Muna 2012, moto wakatanga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMoscow. Chivako chekare chine sirin'i yemapuranga chakabatira moto, uye moto wacho wakakurumidza kupararira kudzimba dzakapoteredza. Vashandi vemoto havana kukwanisa kusvika panzvimbo iyi - nzvimbo dzose dzekupaka dzakatenderedza dzakazara nemotokari. Moto wakafukidza chiuru chimwe nechidimbu masikweya mita. Zvakanga zvisingakwanisiwo kusvika kune hydrant, saka vanunuri vakashandisa chitima chemoto uye kunyange mahelicopter maviri. Mumwe mushandi wechimbichimbi akafa mumoto.
Zvakazoitika pave paye, moto wakabva watanga mumba mekambani inotsikisa Mir.
Hazvigoneki kuti zita iri rine zvarinoreva kuvanhu vazhinji. Imba yekudhinda uye imba yekudhinda, imwe mweya kubva kuSoviet nguva, iyo yakanga isina kubudisa chero chinhu kwemakore makumi matatu, asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero yakaramba iripo. Pakupera kwemaXNUMXs, yaive padanho rekubhuroka, asi neimwe nzira yakabhadhara zvikwereti zvayo kune chero uye chero chayaive nechikwereti. Nhoroondo yaro yese yemazuva ano mitsetse mishoma muWikipedia nezve leapfrog pakati pemarudzi ese ehurumende MSUP SHMUP FMUP, ari kuunganidza huruva mumaforodha eRostec (kana uchitenda Wikipedia, zvakare).
Asi kuseri kwemitsara yehutungamiriri hapana kana izwi rekuti yakasiiwa nenhaka yakakura sei Mir muIndia uye kuti yakakanganisa sei hupenyu hwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei.
Mazuva mashoma apfuura vakatumira link ku , uko mabhuku ezvesayenzi eSoviet anoiswa mudigito. Ndakafunga kuti mumwe munhu ari kushandura kushuva kwavo kuita chikonzero chakanaka. Zvakazoitika kuti ichi chaive chokwadi, asi akati wandei akaita kuti bhurogi rive risina kujairika - mabhuku acho aive muChirungu, uye maIndia akaakurukura mumashoko. Munhu wose akanyora kuti mabhuku aya aikosha sei kwavari muhuduku, akagovera nyaya nendangariro, uye akataura kuti zvaizova zvikuru sei kuawana ari mufomu yepepa zvino.
Ini ndakaGoogled, uye chimwe nechimwe chinongedzo chitsva chakandishamisa zvakanyanya - makoramu, zvinyorwa, kunyange zvinyorwa nezvekukosha kwezvinyorwa zveRussia zvevanhu veIndia. Kwandiri kwaive kuwanikwa, izvo zvino ndave kunyara kutaura nezvazvo - handigone kutenda kuti yakakura kudaro yakapfuura.
Zvinoitika kuti mabhuku ezvesayenzi eSoviet ave rudzi rwechitendero muIndia. Mabhuku ekambani inotsikisa akanyangarika zvinonyadzisa kubva kwatiri achiri akakodzera huremu hwawo mugoridhe kune rimwe divi renyika.
“Vakafarirwa zvikuru nekuda kwemhando yavo uye mutengo. Mabhuku aya aivepo uye achidiwa kunyangwe mumisha midiki - kwete mumaguta makuru chete. Mazhinji akashandurirwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yeIndia - Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati nevamwe. Izvi zvakawedzera vateereri zvakanyanya. Kunyange zvazvo ini ndisiri nyanzvi, ndinofunga kuti chimwe chezvikonzero zvekuderedza mutengo kwaiva kuedza kutsiva mabhuku ekuMadokero, ayo aidhura zvikuru panguva iyoyo (uye kunyange ikozvino)," Damitr, munyori weblogi, akandiudza. [Damitr ipfupiso yezita chairo remunyori, raakakumbira kuti asaburitse pachena.]
Iye inyanzvi yefizikisi nekudzidziswa uye anozviona senge bibliophile. Iye zvino muongorori uye mudzidzisi wemasvomhu. Damitr akatanga kuunganidza mabhuku mukupera kwema90s. Ipapo dzakanga dzisingachadhindwi muIndia. Iye zvino ane mabhuku angangosvika mazana matanhatu eSoviet - mamwe akatenga-kare kana kubva kune vakambotengesa mabhuku, mamwe akapihwa kwaari. “Mabhuku aya akaita kuti zvive nyore kwandiri kudzidza, uye ndinoda kuti vanhu vakawanda sezvinobvira vaaverengewo. Ndicho chikonzero ndakatanga blog yangu. "
Mabhuku eSoviet akauya sei kuIndia
Makore maviri pashure peHondo Yenyika II, India yakarega kuva koroni yeBritain. Nguva dzekuchinja kukuru dzinogara dzakaoma uye dzinonetsa. Independent India yakave yakazara nevanhu vane maonero akasiyana, avo zvino vane mukana wekufambisa nheyo dzavanoona zvakakodzera. Nyika yakapoteredza yakanga isinawo kujeka. ISoviet Union neAmerica vakaedza kusvika, zvinoita sekunge, makona ese kuti vavakwezve mumusasa wavo.
Vanhu vechiMuslim vakaparadzana ndokutanga Pakistan. Nharaunda dzemuganhu, senguva dzose, dzakakakavadzana, uye hondo yakatanga ipapo. America yakatsigira Pakistan, Soviet Union yakatsigira India. Muna 1955, Mutungamiriri weIndia akashanyira Moscow, uye Khrushchev akaita shanyo yekudzoka gore rimwe chetero. Nokudaro kwakatanga hukama hurefu uye hwepedyo zvikuru pakati penyika. Kunyangwe India payaipokana neChina mu60s, USSR yakaramba isina kwayakarerekera, asi rubatsiro rwemari kuIndia rwakanga rwakakwira, izvo zvakakanganisa hukama nePRC.
Nekuda kwehushamwari neMubatanidzwa, kwaive nesangano rakasimba rechikominisiti muIndia. Uye zvino zvikepe zvine matani emabhuku zvakaenda kuIndia, uye makiromita emafirimu reels ane Indian cinema akauya kwatiri.
“Mabhuku ose akauya kwatiri kupfurikidza neBato reCommunist of India, uye mari yokutengesa yakadzorera mari yavo. Zvechokwadi, pakati pemamwe mabhuku, paiva nemakungwa nemakungwa emavhoriyamu eLenin, Marx naEngels, uye mabhuku akawanda euzivi, sociology uye nhoroondo akanga akarerekera divi rimwe chete. Asi mumasvomhu, mune sainzi, pane kurerekera kushoma. Kunyangwe, mune rimwe remabhuku efizikisi, munyori akatsanangura dialectical materialism mumamiriro ekusiyana kwemuviri. Handichataura kana vanhu vakanga vasina chokwadi nemabhuku eSoviet mumazuva iwayo, asi iye zvino vaunganidzi vakawanda vemabhuku eSoviet vakatsamira kuruboshwe kana kuti vari kuruboshwe chaiko.”
Damitr akandiratidza zvinyorwa zvakati wandei kubva kuIndia “yakatsamira kuruboshwe bhuku” The Frontline yakatsaurirwa kuzana ramakore reKumukira kwaGumiguru. Mune mumwe wavo, mutori wenhau Vijay Prashad kuti kufarira muRussia kwakaonekwa kunyange kare, mumakore makumi maviri, apo maIndia akafuridzirwa nekukundwa kwekutonga kwedu tsarist. Panguva iyoyo, mamanifesto echiKomonisiti nemamwe magwaro ezvematongerwo enyika akashandurirwa muchivande mumitauro yeIndia. Mukupera kwe20s, mabhuku "Soviet Russia" naJawaharal Nehru uye "Tsamba kubva kuRussia" naRabindranath Tagore aive akakurumbira pakati pevaIndia verudzi.
Hazvishamisi kuti pfungwa yechimurenga yaive yakanaka kwavari. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eBritish colony, mazwi ekuti "capitalism" uye "imperialism" nekukasira aive aine mamiriro asina kunaka akaiswa mavari nehurumende yeSoviet. Asi makore makumi matatu gare gare, akanga asiri mabhuku ezvematongerwo enyika chete akazove akakurumbira muIndia.
Sei vanhu muIndia vachida mabhuku eSoviet zvakanyanya?
KuIndia, zvese zvataiverenga zvakashandurwa. Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky. Gungwa remabhuku evana, semuenzaniso, "Deniska's stories" kana "Chuk and Gek". Kubva kunze kunoratidzika kwatiri kuti India, ine nhoroondo yekare yakapfuma, inokwevera kune zvisinganzwisisike ngano uye nyaya dzemashiripiti, asi vana veIndia vakatorwa mwoyo nehuchokwadi, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye nyore kwemabhuku eSoviet.
Gore rakapera, firimu rekunyora "Nyeredzi Dzvuku Yakarasika mumhute" pamusoro pezvinyorwa zveSoviet yakapfurwa muIndia. Vatungamiriri vainyanya kukoshesa mabhuku evana umo vatambi vemufirimu vakakurira. Somuenzaniso, Rugvedita Parakh, chiremba weoncologist wokuIndia, akataura nezvemafungiro ake seaya: “Mabhuku echiRussian ndinonyanya kufarira nokuti haaedzi kudzidzisa. Ivo havaratidzi tsika yengano, semuAesop kana Panchatantra. Handinzwisisi kuti nei kunyange mabhuku akanaka akadai sebhuku redu rokuti “Amai vaShyama” achifanira kunge akazara nemashoko anotaurwa.
“Chaivasiyanisa ndechekuti vaisamboedza kubata hunhu hwemwana sezvinei kana kumuzvidza. Ivo havatuke njere dzavo, "akadaro Sulbha Subrahmanyam chiremba wepfungwa.
Kubva kutanga kwema60s, Publishing House of Foreign Literature yanga ichitsikisa mabhuku. Gare gare yakakamurwa kuva akati wandei akasiyana. "Kufambira mberi" uye "Rainbow" yakaburitsa zvinyorwa zvevana, ngano, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvisiri zvenhema (sezvavaizodaidza izvozvi). Leningrad "Aurora" yakabudiswa mabhuku pamusoro pemifananidzo. Imba yekudhinda yePravda yakabudisa magazini yevana Misha, iyo, semuenzaniso, yaiva nengano, mazwi ekudzidza mutauro weRussia, uye kunyange kero dzekunyorerana nevana kubva kuSoviet Union.
Pakupedzisira, imba yekutsikisa yeMir yakaburitsa zvinyorwa zvesainzi uye zvehunyanzvi.
“Mabhuku esainzi, hongu, aifarirwa, asi kunyanya pakati pevanhu vainyanya kufarira zvesainzi, uye ivava vari vashoma nguva dzose. Zvichida kufarirwa kwechiRussian classics mumutauro weIndia (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky) kwakavabatsirawo. Mabhuku akanga asingadhuri uye akapararira zvokuti aionekwa seanoraswa. Semuenzaniso, pazvidzidzo zvekuchikoro vanocheka mifananidzo kubva mumabhuku aya,” anodaro Damitr.
Deepa Bhashti anonyora maari yeThe Calvert Journal kuti kana vachiverenga mabhuku esainzi, vanhu hapana chavaiziva uye vaisakwanisa kuziva nezvevanyori vavo. Kusiyana nemakirasi, ava vaiwanzova vashandiwo zvavo vemasangano ekutsvagisa:
“Iye zvino Indaneti yakandiudza [kwakabva mabhuku aya], pasina kana kapfungwa kekuti vanyori vacho, nezvenyaya dzavo. IInternet haisati yandiudza mazita aBabkov, Smirnov, Glushkov, Maron uye mamwe masayendisiti uye mainjiniya kubva kumasangano ehurumende vakanyora mabhuku pamusoro pezvinhu zvakaita sedhizaini yenhandare yendege, kutamisa kupisa uye kutamisa vanhu vakawanda, kuyerwa kweredhiyo nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Chishuvo changu chekuva nyanzvi yekuongorora nyeredzi (kusvikira yakaodzwa mwoyo nefizikiki kuchikoro chesekondari) yakabva mubhuku duku rebhuruu rinonzi Space Adventures at Home naF. Rabitsa. Ndakaedza kuziva kuti Rabitsa ndiani, asi hapana chinhu pamusoro pake pane chero saiti yezvinyorwa zveSoviet. Sezviri pachena, mazita ekutanga mushure mezita rangu rekupedzisira anofanira kundikwanira. Nhoroondo dzevanyori dzinogona kunge dzisina kufarira nyika yavakashandira. "
"Mabhuku andaifarira aive mabhuku aLev Tarasov," anodaro Damitr, "kunyura kwake mumusoro, kunzwisisa kwayo, kwaishamisa. Bhuku rokutanga randaverenga, akanyora pamwe chete nomudzimai wake Albina Tarasova. Yakanzi "Mibvunzo neMhinduro paChikoro Fizikisi." Ikoko, pfungwa dzakawanda dzisina kururama dzinobva muzvidzidzo zvechikoro dzinotsanangurwa nenzira yenhaurirano. Bhuku iri rakandijekesera zvakawanda. Bhuku rechipiri randaverenga kubva kwaari raive "Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics." Inoongorora quantum mechanics ine ese masvomhu akaomarara. Ikoko, zvakare, pane nhaurirano pakati pefizikisi yekare, munyori uye muverengi. Ndakaverengawo yake "Iyi Inoshamisa Symmetrical World", "Kukurukurirana pamusoro peRefraction yeChiedza", "Nyika Yakavakwa Pakubvira". Bhuku rimwe nerimwe idombo rinokosha uye ndine rombo rakanaka kukwanisa kuripa vamwe.”
Mabhuku akachengetwa sei mushure mekudonha kweUSSR
Pakazosvika ma80, kwakanga kune nhamba inoshamisa yemabhuku eSoviet muIndia. Sezvo dzakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda yomunzvimbomo, vana vechiIndia vakadzidza chaizvoizvo kurava mashoko avo echizvarwa mumabhuku echiRussian. Asi nekuparara kweMubatanidzwa zvese zvakamira kamwe kamwe. Panguva iyoyo, India yakanga yatove mudambudziko rakadzika rehupfumi, uye Ministry of Foreign Affairs yeRussia yakataura kuti yakanga isingafarire hukama hwakakosha neNew Delhi. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, vakarega kupa mari yokushandura nokubudiswa kwemabhuku muIndia. Pakazosvika ma2000, mabhuku eSoviet akanyangarika zvachose kubva mumasherufu.
Makore mashomanana chete akanga akakwana kuti mabhuku eSoviet akanganwe, asi nokupararira kukuru kweInternet, mukurumbira wayo mutsva wakatanga. Vanofarira vakaungana munharaunda paFacebook, vakanyorerana pamabloggi akasiyana, vakatsvaga mabhuku ese avaigona kuwana, ndokutanga kuadhijita.
Iyo firimu "Red Nyeredzi Yakarasika mumhute," pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, yakataura kuti vaparidzi vemazuva ano vakatora sei pfungwa yekusangounganidza uye kudhijita, asi kuburitsa zviri pamutemo mabhuku ekare. Kutanga vakaedza kutsvaga vaiva nekodzero, asi havana kukwanisa, saka vakabva vangotanga kuunganidza makopi akanga asara, vachiturikira zvakanga zvarasika zvakare, uye vachiisa mukudhinda.
Zvichiri kubva mufirimu "Red Stars Yakarasika mumhute."
Asi kana ngano dzaigona kukanganwika pasina tsigiro, zvinyorwa zvesainzi zvakaramba zvichidiwa sekare. Sekureva kwaDamitra, ichiri kushandiswa mumatunhu edzidzo:
“Mapurofesa navadzidzisi vakawanda vokuyunivhesiti, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinozivikanwa, vakandirumbidza mabhuku eSoviet. Vazhinji mainjiniya vachiri kushanda nhasi vakadzidza pasi pavo.
Kuzivikanwa kwanhasi kunokonzerwa nekuoma kwazvo IIT-JEE bvunzo yeinjiniya. Vadzidzi vazhinji nevadzidzisi vanongonamatira mabhuku eIrodov, Zubov, Shalnov naWolkenstein. Handina chokwadi kana mabhuku enganonyorwa eSoviet uye evana achifarirwa nechizvarwa chemazuva ano, asi Solution yaIrodov yeBasic Problems in Physics ichiri kuzivikanwa sechiyero chegoridhe.
Kubasa kwaDamitra, kwaanodhijita mabhuku.
Nekudaro, kuchengetedza uye kuparidzirwa - kunyangwe mabhuku esainzi - ichiri chiitiko chevashoma vanofarira: "Sekuziva kwangu, vanhu vashoma chete kunze kwangu vanotora mabhuku eSoviet, ichi hachisi chiitiko chakajairika. Gore negore kune mabhuku mashoma uye mashoma ane butiro rakasimba; pamusoro pazvo, okupedzisira awo akabudiswa anopfuura makore makumi matatu apfuura. Kune nzvimbo shoma uye shoma uko mabhuku eSoviet anogona kuwanikwa. Nguva zhinji ndaifunga kuti bhuku randakawana ndiro kopi yokupedzisira kuvapo.
Kunze kwezvo, kuzviunganidza kwebhuku ibasa rinofaya. Ndinoziva vanhu vashoma kwazvo (kunyangwe ndichigara muchikoro) vane mabhuku anopfuura gumi nemaviri kumba.
Mabhuku aLev Tarasov achiri kudhindwazve mudzimba dzakasiyana siyana dzekuRussia. Akaramba achinyora mushure mekuparara kweMubatanidzwa, pavakanga vasisaendeswe kuIndia. Asi handiyeuki zita rake richizivikanwa zvikuru pakati pedu. Kunyange injini dzekutsvaga pamapeji ekutanga dzinoratidza zvakasiyana zvachose Lvov Tarasovs. Hameno kuti Damitr aizofungei pamusoro peizvi?
Kana kuti vaparidzi vangafungei kana vakaziva kuti "Mir", "Kufambira mberi" uye "Rainbow", vane mabhuku avanoda kubudisa, vachiripo, asi zvinoratidzika chete mumabhuku ezvinyorwa zvepamutemo. Uye apo imba yekutsikisa yeMir yakatsva, nhaka yavo yebhuku ndiyo yaive yekupedzisira nyaya yakakurukurwa gare gare.
Iye zvino vane maonero akasiyana kune USSR. Ini pachangu ndine zvakawanda zvinopikisana mukati pamusoro pake. Asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, kunyora nokubvuma kuna Damitro kuti hapana chandaiziva pamusoro paikoku kwakanga kuri nenzira yakati kunonyadzisa uye kunosuruvarisa.
Source: www.habr.com