Izwi pamusoro pemaitiro, kana isu tese zvishoma .
Kuenderera mberi kwemifungo pamusoro pemusoro wehungwaru, zvese zvakasikwa uye zvekugadzira (AI), Chikamu Chekutanga
Mubvunzo wakaoma: Munhu wacho ava kugara? Aiwa, patinofamba mumugwagwa uye tichinyatsofunga nezvenyika yakatipoteredza, tinoita zvishoma kana zvishoma nguva chaiyo... Kunyange zvazvo chaizvoizvo - chero bedzi zvatinoona zvichipfuura nenzira dzemazuva ose ekuzivikanwa / kusarudzwa - zvose izvi zvichange zvichangoitika, asi zvichiri zvekare. Avo. munhu anorarama kare here?
Somuenzaniso: uri kufamba mumugwagwa uye unoona imbwa. Kana motokari. Chero zvazvingava, kana tiri kutaura pamusoro penguva, ruzivo urwu rwatove rwekare. Kana tikashanda nedata rakapfuura nemaitiro edu ese ekuziva (uye uropi huri kure nekarukureta inokurumidza!) isu hatingango fambirana nenyika! Imbwa icharwisa kana, pane kudaro, ichitiza, uye chido chako chekuipuruzira kuseri kwenzeve chicharamba chisina kuzadzikiswa, uye motokari ichakurova kana kupfuura, kunyange zvazvo iri motokari yawaida "kubata."
Asi tenda Mwari kuti hazviitike nenzira iyoyo, uye heino chikonzero: uropi hunoshanda zvakasiyana. Chiyero chekuona hachisi chinhu, kana seti yezvinhu, asi maitiro. Imbwa iri kumhanya. Kwauri kana kubva kwauri. Kana kuti haamhanyi, asi anorara pasi, somuenzaniso. Iyo mota zvakare yakamira (munzvimbo yekupaka), kana kufamba neimwe nzira. Muzviitiko zvese, iwe unoona maitiro anowedzera nekufamba kwenguva uye, maererano, ane kumwe kusimudzira mune ramangwana. Kana ndichiti tinoona zviitiko sezviri kuitika nekufamba kwenguva, iyi haisi dimikira. Ita chiedzo - tora gumi nemaviri mafoto (kureva, mapikicha echokwadi) uye tsanangura zvaunoona. Pano pane vanhu vakati wandei mumba, vari kupopotedzana, kana kuti pano munhu ari kufamba mumugwagwa, kana kuti pano akagara achiona TV, uye heino mumwe munhu ari kuverenga bhuku. Aya ese maitiro akawedzerwa munguva! Iwe unoona snapshot sechinhu chine yekuwedzera. Iwe hauzive kuti ungazviita sei neimwe nzira, nekuti ndiyo mashandiro anoita uropi: inodzidziswa kuziva maitiro, uye kwete ega zvinhu pachikuva. Sezvakangoita kwete maziso-mhino-muromo, asi chiso chakazara (mhoroi, convolutional neural network).
Nyika ine maitiro, kwete zvinhu. Kana ndikakubvunza kuti chii apple, ipapo vanhu vakuru vazhinji vachataura kuti ndizvo muchero, uye vana - chii? zvokudya. Asi ese ari maviri rondedzero tsananguro, nekuti yekutanga inoreva kuti apuro iyi inomera pamuti, uye inoshumira muti wekubereka, uye yechipiri ndiyo iyo zvinodyika. Hapana kana imwe kana imwe yakabatana nemaitiro akananga eapuro - chimiro, ruvara, ukuru ... Nokuti maitiro anobvumira kuzivikanwa, asi haabvumiri kushandiswa, kana kunzwisisa kwaanoshandiswa kunze kwenyika, i.e. tsanangura maitiro.
Kana tikatora gakava rakajairwa pamusoro pechimiro chenguva, ipapo zvinyorwa zvekare zvichange zviri pamusoro pekusachinja kwekare (kunze kwemamiriro ekufamba kwenguva), kukosha kwezvino (pane chinguvana ... π), uye ramangwana, iro risati ravapo, zvinoreva kuti rinogona kuchinjwa. Kana tichitaura nezvechinangwa chaicho, zvinogona kunge zvakadaro. Zvisinei, munhu anogara mune yake pachake, subjective muenzaniso wenyika, uye ipapo zvose zvinenge zvakapesana!
Nguva yakapfuura haina kupotsa isingachinji sezvatinoda. Kugara achigamuchira ruzivo rutsva, munhu anovaka zvekare kuti abvise kupesana (iwe waifunga kuti Pyotr Stepanych akanga ari pahurukuro yekusiirana, uye ari kubuda muchikwata che strip ... Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana, iye, muvaraidzi, haana kuenda uye zvachose ... ) Panguva imwecheteyo, ramangwana rako rekuzvimiririra rinogara riri muzvinhu zvakawanda (chero zvazvingava, musi weChishanu ndine doro nebhora!) Uyezve, kuve nechinangwa chakananga mune ramangwana, haungovaka ketani yemaitiro mune reverse kurongeka (Kuti uve mutungamiriri wekambani hombe, unofanirwa kupedza kubva kuyunivhesiti yakakurumbira ine dhipuroma, nekuda kweizvi iwe unofanirwa kutanga wanyoresa mairi, nekuda kweizvi iwe unofanirwa kupasa Unified State Exam zvakanaka, uye kudzidza basa rako rechikoro!), asi zvakare zvinokwanisika kuti mukuita uku iwe uchaenda mune yakapfuura (Hatina here shamwari/vatinozivana navo vakatomuka uye vakawana ma connections uye vaigona kubatsira mwana kuyunivhesiti?) - sei usingapikisane nemanzwiro? π
Zvisinei, ndinombomira zvishoma. Kunyange zvakadaro, chinhu chikuru chandaida kuisa pfungwa pachiri maitiro. Ndine chokwadi chakadzama kuti inogona AI haifanirwe kudzidziswa pamifananidzo kana mavhidhiyo. Convolutional network ine mazinga maviri (minimum) - uye kutaura zvazviri aya maviri akasiyana network: imwe inodzidziswa kuwana mamwe graphic mapatani mumufananidzo mbishi, yechipiri inobata nekubuda kwekutanga - i.e. neruzivo rwakatogadzirwa uye rwakagadzirirwa. Kuti ubudirire kupindirana nenyika yeAI, chinhu chimwe chete chinodiwa: pane imwe (kwete yekutanga) nhanho panofanirwa kunge paine network inogamuchira sekuisa mepu yemaitiro akazarurwa nekufamba kwenguva. Pfungwa dze "kutanga" uye "kuguma", "kufamba", "shanduko", "kubatanidza" uye "kupatsanura" ndizvo izvo network inofanira kudzidza kushanda nayo.
Ndine chokwadi chekuti avo vanoshanda pamutambo AI, seAlpha Go, vanonzwisisa iyi nzira kana imwe. Zvichida nzira dziripo dzakati siyanei, asi hunhu hwakafanana: mamiriro azvino pabhodhi (uye mukuvandudzwa kwemafambiro mashoma ekupedzisira) anoongororwa nezve "zviri kuitika mune zvese." Uye zvichienderana nekuti yakawanda sei zvinoitika zvinoenderana nezvinofanira kuitika, isu tinosarudza isu pachedu.
Zvakanyanya kuoma kutaura nezve zano / maitiro kana iyo yekuisa iri mufananidzo kubva kune sensors. Uye zvakasiyana-siyana - yakagadzirirwa vector ine kuparara kwakakwana kwemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino mumitambo ine ruzivo rwakakwana (funga mufananidzo wakazara wenyika) ibasa rinogoneka zvachose, sezvinoratidzwa nemaitiro. Nekudaro, kana iyo convolutional network yematanho ekutanga yakaratidza zvinhu, uye nhanho dzinotevera dzinoongorora zvinhu izvi musimba, kuona maitiro (anozivikanwa kubva pakudzidziswa, semuenzaniso) anozadzisa iyo data yakawanikwa kare, zvino zvinoita sekunge zvinogoneka kushanda neizvi. ..
Mibvunzo yenyanzvi:
Ndezvechokwadi sei, tichifunga zviri kuitika muneural network, kuita zvingangoita zvinotevera:
Pamukova, ngatitii chiratidzo chevhidhiyo inoenderera, pamwe stereo. Sesarudzo: ine madhigirii akati wandei erusununguko (kukwanisa kutenderedza kamera - zvisina tsarukano, kana zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso). Nekudaro, kana zvichidikanwa, chiratidzo chevhidhiyo chinogona kuwedzeredzwa / kutsiviwa nedzimwe nzira dzekuona nzvimbo - kubva ku sonar kuenda kune lidar.
Kunyatsotauraβ¦kupinza kunogona kuva chero chinhu nguva chaiyo kuyerera - kunyange kutaura / zvinyorwa, kunyange zvinyorwa zvemari, asi ... Muchiito chiri pasi pekufungisisa, zviri nyore kwandiri kuti ndivimbe nemuenzaniso chete wepfungwa inowanikwa kwandiri kuti ndidzidze zvakananga - zvangu! ) Uye mune iyi "muenzaniso" chiteshi chekunzwa hachipfuuri makwikwi!
Pakubuda:
- Mepu yakadzama (kana kamera yakamira) kana mepu yenzvimbo. nzvimbo (yakasimba kamera / lidar, nezvimwewo);
ZvechiiIzvo zvinodikanwa kana isu tichida kuve neiyo chaiyo spatial kurongeka kwezvinhu kuongorora kudyidzana kwavo. Muchiitiko ichi, mufananidzo kubva kukhamera inongova mbiri-dimensional fungidziro yenzvimbo yepamusoro-dimensional, uye mamwe shanduko anodiwa.
- Kusarudzika kwezvinhu zvega (tichifunga nezve kudzika / nzvimbo mepu, uye kwete chete / kwete yakawanda inooneka contours);
- Kuzivikanwa kwezvinhu zvinofamba (kumhanya / kukurumidza, kuvaka / kufanotaura kwetrajectory (?));
- Hierarchical kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvinoenderana nechero hunhu hwakabviswa (chimiro / zviyero / ruvara / nuances yekufamba / Chikamu zvikamu (?)). Avo. kunyanya kubvisa metrics ye .
pamusoro pehumamboZvichida izwi rokuti "Hierarchical" harina kukodzera zvachose munyaya iyi. Ini ndaida kusimbisa kugona kusarudza metrics chero nguva kuti pakati pavo zvakatibvumira kufunga maviri akasiyana seti yemetrics sepfungwa imwe. "Mota dzvuku" uye "bhazi rebhuruu" rinofanira kugadzirwa sei mune pfungwa ye "motokari", semuenzaniso.
Zvakakosha kuti: Kana zvichikwanisika, iyo system haina kufanodzidziswa. Avo. zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinogona kuiswa pasi (semuenzaniso, convolutional network yeyekutanga layer, yekuonesa contours/geometry), asi inofanirwa kudzidza kusarudza zvinhu uye gare gare inozviziva pachayo.
- Uye, pakupedzisira, kugadzira kutsvaira (zvichienderana nemapoinzi 1,4, i.e. mepu yepakati inotora muakaunti metrics) nenguva (parizvino, padanho rino reinocherechedzwa nguva), kuitira kuita ongororo maererano nemapoinzi 2. -4, pamwe nekuona: maitiro / zviitiko (izvo chaizvo shanduko nekufamba kwenguva nhanho 3) uye yavo cluster classification (nhanho 4).
Zvekare: kubva pamufananidzo kubva kuma sensors, isu tinotanga taburitsa tsananguro yenyika mune yakanyatsogadzirirwa fomu, yakamisikidzwa zvinoenderana neyakabviswa maficha uye yakakamurwa kwete kuita pixels, asi muzvinhu. Zvadaro tinowedzera nyika inosanganisira zvinhu nenguva uye akagamuchira "mufananidzo wenyika" tinozvidyisa kune iyo yekupinza yetiweki inotevera, iyo inoshanda nayo nenzira imwechete iyo yakapfuura mitsara yakashanda nemufananidzo wekunzwa. Iko uko macontours ezvinhu akajekeswa, "makona" ezvinoitika zvinoramba zvichiratidzwa. Chimiro chehukama chezvinhu zviri muchadenga chakafanana nechikonzero-uye-mhedzisiro hukama hwemaitiro munguva ... Chinhu chakadaro.
Sezvingabvira, mushure meizvi, sisitimu inofanirwa kuziva maitiro nezvikamu zvadzo (sezvo ichikwanisa kuona mifananidzo, iine chidimbu chayo chete, kana se ), uye semhedzisiro, kufanofanotaura ivo vari vaviri kumberi uye kumashure munguva, kuwedzera modhi yedanho rechishanu risingaperi mumativi ese. Zvakare, sezvingabvira, kuve neruzivo rwemagadzirirwo ehurongwa, iyo sisitimu inogona kuona, kubva kune akati wandei ane hukama maitiro emuno, akakura, epasi rose maitiro uye, semhedzisiro, akajeka, akavanzika maitiro ayo ari chikamu chakakosha cheanozivikanwa epasirese, asi hazvionekwe zvakananga.
Uye chinhu chekupedzisira: kuve neyakagadziriswa mamiriro ehurongwa mune ramangwana (apo chete akakosha mametrics eHilbert anogadziriswa, ane dudziro yemahara yezvasara, zvisina kukosha kukosha) - network inokwanisa "kufunga" kuzorora?
Zvakanaka, ndizvo. dai chaive chifananidzo chakapihwa zvimedu zviviri zvisina hukama, network yakadzidziswa pane imwe sampuli yaigona kupedzisa "inopindirana" mufananidzo wakakwana here? Muenzaniso munyaya iyi inguva dzakafanana dzenguva kubva pane zvakaitika, zvimedu ndizvo zvazvino uye zvinotsanangurwa. Mhedzisiro: "nyaya" inowirirana inobatanidza imwe neimwe ...
Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti ichi chinenge chatova hwaro hwakakosha hwekumwe ongororo:
- kubatanidzwa kwezviito zvako mu "nhoroondo", kana zvichibvira / zvichidiwa
- kukoshesa kwe "zvakasikwa" chikonzero-uye-maitiro maitiro pamusoro peasingadzoreki stochastic emissions (dambudziko reroulette)
- imwe shanduro yekuda kuziva, i.e. kushingaira kuziva kwemaitiro kuburikidza nekuita ... nezvimwe
PS Ndinobvuma zvizere kuti ndangobva kugadzira gumbo, uye vanhu vane ruzivo vave vachishandisa mazano aya mukuita kwenguva yakareba. π Muchiitiko ichi, ndinokukumbira "kupinza mhino yako" mune zvakakosha. Uye zvingave zvakanaka chose kana paine tsananguro yakadzama yematambudziko akakosha eiyi nzira kana chikonzero chekuti nei isingashande musimboti.
PPS Ndinoziva kuti zvinyorwa hazvina kunaka, uye pfungwa yacho inosvetuka kubva kune imwe ichienda kune imwe, asi ndaida chaizvo kubvunza vanhu vashoma mibvunzo iyi (chikamu che "mubvunzo kune nyanzvi"), uye izvi zvakaoma kuita pasina zvishoma mharidzo. (uye ndakanga ndichiriverenga zvakare ikozvino, uye ndakaona kuti zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru kunzwisisa) zvakashanda chinangwa chayo: Ndakagamuchira hurukuro dzakawanda dzaive dzakakosha kwandiri ... Ndinotarisira kuti inoshandawo panguva ino zvakare! π
Source: www.habr.com