yakaparadzana nehurongwa. Iyo sisitimu inogara mukati mayo uye ine godo guru rekuburitsa chero ruzivo kune kunze kwenyika.
Mamwe mazwi mashoma nezve iyo pfungwa pachayo "superpositions", mune dzinenge zvinyorwa zvese superposition inotsanangurwa se "Iri mumatunhu ese panguva imwe chete", izvo, zvechokwadi, ndezvechokwadi, asi pane dzimwe nguva zvisingakodzeri kuvhiringidza. A superposition of states inogonawo kufungidzirwa sechokwadi chekuti panguva yega yega yenguva chinhu che quantum chine pane zvimwe zvingangoitika zvekupunzika mune yega yega nhanho yemuganhu, uye muchidimbu izvi zvingangove zvakaenzana ne1.. Gare gare, kana tichifunga nezve qubit, isu tichagara pane izvi zvakadzama.
Pamari, izvi zvinogona kutariswa - zvichienderana nekumhanya kwekutanga, kona yekukanda, mamiriro enzvimbo iyo mari iri kubhururuka, panguva yega yega mukana mukana wekuwana "misoro" kana "miswe" wakasiyana. Uye, sezvambotaurwa, mamiriro emari inobhururuka akadaro anogona kufungidzirwa se "iri mumiganhu yayo yese panguva imwe chete, asi ine mikana yakasiyana yekushandiswa kwayo."
Chero chinhu chinosanganisirwa zvivakwa zviri pamusoro uye chatinogona kugadzira nekudzora chinogona kushandiswa semutakuri weruzivo mukombuta ye quantum.
Zvishoma zvishoma tichazotaura nezve mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino nekushandiswa kwemuviri kwequbits sehuwandu hwezvinhu, uye izvo masayendisiti ari kushandisa izvozvi.
Saka chechitatu chivakwa chinoti zvinhu zvequantum zvinogona kubatikana kugadzira quantum masisitimu. Chii chinonzi quantum system?
Quantum system - sisitimu yezvakabatirirwa quantum zvinhu zvine zvinotevera zvivakwa:
- A quantum system iri mu superposition yezvose zvinogoneka nyika zvezvinhu izvo zvinoumbwa nazvo
- Hazvibviri kuziva mamiriro ehurongwa kusvika panguva yekuyera
- Panguva yekuyera, iyo sisitimu inoshandisa imwe yezvinogona kusiyanisa yemiganhu yayo
(uye, kutarisa mberi zvishoma)
Corollary ye quantum zvirongwa:
- Chirongwa che quantum chine yakapihwa mamiriro eiyo system pane yekuisa, superposition mukati, superposition pane zvinobuda.
- Pakuburitswa kwechirongwa mushure mekuyerwa isu tine mukana wekuita weimwe yeinobvira yekupedzisira nyika yehurongwa (pamwe zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika)
- Chero chirongwa chequantum chine chimney architecture (input -> output. Hapana zvishwe, haugone kuona mamiriro ehurongwa pakati pekuita.)
Kuenzanisa kwe quantum komputa uye yakajairika
Ngatimbofananidzai komputa yakajairwa uye quantum imwe.
| kombiyuta yenguva dzose | Quantum komputa | |
|
Logic
|
0 / 1 | `a|0> + b|1>, a^2+b^2=1` |
|
Physics
|
Semiconductor transistor | Quantum chinhu |
|
Media mutakuri
|
Voltage mazinga | Polarization, spin, ... |
|
Mashandiro
|
KWETE, UYE, KANA, XOR pamusoro pezvimedu | Mavharuvhu: CNOT, Hadamard,β¦ |
|
Ukama
|
Semiconductor chip | Kuvhiringidzika nemumwe |
|
Algorithms
|
Standard (ona Chikwapuro) | Specials (Shore, Grover) |
|
Nheyo
|
Digital, deterministic | Analogi, probabilistic |
Logic level
Mukombiyuta yenguva dzose izvi zvishoma. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kwatiri kuburikidza uye kuburikidza deterministic bit. Inogona kutora kukosha kwe0 kana 1. Inobata zvakakwana nebasa racho logic unit yekombuta yenguva dzose, asi haina kukodzera zvachose kutsanangura nyika quantum chinhu, iyo, sezvatakambotaura, musango iri mukatinzvimbo dzepamusoro dzemiganhu yavo.
Izvi ndizvo zvavakauya nazvo . Mumuganhu wayo inoti inoona nyika dzakafanana ne0 uye 1 , uye pachinzvimbo chepamusoro chinomiririra mukana wekugoverwa pamusoro pemiganhu yayo |0> ΠΈ |1>:
a|0> + b|1>, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ a^2+b^2=1a uye b anomiririra , uye masikweya emamodule avo ndiwo mukana chaiwo wekuwana chaiwo iwo madhiri ematunhu emuganhu. |0> ΠΈ |1>, kana iwe ukadonhedza iyo qubit nechiyero izvozvi.
Physical layer
Payezvino tekinoroji nhanho yebudiriro, kuita kwemuviri kuita zvishoma kune yakajairika komputa ndeye Semiconductor transistor, ye quantum, sezvatakambotaura, chero chinhu che quantum. Muchikamu chinotevera tichataura nezve izvo zvino kushandiswa senge media media yequbits.
Kuchengetedza nepakati
Kune kombiyuta yenguva dzose izvi ndizvo magetsi - voltage mazinga, kuvapo kana kusavapo kwezvino, nezvimwewo, zve quantum - zvakafanana mamiriro ezvinhu e quantum (direction of polarization, spin, etc.), iyo inogona kunge iri muchimiro chepamusoro.
Mashandiro
Kushandisa logic circuits pakombiyuta yenguva dzose, tinoshandisa anozivikanwa , nokuda kwekushanda pa qubits zvakanga zvakakodzera kuuya nehurongwa hwakasiyana zvachose hwekushanda, hunodanwa . Magedhi anogona kuve ega-qubit kana kaviri-qubit, zvichienderana nekuti mangani qubits ari kushandurwa.
Mienzaniso ye quantum magedhi:
Pane pfungwa universal valve set, izvo zvinokwana kuita chero quantum calculation. Semuenzaniso, seti yepasirese inosanganisira gedhi reHadamard, gedhi rekuchinja kwechikamu, gedhi reCNOT, uye gedhi Οβ8. Nekubatsira kwavo, iwe unogona kuita chero quantum calculation pane yakasarudzika seti yequbits.
Muchinyorwa chino isu hatisi kuzogara zvakadzama pane iyo system ye quantum magedhi; iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezvavo uye zvine musoro mashandiro pane qubits, semuenzaniso, . Chinhu chikuru chekurangarira:
- Kushanda pazvinhu zve quantum kunoda kusikwa kwevatsva vane hunyanzvi (quantum magedhi)
- Quantum magedhi anouya mune imwe-qubit uye maviri-qubit marudzi.
- Iko kune eseti ese emagedhi anogona kushandiswa kuita chero quantum computation
Ukama
Imwe transistor haina basa zvachose kwatiri; kuti tiite masvomhu tinofanira kubatanidza akawanda transistors kune mumwe nemumwe, ndiko kuti, kugadzira semiconductor chip kubva kumamiriyoni ema transistors ekuvakira anonzwisisika maseketi, uye, pakupedzisira, tora processor yemazuva ano mune yayo yekare fomu.
Imwe qubit haina basa zvachose kwatiri (zvakanaka, kana chete mune zvedzidzo),
kuita masvomhu tinoda system yequbits (quantum zvinhu)
iyo, sezvatakambotaura, inogadzirwa nekubatanidza qubits kune mumwe nemumwe kuitira kuti shanduko mumatunhu avo dziitike nenzira yakarongeka.
Algorithms
Iwo akajairwa algorithms akaunganidzwa nevanhu kusvika parizvino haana kukodzera zvachose kuitiswa pane quantum komputa. Hongu, kazhinji hapana chikonzero. Quantum makomputa akavakirwa pane gedhi logic pamusoro pequbits inoda kusikwa kweakasiyana algorithms, quantum algorithms. Pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa quantum algorithms, matatu anogona kusiyaniswa:
- (factorization)
- (kutsvaga nekukurumidza mudura risina kurongeka)
- (mhinduro kumubvunzo, nguva dzose kana kuenzanisa basa)
Nheyo
Uye musiyano unonyanya kukosha ndiyo nheyo yekushanda. Zvemakomputa akajairika izvi digitaalinen, yakasimba deterministic musimboti, zvichibva pakuti kana tikaisa imwe mamiriro ekutanga ehurongwa uye tikapfuura kuburikidza nealgorithm yakapiwa, zvino mhedzisiro yekuverenga ichave yakafanana, zvisinei kuti kangani patinomhanya kuverenga uku. Chaizvoizvo, maitiro aya ndizvo chaizvo zvatinotarisira kubva pakombuta.
Quantum komputa inoshanda analogue, probabilistic musimboti. Mhedzisiro yealgorithm yakapihwa pane yakapihwa yekutanga mamiriro ndeye sampuli kubva pakugovera kungangoita Kuitwa kwekupedzisira kwealgorithm pamwe nezvikanganiso zvinogoneka.
Izvi zvingangoitika hunhu hwe quantum computing imhaka yeicho chinogoneka chenyika ye quantum. "Mwari haatambe dhayisi nechadenga.", akadaro Einstein wekare, asi zviedzo zvose nekucherechedza kusvika zvino (mumufananidzo wesayenzi wezvino) zvinosimbisa zvinopesana.
Kuitwa kwenyama kwequbits
Sezvatakambotaura, qubit inogona kumiririrwa nechinhu chinonzi quantum, kureva, chinhu chemuviri chinoshandisa quantum properties inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Ndokureva, kutaura, chero chinhu chemuviri umo mune nyika mbiri uye idzi mbiri dziri muchimiro chepamusoro-soro inogona kushandiswa kugadzira komputa yehuwandu.
βKana tikakwanisa kuisa atomu mumatanho maviri akasiyana toadzora, saka une qubit. Kana tikakwanisa kuita izvi neion, i qubit. Ndizvo zvimwe chete nezvino. Kana tikaimhanyisa newachi nekumberi panguva imwe chete, une qubit. "
kune ΠΊ , umo izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandiswa kwemuviri zvequbit zvinotariswa zvakadzama, isu tichangonyora zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye zvakajairika:
- uye mamwe akawanda ekunze mazano (anions, nezvimwewo)
Pakati pese zvakasiyana-siyana izvi, iyo yakanyanya kugadziridzwa ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekuwana qubits, yakavakirwa pa . , , uye vamwe vatambi vanotungamira vanoshandisa iyo kuvaka masisitimu avo.
Zvakanaka, verenga zvimwe zvinogoneka qubits kubva .
Basics. Iyo quantum komputa inoshanda sei
Zvishandiso zvechikamu ichi (basa nemifananidzo) zvinotorwa kubva kuchinyorwa .
Saka, fungidzira kuti tine basa rinotevera:
Pane boka revanhu vatatu: (A)ndrey, (B)olodya uye (C)erezha. Kune matekisi maviri (0 uye 1).
Zvinozivikanwa zvakare kuti:
- (A)ndrey, (B)olodya ishamwari
- (A)ndrey, (C)erezha vavengi
- (B)olodya na(C)erezha vavengi
Basa: Isa vanhu mumatekisi kuitira kuti Max (shamwari) ΠΈ Min(vavengi)
Kuyera: L = (nhamba yeshamwari) - (nhamba yevavengi) pane imwe neimwe sarudzo yekugara
ZVINOKOSHA: Tichifunga kuti hapana heuristics, hapana mhinduro yakakwana. Muchiitiko ichi, dambudziko rinogona kugadziriswa chete nekutsvaga kwakakwana kwezvisarudzo.
Solution pane yenguva dzose komputa
Maitiro ekugadzirisa dambudziko iri pane yakajairwa (super) komputa (kana cluster) - zviri pachena kuti iwe unofanirwa kutenderera mune zvese zvinogoneka sarudzo. Kana isu tiine multiprocessor system, saka tinogona kufananidza kuverenga kwemhinduro kune akati wandei ma processor tozotora mhinduro.
Tine sarudzo mbiri dzepekugara (taxi 2 netekisi 0) uye vanhu vatatu. Solution nzvimbo 2 ^ 3 = 8. Iwe unogona kunyange kupfuura 8 sarudzo uchishandisa karukureta, iri harisi dambudziko. Zvino ngatiomese dambudziko - isu tine vanhu makumi maviri nemabhazi maviri, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa 2^20 = 1. Hapana chakaoma kana. Ngatiwedzerei nhamba yevanhu ne2.5 nguva - tora vanhu makumi mashanu nezvitima zviviri, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa ikozvino 2^50 = 1.12 x 10^15. Kombiyuta yakajairwa (yepamusoro) yave kutotanga kuve nematambudziko akakomba. Ngatiwedzere vanhu ka2, 100 vanhu vachatipa kare 1.2 x 10 ^ 30 zvingasarudzwa.
Ndizvozvo, basa iri harigoni kuverengwa munguva yakafanira.
Kubatanidza supercomputer
Kombiyuta ine simba zvakanyanya parizvino inhamba 1 ye , izvi , kubudirira 122 . Ngatifungei kuti tinoda mashandiro zana kuverenga sarudzo imwe chete, tozogadzirisa dambudziko revanhu zana vatinoda:
(1.2 x 10^30 100) / 122Γ10^15 / (606024365) = 3 x 10^37 makore.
Sekuona kwedu sezvo chiyero che data chekutanga chinowedzera, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa inokura maererano nemutemo wesimba, mune zvakajairika, kune N bits tine 2 ^N inogoneka mhinduro sarudzo, iyo kune diki N (100) inotipa isina kuverengerwa (paiyo ikozvino tekinoroji level) mhinduro nzvimbo.
Pane dzimwe nzira here? Sezvaungave wakafungidzira, hongu, zviripo.
Asi tisati tapinda mune sei uye nei quantum makomputa achigona kugadzirisa matambudziko akaita seaya, ngatitorei chinguva kudzokorora zvaari. mukana wekugovera. Usavhunduke, ichi chinyorwa chekuongorora, hapazovi nechero masvomhu akaoma pano, isu tichaita neiyo yekare muenzaniso nebhegi nemabhora.
Ingori zvishoma combinatorics, probability theory uye anoshamisa experimenter
Ngatitore bhegi tiisemo 1000 machena uye 1000 mabhora matema. Isu tichaitisa kuyedza - bvisa bhora, nyora pasi ruvara, dzosera bhora mubhegi uye sanganisa mabhora mubhegi.
Kuedza kwakaitwa ka10, akaburitsa mabhora matema gumi. Pamwe? Quite. Uyu muenzaniso unotipa chero pfungwa inonzwisisika yekugovera kwechokwadi mubhegi? Zviri pachena kuti kwete. Chii chinoda kuitwa - zvakanaka, pdzokorora kuyedza kanosvika miriyoni uye uverenge mafambiro emabhora matema nechena. Tinowana, semuenzaniso 49.95% dema uye 50.05% chena. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro chekugovera kubva kwatinotora (kubvisa bhora rimwe) chatove chakanyanya kana kujeka.
Chinhu chikuru ndechokunzwisisa izvozvo kuedza pachayo kune probabilistic hunhu, nemuenzaniso mumwe (bhora) isu hatizoziva chimiro chechokwadi chekugovera, tinofanira kudzokorora kuedza kakawanda uye avhareji yemigumisiro.
Ngatiiwedzere kubhegi redu 10 matsvuku uye gumi mabhora egirinhi (zvikanganiso). Ngatidzokorore kuedza ka10. INakabudisa 5 tsvuku uye 5 yegirini. Pamwe? Ehe. Tinogona kutaura chimwe chinhu nezve kugovera kwechokwadi - Kwete. Chii chinoda kuitwa - zvakanaka, unonzwisisa.
Kuti uwane kunzwisiswa kwechimiro chekugovera chingangoita, zvinodikanwa kuti udzokorore kuenzanisa mhedzisiro yemunhu kubva mukugovera uku uye neavhareji mhedzisiro.
Kubatanidza dzidziso nekudzidzira
Iye zvino pane mabhora madema uye machena, ngatitorei mabhiridhi mabhora toaisa muhomwe 1000 mabhora ane nhamba 2, 1000 ine nhamba 7 uye gumi mabhora ane dzimwe nhamba. Ngatimbofungidzirai muongorori akadzidziswa muzviito zviri nyore (kubvisa bhora, kunyora pasi nhamba, kudzorera bhora mubhegi, kusanganisa mabhora mubhegi) uye anoita izvi mu 150 microseconds. Zvakanaka, muongorori akadaro pakukurumidza (kwete kushambadzira kwezvinodhaka !!!). Zvino mumasekonzi zana nemakumi mashanu achakwanisa kuita kuyedza kwedu kanosvika miriyoni uye utipe iwo avhareji yemhedzisiro.
Vakagara muyedzeri pasi, vakamupa bhegi, vakafuratira, vakamirira 150 masekondi uye vakagamuchira:
nhamba 2 - 49.5%, nhamba 7 - 49.5%, nhamba yakasara muhuwandu - 1%.
Hongu ndizvozvo, bhegi redu i quantum komputa ine algorithm inogadzirisa dambudziko redu, uye mabhora anogona kugadzirisa. Sezvo paine mhinduro mbiri dzakarurama, saka komputa yehuwandu ichatipa chero yeiyi mhinduro inogoneka ine mukana wakaenzana, uye 0.5% (10/2000) zvikanganiso., izvo zvatichataura nezvazvo gare gare.
Kuti uwane mhedzisiro yekombuta yehuwandu, unofanirwa kumhanyisa iyo quantum algorithm kakawanda pane imwechete yekuisa data seti uye avhareji mhedzisiro.
Scalability ye quantum komputa
Zvino fungidzira kuti kune basa rinosanganisira vanhu zana (mhinduro nzvimbo 2^100 tinorangarira izvi), kune zvakare sarudzo mbiri chete dzakarurama. Zvino, kana tikatora qubits zana tonyora algorithm inoverengera chinangwa chedu basa (L, ona pamusoro) pamusoro pemaqubits aya, tobva tawana bhegi rinenge riine 100 mabhora nenhamba yemhinduro yekutanga chaiyo, 1000 ine. nhamba yemhinduro yechipiri yechokwadi nemabhora gumi ane dzimwe nhamba. Uye mukati memasekonzi zana nemakumi mashanu muedzi wedu achatipa fungidziro yekugovaniswa kwemhinduro dzakakwana..
Nguva yekuuraya ye quantum algorithm (nedzimwe fungidziro) inogona kutariswa inogara O (1) maererano nechiyero chenzvimbo yekugadzirisa (2 ^ N).
Uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo pfuma ye quantum komputa - Runtime Constancy maererano nekuwedzera kwemutemo wesimba kuomarara kwenzvimbo yekugadzirisa ndiyo kiyi.
Qubit uye nyika dzakafanana
Izvi zvinoitika sei? Chii chinobvumira quantum komputa kuita masvomhu nekukurumidza kudaro? Izvo zvese nezve quantum hunhu hwequbit.
Tarisai, takati qubit yakafanana nechinhu che quantum inoziva imwe yenzvimbo dzayo mbiri painocherechedzwa, asi mu "musango" iri mukati superpositions yenyika, kureva kuti, iri mumativi ayo ose ari maviri panguva imwe chete (nemwe mukana).
Tora (A)ndreya uye fungidzira mamiriro ayo (mumo mota iri - 0 kana 1) sequbit. Zvadaro tine (mu quantum space) nyika mbiri dzakafanana, mune imwe (A) anogara mutekisi 0, mune imwe nyika - mutekisi 1. Mumataxi maviri panguva imwe chete, asi neimwe mukana wekuiwana mune yega yega panguva yekutarisa.
Tora (B) vaduku uye ngatimbofungidzirawo mamiriro ayo se qubit. Dzimwe nyika mbiri dzakafanana dzinomuka. Asi parizvino nyika mbiri idzi (A) ΠΈ (AT) musadyidzana zvachose. Chii chinofanira kuitwa kugadzira zvine chekuita system? Ndizvozvo, tinoda maqubits aya sunga (confuse). Tinozvitora tozvivhiringa (A) pamwe (B) - tinowana quantum system ye qubits mbiri (A, B), kuziva mukati mayo mana zvinoenderana nyika dzakafanana. Wedzera (S) ergey uye tinowana hurongwa hwematatu qubits (ABC), kuita masere zvinoenderana nyika dzakafanana.
Izvo zvakakosha zve quantum computing (kuitwa kweketani ye quantum magedhi pamusoro pehurongwa hwekubatanidza qubits) ichokwadi chokuti kuverenga kunoitika munyika dzose dzakafanana panguva imwe chete.
Uye hazvina basa kuti vangani vavo tinavo, 2^3 kana 2^100, iyo quantum algorithm ichaitwa munguva isingagumi pamusoro penyika dzese dzakafanana uye ichatipa mhedzisiro, inova sampuli kubva pakugona kugoverwa kwemhinduro dzealgorithm.
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani, munhu anogona kufungidzira izvozvo komputa ye quantum pachiyero che quantum inomhanya 2 ^ N parallel solution process, mumwe nomumwe anoshanda pane imwe sarudzo inokwanisika, zvino anounganidza migumisiro yebasa - uye inotipa mhinduro muchimiro chechimiro chepamusoro chemhinduro (mukana kugoverwa kwemhinduro), kubva kwatino sampuli imwe neimwe nguva (yechiyedzo chega chega).
Rangarira nguva inodiwa nemuedzi wedu (150 Β΅s) kuita kuedza, izvi zvichatibatsira zvishoma zvishoma, patinotaura pamusoro pematambudziko makuru emakombiyuta e-quantum uye nguva yekudzivirira.
Quantum algorithms
Sezvatotaurwa, akajairwa algorithms akavakirwa pabhinari logic haashande kune quantum komputa uchishandisa quantum logic (quantum magedhi). Kwaari, zvaive zvakafanira kuuya nezvitsva zvinoshandisa zvizere kugona kuri muhuwandu hwemakomputa.
Anonyanya kuzivikanwa algorithms nhasi ndeaya:
Kusiyana neaya echinyakare, quantum makomputa haasi epasirese.
Parizvino, ingori nhamba diki ye quantum algorithms yakawanikwa.
Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎ kune link ku , nzvimbo iyo, maererano nemunyori (), vamiririri vakanakisisa ve quantum-algorithmic world vakaunganidzwa uye vanoramba vachiunganidza.
Muchinyorwa chino hatisi kuzoongorora quantum algorithms zvakadzama; kune akawanda emhando yepamusoro zvinhu paInternet kune chero nhanho yekuoma, asi isu tichiri kuda kupfupikisa pamusoro peaya matatu ane mukurumbira.
Shor's algorithm.
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa quantum algorithm ndeye (yakagadzirwa muna 1994 neChirungu masvomhu ), iyo ine chinangwa chekugadzirisa dambudziko rekuisa nhamba muzvinhu zvakakosha (factorization dambudziko, discrete logarithm).
Ndiyo algorithm iyi inotaurwa semuenzaniso pavanonyora kuti mabhengi ako masisitimu nemapassword achakurumidza kubiwa. Tichifunga kuti kureba kwemakiyi anoshandiswa nhasi haasi pasi pe2048 bits, nguva yevhavha haisati yasvika.
Kusvika iye zvino, kupfuura mwero. Yakanakisa Factorization Mhedzisiro neShor's Algorithm - Nhamba ΠΈ , iyo iri pasi pe2048 bits. Nokuda kwemigumisiro yakasara kubva patafura, yakasiyana kuverenga, asi kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakanakisa zvinoenderana neiyi algorithm (291311) iri kure kwazvo nekushandisa chaiko.
Iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve Shor's algorithm, semuenzaniso,. Nezve kuita kunoshanda - .
Imwe ye kuomarara uye simba rinodiwa kuti riite nhamba ye2048-bit icomputer ine . Tinorara murunyararo.
Grover's algorithm
- kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuverenga, kureva kutsvaga mhinduro kuequation F(X) = 1, uko F ΠΎΡ n variables. Yakakurudzirwa neAmerican mathematician Π² .
Grover's algorithm inogona kushandiswa kuwana ΠΈ nhamba series. Mukuwedzera, inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwakazara pakati pezvizhinji zvinogoneka mhinduro. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kukurumidza kukurumidza kuwedzera kana ichienzaniswa neyekare algorithms, kunyangwe pasina kupa "" kazhinji.
Unogona kuverenga zvakawanda, kana ... Zvimwe Pane tsananguro yakanaka yealgorithm uchishandisa muenzaniso wemabhokisi uye bhora, asi, zvinosuruvarisa, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinopfuura kutonga kwemunhu wese, saiti ino haindivhurire kubva kuRussia. Kana uine yakavharwawo, saka heino pfupiso pfupi:
Grover's algorithm. Fungidzira kuti une N zvidimbu zvemabhokisi akavharwa ane nhamba. Zvose hazvina chinhu kunze kwechimwe chete, icho chine bhora. Basa rako: tsvaga nhamba yebhokisi umo bhora riripo (iyi nhamba isingazivikanwe inowanzo rehwa netsamba w).
Nzira yekugadzirisa sei dambudziko iri? Iyo yakapusa nzira ndeyekuita majana ekuvhura mabhokisi, uye nekukurumidza kana gare gare iwe uchasangana nebhokisi rine bhora. Paavhareji, mabhokisi mangani anoda kuongororwa bhokisi rine bhora risati rawanikwa? Paavhareji, iwe unofanirwa kuvhura inenge hafu yeN/2 mabhokisi. Chinhu chikuru pano ndechokuti kana tikawedzera nhamba yebhokisi nezana, ipapo chiyero chemabhokisi anoda kuvhurwa musati bhokisi rine bhora rawanikwa richawedzerawo nekamwechete ka100.
Zvino ngatiitei imwe tsananguro. Isu ngatirege kuvhura mabhokisi isu pachedu nemaoko edu uye titarise kuvepo kwebhora mune imwe neimwe, asi pane mumwe murevereri, ngatimudane iye Oracle. Tinoudza Oracle, "cheki bhokisi nhamba 732," uye Oracle inotarisa nokutendeseka uye inopindura, "hamuna bhora mubhokisi nhamba 732." Zvino, pachinzvimbo chekutaura kuti mabhokisi mangani atinoda kuvhura paavhareji, tinoti "kangani paavhareji tinofanira kuenda kuOracle kuti tiwane nhamba yebhokisi nebhora"
Zvinoitika kuti kana tikashandura dambudziko iri nemabhokisi, bhora uye Oracle mumutauro wehuwandu, tinowana mhedzisiro inoshamisa: kuwana nhamba yebhokisi rine bhora pakati peN mabhokisi, tinoda kukanganisa Oracle chete nezve SQRT. (N) nguva!
Ndiko kuti, kuoma kwebasa rekutsvaga uchishandisa Grover's algorithm inoderedzwa ne square root yenguva.
Deutsch-Jozi algorithm
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm (inonziwo Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm) - [quantum algorithm](%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π² , uye ikava mumwe wemienzaniso yekutanga yealgorithms yakagadzirirwa kuurayiwa pa . _
Dambudziko reDeutsch-Jozsi ndere kuona kana basa remabhinari akati wandei F(x1, x2, ... xn) rinogara riripo (rinotora kukosha 0 kana 1 kune chero nharo) kana kuenzanisa (kwehafu yenzvimbo inotora. kukosha 0, kune imwe hafu 1). Muchiitiko ichi, inoonekwa seyakakosha inozivikanwa kuti basa racho rinogara riripo kana rakaenzana.
Unogonawo kuverenga . Tsananguro iri nyore:
Iyo Deutsch (Deutsch-Jozsi) algorithm yakavakirwa pane brute force, asi inobvumira kuti iitwe nekukurumidza kupfuura nguva dzose. Fungidzira kuti pane mari patafura uye iwe unofanirwa kuona kuti ndeyekunyepedzera here kana kuti kwete. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kutarisa mari yacho kaviri uye uone kuti: "misoro" uye "miswe" ndeyechokwadi, "misoro" miviri, "miswe" miviri ndeyenhema. Saka, kana iwe ukashandisa iyo Deutsch quantum algorithm, saka kutsunga uku kunogona kuitwa nekutarisa kumwe - kuyerwa.
Matambudziko emakomputa equantum
Paunenge uchigadzira uye uchishanda quantum makomputa, masayendisiti uye mainjiniya anotarisana nenhamba huru yezvinetso, izvo kusvika parizvino zvakagadziriswa neakasiyana madhigirii ekubudirira. Maererano ne () matambudziko anotevera anogona kuzivikanwa:
- Sensitivity kune zvakatipoteredza uye kudyidzana nemhoteredzo
- Kuunganidza zvikanganiso panguva yekuverenga
- Matambudziko nekutanga kutanga kwequbit states
- Matambudziko mukugadzira akawanda-qubit masisitimu
Ndinokurudzira kuverenga chinyorwa "β, kunyanya mhinduro kwairi.
Ngatirongei matambudziko makuru ese mumapoka makuru matatu uye titarise zvakanyanya kune rimwe nerimwe rawo:
Decoherence
.
Quantum state chinhu chisina kusimbaqubits mune yakasungwa mamiriro haana kugadzikana zvakanyanya, chero pesvedzero yekunze inogona (uye inoita) kuparadza kubatana uku. Shanduko yetembiricha nechikamu chidiki chedhigirii, kudzvanywa, fotoni isingaite ichibhururuka padyo - zvese izvi zvinokanganisa hurongwa hwedu.
Kuti ugadzirise dambudziko iri, sarcophagi yakadzika-tembiricha inovakwa, umo tembiricha (-273.14 madhigirii Celsius) iri zvishoma pamusoro pe zero yakazara, nekusarudzika kwakanyanya kwekamuri yemukati ine processor kubva kune zvese (zvinogoneka) zvekunze zvakatipoteredza.
Iyo yakanyanya hupenyu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakabatikana qubits, panguva iyo inochengetedza yayo quantum zvimiro uye inogona kushandiswa pakuverenga, inonzi decoherence nguva.
Parizvino, iyo decoherence nguva mune yakanakisa quantum mhinduro iri pakurongeka kwe makumi nemazana emamicroseconds.
Pane zvinoshamisa kwaunogona kutarisa yezvose zvakasikwa quantum systems. Ichi chinyorwa chinongosanganisira maviri epamusoro processors semuenzaniso - kubva kuIBM uye kubva . Sezvatinogona kuona, nguva yekudzivirira (T2) haipfuuri 200 ΞΌs.
Ini handina kuwana chaiyo data paSycamore, asi zvakanyanya nhamba mbiri dzinopihwa - 1 miriyoni kuverenga mumasekonzi mazana maviri, mune imwe nzvimbo - ye 130 masekondi pasina kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo chekudzora, nezvimwe.. Chero zvazvingava, izvi zvinotipa decoherence nguva inenge 150 ΞΌs. Rangarirai zvedu experimenter nebhegi? Zvakanaka, heunoi.
| Zita reComputer | N Qubits | Max akabatana | T2 (Β΅s) |
| IBM Q System Imwe | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Chii chinonzi decoherence chinotityisidzira?
Dambudziko guru nderekuti mushure me150 ΞΌs, yedu computing system yeN yakabatikana qubits ichatanga kuburitsa probabilistic chena ruzha panzvimbo yekugoneka kugovera kwemhinduro dzakaringana.
Ndiko kuti, tinoda:
- Tanga iyo qubit system
- Ita calculation (chain of gate operations)
- Verenga mhinduro
Uye ita zvese izvi mu150 microseconds. Ndakanga ndisina nguva - mhedzisiro yakashanduka kuita nhanga.
Asi handizvo zvogaβ¦
Kukanganisa
Sezvatakataura, quantum maitiro uye quantum computing zvinogoneka mune zvakasikwa, hatigoni kuva nechokwadi che100% chechinhu chero chipi zvacho, asi chete nezvimwe zvingangoitika. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu anowedzera kuipa nenyaya yokuti quantum computing inokanganisa. Iwo makuru marudzi ekukanganisa mu quantum computing ndeaya:
- Decoherence zvikanganiso zvinokonzerwa nekuoma kwehurongwa uye kushamwaridzana nekunze kwekunze
- Gedhi computational kukanganisa (nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemakomputa)
- Zvikanganiso mukuverenga mamiriro ekupedzisira (mhedzisiro)
Zvikanganiso zvine chekuita nekusabatana, oneka kana tangopinza qubits yedu uye totanga kuita macalculation. Iyo yakawanda qubits yatinopinza, iyo inonyanya kuoma sisitimu, uye zviri nyore kuiparadza. Kudzika-tembiricha sarcophagi, makamuri akadzivirirwa, ese aya matekinoroji matekinoroji anonangwa chaizvo kudzikisa huwandu hwekukanganisa uye kuwedzera nguva yekubatana.
Gedhi computational kukanganisa - chero mashandiro (gedhi) pane qubits anogona, neimwe mukana, kupera nekukanganisa, uye kuita algorithm yatinoda kuita mazana emasuwo, saka fungidzira zvatinowana pakupera kwekuitwa kwealgorithm yedu. Mhinduro yemhando yepamusoro kumubvunzo ndewekuti "Ndeipi mukana wekusangana nedhinasori mune lift?" - 50x50, ungave uchasangana kana kwete.
Dambudziko rinowedzerwa nenyaya yekuti nzira dzakajairwa dzekugadzirisa kukanganisa (kudzokorodza kwekuverenga uye avhareji) haishande munyika yehuwandu nekuda kweiyo-no-cloning theorem. For mu quantum computing yaifanira kugadzirwa . Kutaura zvazviri, tinotora N akajairwa qubits togadzira 1 yacho zvine musoro qubit ine mwero wakaderera wekukanganisa.
Asi pano rimwe dambudziko rinomuka - nhamba yose yequbits. Tarisai, ngatitii tine processor ine 100 qubits, iyo 80 qubits inoshandiswa kugadzirisa kukanganisa, saka isu tine makumi maviri chete asara ekuverenga.
Zvikanganiso pakuverenga mhinduro yekupedzisira - sezvatinorangarira, mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwekuverenga inoratidzwa kwatiri mune fomu mukana wekugovera mhinduro. Asi kuverenga mamiriro ekupedzisira kunogonawo kukundikana nekukanganisa.
Zvimwe chete Kune matafura ekufananidza e processors nemazinga ekukanganisa. Kuti tienzanise, ngatitorei ma processor akafanana nemuenzaniso wapfuura - IBM ΠΈ :
| kombiyuta | 1-Qubit Gate Kuvimbika | 2-Qubit Gate Kuvimbika | Readout Fidelity |
| IBM Q System Imwe | 99.96% | 98.31% | - |
| Google Sycamore | 99.84% | 99.38% | 96.2% |
zviri chiyero chekufanana kwezvikamu zviviri zvehuwandu. Hukuru hwechikanganiso hunogona kuratidzwa se1-Kutendeseka. Sezvatinoona, zvikanganiso pa2-qubit magedhi uye zvikanganiso zvekuverenga ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru chekuita yakaoma uye yakareba algorithms pamakomputa aripo equantum.
Unogonawo kuverenga makore kubva kugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa kukanganisa.
processor architecture
Mukutaura tinovaka uye kushanda maseketi emakumi emakumi eakapinzwa qubits, chaizvoizvo zvinhu zvose zvakaoma zvikuru. Yese iripo quantum chips (processors) inovakwa nenzira yekuti inopa isingarwadze kubatikana kweimwe qubit chete nevavakidzani vayo, iyo isingapfuuri matanhatu.
Kana tichida kupinza 1st qubit, toti, neyegumi nembiri, saka tichafanirwa kuvaka ketani yekuwedzera quantum mashandiro, inosanganisira mamwe maqubits, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinowedzera huwandu hwekukanganisa. Hongu, uye usakanganwa nezvazvo decoherence nguva, pamwe panguva yaunopedza kubatanidza qubits mudunhu raunoda, nguva inopera uye dunhu rese rinoshanduka kuita. jenareta jenareta rakanaka jena.
Uyewo usakanganwa izvozvo Iyo yekuvaka yeese quantum processors akasiyana, uye chirongwa chakanyorwa muemulator mu "zvese-kune-zvese yekubatanidza" modhi inoda "kudzokororwa" mukuvaka kweiyo chip. Kune kunyange kuita oparesheni iyi.
Yakakura yekubatanidza uye yakawanda nhamba yequbits yemachipi akafanana epamusoro:
| Zita reComputer | N Qubits | Max akabatana | T2 (Β΅s) |
| IBM Q System Imwe | 20 | 6 | 70 |
| Google Sycamore | 53 | 4 | ~ 150-200 |
Uye, kuenzanisa, tafura ine data kubva kuchizvarwa chekare che processors. Enzanisa nhamba yequbits, decoherence nguva uye kukanganisa kukanganisa nezvatinazvo iye zvino nechizvarwa chitsva. Kunyange zvakadaro, kufambira mberi kunononoka, asi kunofamba.
Saka:
- Parizvino hapana zvivakwa zvakabatana zvizere ne> 6 qubits
- Kupinza qubit 0 s pane chaiyo processor, semuenzaniso, qubit 15 ingangoda akati wandei mamwe mabasa.
- Mamwe mashandiro -> mamwe zvikanganiso -> yakasimba pesvedzero yedecoherence
Migumisiro
Decoherence ndiyo mubhedha weProcrustean wemazuva ano quantum computing. Tinofanira kubatanidza zvese mu150 ΞΌs:
- Kutanga kwekutanga mamiriro equbits
- Kugadzira dambudziko uchishandisa quantum magedhi
- Gadzirisa zvikanganiso kuti uwane mhinduro dzine musoro
- Verenga mhedzisiro
Kusvika parizvino mhedzisiro yacho inoodza mwoyo, zvakadaro taura kuti uwane 0.5s yekubatana kuchengetedza nguva pane quantum komputa yakavakirwa pa :
Isu tinoyera nguva yekubatana kwequbit inopfuura 0.5 s, uye nemagnetic shielding isu tinotarisira kuti izvi zvivandudze kuti zviite kureba kupfuura 1000 s.
Iwe unogona zvakare kuverenga nezve tekinoroji iyi kana semuenzaniso .
Mamiriro acho anowedzera kuomeswa nenyaya yekuti kana uchiita maverengero akaomarara zvinodikanwa kushandisa quantum kukanganisa kururamisa maseketi, ayo anodyawo zvese nguva uye zviripo qubits.
Uye chekupedzisira, zvivakwa zvemazuva ano hazvibvumidze kuita zvirongwa zvekunamira zvirinani pane 1 mu4 kana 1 mu6 nemutengo wakaderera.
Nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko
Kugadzirisa matambudziko ari pamusoro apa, nzira dzinotevera uye nzira dzinoshandiswa parizvino:
- Kushandisa cryochambers ine tembiricha yakaderera (10 mK (-273,14Β°C))
- Kushandisa processor mayunitsi ayo akadzivirirwa zvakanyanya kubva kune ekunze pesvedzero
- Kushandisa Quantum Error Correction Systems (Logic Qubit)
- Kushandisa optimizers paunenge uchigadzira maseketi kune chaiyo processor
Tsvagiridzo iri kuitwa zvakare yakanangana nekuwedzera iyo decoherence nguva, kutsvaga nyowani (uye kuvandudza inozivikanwa) kuita kwemuviri kwehuwandu hwezvinhu, optimize kururamisa maseketi, nezvimwe, nezvimwe. Kune kufambira mberi (tarisa pamusoro pemaitiro ekutanga uye emazuva ano epamusoro-ekupedzisira machipisi), asi kusvika zvino inononoka, yakanyanya, inononoka.
D-Wave
D-Wave 2000Q 2000-qubit komputa. Kwakabva:
Pakati pechiziviso cheGoogle chekuwana hukuru hwehuwandu uchishandisa 53-qubit processor, ΠΈ kubva kukambani D-Wave, umo nhamba yequbits iri muzviuru, inenge ichivhiringidza. Zvakanaka, chaizvo, kana 53 qubits yakakwanisa kuwana hukuru hwehuwandu, saka chii komputa ine 2048 qubits inokwanisa? Asi hazvisi zvese zvakanaka ...
Muchidimbu (yakatorwa kubva kuwiki):
Computers shanda panheyo (), inogona kugadzirisa yakaderera subclass yezvinetso zvekugadzirisa, uye haina kukodzera kuita zvechinyakare quantum algorithms uye quantum magedhi.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo iwe unogona kuverenga, semuenzaniso, , (kungwarira, inogona kusavhura kubva kuRussia), kana Π² kubva kwake . Nenzira, ini ndinokurudzira zvikuru kuverenga bhurogi rake kazhinji, pane zvakawanda zvakanaka zvinhu ipapo
Kazhinji, kubva pakutanga kwezviziviso, nharaunda yesainzi yaive nemibvunzo nezvemakomputa eD-Wave. Semuenzaniso, muna 2014, IBM yakabvunza chokwadi chekuti D-Wave Zvakasvika pakuti muna 2015, Google, pamwe neNASA, vakatenga imwe yemakomputa aya uye mushure mekutsvaga. , kuti hongu, komputa inoshanda uye inoverenga dambudziko nekukurumidza kupfuura yenguva dzose. Unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve chirevo cheGoogle uye semuenzaniso .
Chinhu chikuru ndechekuti makomputa eD-Wave, ane mazana nezviuru zvequbits, haagone kushandiswa kuverenga uye kumhanya quantum algorithms. Iwe haugone kumhanya Shor's algorithm pavari, semuenzaniso. Zvese zvavanogona kuita kushandisa mamwe quantum nzira kugadzirisa imwe optimization dambudziko. Isu tinogona kufunga kuti D-Wave ndeye quantum ASIC yerimwe basa.
Zvishoma nezve quantum komputa emulation
Quantum computing inogona kutevedzerwa pane yakajairwa komputa. Chokwadi, :
- Mamiriro equbit anogona kuva nhamba yakaoma, inotora kubva ku2x32 kusvika ku2x64 bits (8-16 bytes) zvichienderana nekugadzira processor.
- Mamiriro eN akabatana qubits anogona kumiririrwa se 2 ^ N nhamba dzakaoma, i.e. 2^(3+N) ye 32-bit architecture uye 2^(4+N) ye 64-bit.
- Kushanda kwehuwandu paN qubits kunogona kumiririrwa ne 2 ^ N x 2 ^ N matrix
Zvadaro:
- Kuti uchengetedze nyika dzakateedzerwa dzegumi qubits, 10 KB inodiwa
- Kuti uchengetedze nyika dzemakumi maviri qubits unoda 20 MB
- Kuti uchengetedze nyika dze30 qubits, 8 GB inodiwa
- 40 Terabytes inodiwa kuchengetedza nyika dze8 qubits
- Kuchengetedza nyika dze50 qubits, 8 Petabytes inodiwa, nezvimwe.
Zvekuenzanisa, () inotakura chete 2.8 Petabytes yendangariro.
- 49 qubit yakaunzwa gore rapfuura kune yakakura kwazvo Chinese supercomputer ()
Muganho wekutevedzera quantum komputa pane classical masisitimu inotarwa nehuwandu hwe RAM inodiwa kuchengetedza mamiriro emaqubits.
Ndinokurudzirawo kuverenga . Kubva ipapo:
Nekushanda - yekuteedzera chaiko kwe49-qubit wedunhu rine mamwe makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe "matenderedzwa" (akazvimiririra akaturikidzana emasuwo) 2 ^ 63 kuwedzeredza kwakaoma - 4 Pflops ye supercomputer kwemaawa mana
Kutevedzera 50+ qubit quantum komputa pane classical masisitimu inoonekwa isingagoneke munguva ine musoro. Ichi zvakare chikonzero nei Google yakashandisa 53-qubit processor kune yayo quantum supremacy kuyedza.
Quantum computing ukuru.
Wikipedia inotipa tsananguro inotevera yehukuru hwemakomputa:
Quantum ukuru - kugona zvishandiso zvekugadzirisa matambudziko ayo ekare makomputa asingakwanisi kugadzirisa.
Muchokwadi, kuwana hukuru hwehuwandu hunoreva kuti, semuenzaniso, iyo factorization yenhamba huru uchishandisa Shor algorithm inogona kugadziriswa munguva yakakwana, kana yakaoma makemikari mamorekuru anogona kutevedzerwa pachiyero che quantum, zvichingodaro. Kureva kuti nguva itsva yasvika.
Asi pane imwe loophole mumashoko etsanangudzo, "izvo zvekirasi makomputa hazvigone kugadzirisa" Muchokwadi, izvi zvinoreva kuti kana iwe ukagadzira quantum komputa ye50+ qubits uye uchimhanyisa imwe quantum dunhu pairi, saka, sezvatakakurukura pamusoro apa, mhedzisiro yedunhu iri haigone kuteedzerwa pane yenguva dzose komputa. Ndizvozvo komputa yekirasi haizokwanisi kudzoreredza mhedzisiro yedunhu rakadaro.
Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakadaro ichiumba chaiyo quantum hukuru kana kwete inyaya yehuzivi mubvunzo. Asi nzwisisa zvakaitwa neGoogle uye zvazvinobva pazviri zvakakodzera.
Google's Quantum Supremacy Statement
Sycamore 54-qubit processor
Saka, muna Gumiguru 2019, vanogadzira Google vakaburitsa chinyorwa mubhuku resainzi Nature "" Vanyori vakazivisa kubudirira kwehukuru hwehuwandu kekutanga munhoroondo vachishandisa 54-qubit Sycamore processor.
Zvinyorwa zveSycamore pamhepo zvinowanzoreva kungava 54-qubit processor kana 53-qubit processor. Chokwadi ndechekuti maererano , processor inoumbwa ne54 qubits, asi imwe yacho haisi kushanda uye yakabviswa pabasa. Saka, muchokwadi isu tine 53-qubit processor.
Padandemutande ipapo zvinhu pamusoro penyaya iyi, chiyero chayo chakasiyana kubva up to .
IBM's quantum computing timu yakazotaura izvozvo . Iyo kambani inotaura kuti komputa yakajairwa ichaita basa iri mune yakaipisisa mumazuva 2,5, uye mhinduro inozobuda ichave yakarurama kupfuura yekombuta yequantum. Mhedziso iyi yakaitwa zvichibva pane zvakabuda muongororo yedzidziso yenzira dzinoverengeka dzekugadzirisa.
Uye, chokwadi, mune yake Handina kukwanisa kufuratira chirevo ichi. Yake pamwe chete nezvose zvinongedzo uye semazuva ese, vanokodzera kushandisa nguva yako. Pahubhu iyi FAQ, uye ive shuwa yekuverenga zvakataurwa, pane zvinongedzo kune ekutanga zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa online pasati paziviswa zviri pamutemo.
Chii chakaitwa neGoogle? Kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama, verenga Aaronson, asi muchidimbu pano:
Ndinogona, hongu, kukuudza, asi ndinonzwa zviri nani benzi. Kuverenga kunotevera: muongorori anogadzira a random quantum circuit C (kureva, kutevedzana kusina kuitika kwe 1-qubit uye 2-qubit magedhi pakati pevavakidzani vari pedyo, nehupamhi hwe, semuenzaniso, 20, ichiita pane 2D network ye n. = 50-60 qubits). Muongorori anobva atumira C kune quantum komputa, uye anoikumbira kuti ishandise C kune yekutanga mamiriro e0, kuyera mhedzisiro mu {0,1} hwaro, dzosera n-bit yakacherechedzwa kutevedzana (tambo), uye dzokorora akati wandei. zviuru kana mamiriyoni enguva. Pakupedzisira, achishandisa ruzivo rwake rweC, muongorori anoita bvunzo yenhamba kuti aone kana mhedzisiro yacho ichienderana nezvaitarisirwa kubuda kubva kuquantum komputa.
Muchidimbu:
- A random circuit yehurefu 20 ye53 qubits inogadzirwa uchishandisa magedhi
- Dunhu rinotanga nenyika yekutanga [0β¦0] yekuurayiwa
- Kubuda kwedunhu ndeye random bit tambo (sample)
- Kugoverwa kwechigumisiro hakusi kungoerekana (kupindira)
- Kugoverwa kwemasampuli akawanikwa kunofananidzwa neinotarisirwa
- Inopedzisa Quantum Supremacy
Ndiko kuti, Google yakashandisa dambudziko rekugadzira pane 53-qubit processor, uye inosimbisa chirevo chayo chekuwana hukuru hwehuwandu pane chokwadi chekuti hazvigoneke kutevedzera processor yakadaro pane yakajairwa masisitimu munguva inonzwisisika.
Kuti unzwisise - Ichi chikamu hachidzikisi kubudirira kweGoogle neimwe nzira, mainjiniya akakura chaizvo, uye mubvunzo wekuti izvi zvinogona kutorwa sehukuru hwehuwandu hwehuwandu kana kwete, sezvambotaurwa, huzivi kupfuura engineering. Asi isu tinofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti tawana hukuru hwemakomputa hwakadaro, hatisati tafambira mberi nhanho imwe kusvika pakukwanisa kumhanyisa Shor's algorithm pa2048-bit manhamba.
Summary
Quantum makomputa uye quantum komputa inovimbisa kwazvo, idiki uye kusvika pari zvino diki inzvimbo inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri yeruzivo rwehunyanzvi.
Iko kuvandudzwa kwe quantum computing (rimwe zuva) inotibvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko:
- Kutevedzera maitiro akaoma emuviri pachiyero che quantum
- Haigadziriswe pakombuta yenguva dzose nekuda kwekuoma kwemakomputa
Matambudziko makuru mukugadzira uye kushanda quantum makomputa:
- Decoherence
- Zvikanganiso (decoherence uye gedhi)
- processor architecture (yakanyatsobatanidzwa qubit circuits)
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino:
- Zvechokwadi - pakutanga .
- Iko hakuna CHAIYO chekutengesa kushandiswa pari zvino (uye hazvizivikanwe kuti pachava riini)
Chii chinogona kubatsira:
- Imwe mhando yekuwanikwa kwemuviri iyo inoderedza mutengo we wiring uye anoshanda processors
- Kuwana chimwe chinhu chichawedzera decoherence nguva nekuraira kwehukuru uye / kana kuderedza zvikanganiso
Mukuona kwangu (zvandinofunga zvangu) Mune yazvino paradigm yesainzi yeruzivo, isu hatisi kuzowana budiriro yakakosha mukuvandudza quantum tekinoroji., pano isu tinoda budiriro yemhando mune imwe nzvimbo yeakakosha kana yakashandiswa sainzi, iyo ichapa kukurudzira kumazano matsva uye nzira.
Zvichakadaro, tiri kuwana ruzivo muhuwandu hwekugadzirisa, kuunganidza nekugadzira quantum algorithms, mazano ekuedza, nezvimwe, nezvimwe. Takamirira budiriro.
mhedziso
Muchinyorwa chino, takapfuura nepakati pezviitiko zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwequantum computing uye quantum makomputa, takaongorora musimboti wekushanda kwavo, takaongorora matambudziko makuru akatarisana nevainjiniya mukuvandudza nekushanda kwe quantum processors, uye zvakare takatarisa kuti ndeapi akawanda-qubit. D-makomputa ndizvo chaizvo. Wave uye Google yazvino chiziviso chekuwana quantum hukuru.
Kuruboshwe kuseri kwezviitiko kune mibvunzo yeprogramming quantum makomputa (mitauro, nzira, nzira, nezvimwewo) uye mibvunzo ine chekuita nekuita chaiko kwekuita kwe processors, ma qubits anobatwa sei, akabatanidzwa, anoverengwa, nezvimwe. Zvichida uyu uchava musoro wenyaya inotevera kana kuti zvinyorwa.
Ndinokutendai nokuda kwekucherechedza kwenyu, ndinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chichabatsira mumwe munhu.
(C)
Kutenda
kuti uongorore uye tsinhiro pamashoko ari kunobva, pamwe chete nechinyorwa chacho
kuti uwane ruzivo rwakapfuma pane , uye kwete kwaari chete, izvo zvakandibatsira zvakanyanya kufunga iyi dambanemazwi.
Kune vese vanyori vezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa izvo zvinhu zvakashandiswa mukunyora chinyorwa ichi.
Rondedzero yezviwanikwa
Zvazvino Nyaya Zvinyorwa kubva [The National Academies Press]
Zvinyorwa kubva kuHabr (mukurongeka kwakarongeka)
Zvisina kurongwa (asi zvisinganyanyi kunakidza) zvinyorwa kubva paInternet
Makosi uye hurukuro
Source: www.habr.com