Manyorero evaMayan ndiwo ega maitiro ekunyora akakwana muAmerica, asi nekuda kwekuedza kwevakundi veSpain vakashinga, kwakakanganwika zvachose muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Nekudaro, zviuru zvezviratidzo izvi zvakachengetedzwa pamatombo akavezwa, frescoes uye ceramics, uye muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mudzidziwo zvake weSoviet akapedza kudzidza akauya nepfungwa yakaita kuti zvikwanise kudzidudzira. Uye chinyorwa ichi chicharatidza kuti iyi system inoshanda sei.
Kunyora kweMayan i logosyllabic (verbal-syllabic) system, umo zviratidzo zvizhinji zviri. , zvinoreva mazwi kana pfungwa (semuenzaniso, "nhoo" kana "jaguar"), uye diki - , iyo inomiririra manzwi ezwi rimwe nerimwe (“pa”, “ma”) uye kuona manzwi eshoko racho.
Pakazara, anenge 5000 magwaro akapona kusvikira nhasi, kubva kune iyo epigraphic masayendisiti akawana zvinopfuura chiuru glyphs. Mazhinji acho akasiyana emavara akafanana (allographs) kana ane ruzha rwakafanana (homophones). Nenzira iyi, tinogona kuziva "chete" nezve 500 hieroglyphs, iyo yakawanda kupfuura maarufabheti atakajaira, asi zvishoma pane maChinese ane 12 mavara. Tsanangudzo yefonetiki inozivikanwa ne000% yezviratidzo izvi, uye zvinoreva semantic inozivikanwa chete ne80%, asi decoding yavo inoenderera.
Manyoro ekutanga anozivikanwa echiMaya anobva muzana ramakore rechitatu BC, uye azvino kubva mukukunda kweSpanish muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX AD. Kunyorwa uku kwakanyangarika zvachose muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, apo umambo hweMayan hwokupedzisira hwakakundwa.
Tsuro nyora pa
Maitiro ekuverenga Mayan hieroglyphs
Dambudziko rekutanga pakudzidza maMayan hieroglyphs nderekuti dhizaini yavo yaive yakachinjika zvekuti kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekunyora izwi rimwechete pasina kushandura kuverenga kana zvinoreva. Hongu, raive basa rekugadzira, uye vanyori veMayan vaiita sevainakidzwa nazvo uye vachishandisa zvizere rusununguko rwavo rwekugadzira:
Tsanangudzo shoma# Mumienzaniso, kududzira kweMayan hieroglyphs muLatin alphabet inosimbiswa nemavara matema. Muchiitiko ichi, mavara makuru anoratidza LOGRAMS, uye vadiki - syllabograms. Transcription iri mumabhii akatsveyama uye shanduro iri mumakotesheni “”.
SechiLatin system, mazwi echiMayan akaumbwa nemavara akati wandei ane hukama, asi nekuda kwechimiro chemufananidzo wekunyora, iwo aive akaomarara kuona neziso risina kudzidziswa pane akajairwa alfabheti masisitimu.
Boka remavara anoumba izwi rinonzi block kana glyph complex. Chiratidzo chikuru chebhuroko chinonzi chiratidzo chikuru, uye zvidiki zvakanamirwa pazviri zvinonzi affixes.
Kazhinji, mavara mune glyph block anoverengwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi uye kumusoro kusvika pasi. Saizvozvo, zvinyorwa zveMayan zvinonyorwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi uye kumusoro kusvika pasi mumakoramu emabhuroko maviri.
Logograms
Logograms zviratidzo zvinomiririra zvinoreva uye mataurirwo ezwi rakazara. Kunyangwe mune yedu alfabheti-fonetiki yekunyora sisitimu, zvichibva paarufabheti yechiLatin, tinoshandisa logograms:
- @ (commercial at): inoshandiswa mumakero eemail nemasocial network, yakatanga kushandiswa mumagwaro ekubhadhara pachinzvimbo chezwi rechirungu rokuti, rinoreva kuti “pa[mutengo]”
- £: pound sterling chiratidzo
- & (ampersand): inotsiva mubatanidzwa "uye"
Mazhinji emavara muMayan hieroglyphic kunyora ma logograms:
Sisitimu inongosanganisira marogogiramu yaizonyanya kunetsa, nekuti yaizoda chiratidzo chakasiyana chechinhu chimwe nechimwe, pfungwa kana manzwiro. Kana tichienzanisa, kunyangwe iyo alphabet yechiChinese, ine mavara anopfuura zviuru gumi nezviviri, haisi iyo logographic system.
Syllabograms
Mukuwedzera kune logograms, maMayans akashandisa syllabograms, izvo zvakaita kuti zvibvirire kusaputira alfabheti uye kuchengetedza kushanduka kwegadziriro.
Syllabogram kana phonogram chiratidzo chefonetiki chinoratidza syllable. Mumitauro yeMayan, rinoshanda sesyllable SG (konsonanti-vhawero) kana sesyllable S(G), (izwi rekonzonendi risina mavhawero anoperekedza).
Kazhinji, mutauro weMayan unotevera konsonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pateni, uye zvinoenderana nemusimboti. mavhawero echinyaudzo chekupedzisira muzwi kazhinji anodzvanywa:
Sezvineiwo, chero izwi rakanyorwa mulogogiramu raigona kunyorwa zvachose mumasyllabograms. VaMayan vekare vaiwanzoita izvi, asi havana kumbosiya zvachose logograms.
Kuwedzerwa kwefonetiki
Foniti yekuwedzera ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pevaMayans. Iyi isyllabogram inobatsira pakuverenga marogogiramu ane chirevo chinopfuura chimwe kana anoratidza mataurirwo esyllable yekutanga, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga.
Mumuenzaniso uri pasi apa, chiratidzo che "dombo" (mu grey) igiramufomu yezwi rokuti "ku", iro rinoshandiswa mumashoko okuti "ahk" "turtle" kana "kutz" "turkey" (izwi rekupedzisira revhavha. inodonhedzwa mune ese ari maviri). Asi pakurinyora sezwi rakasiyana, chirevo chefonetiki "ni" chinowedzerwa kwairi, icho chinosimbisa kuti zvirokwazvo ishoko rekuti "dombo":
Semantic determinants uye diacritics
Semantic madimikira uye madhizari emakaki anobatsira muverengi kunzwisisa mataurirwo kana zvinoreva izwi, asi, kusiyana nefonetiki inopedzisa, haidudzirwe chero nzira.
Iyo semantic determinant inotsanangura polysemantic logograms. Muenzaniso wakanaka we semantic determinant ndeyekushongedza muganhu wakakomberedza mufananidzo kana mavara. Inoshandiswa kuratidza mazuva mukati :
Diacritic markers inosarudza mataurirwo eglyph. Mitauro yeEurope ine zviratidzo zvakajairika, semuenzaniso.
- cedille : muchiFrench, inoratidza kuti vara c rinodudzwa sa s pane k, semuenzaniso façade
- Diaresis: muchiGerman, inoratidza kuchinjika mberi kwemavhawero /a/, /o/ kana /u/, semuenzaniso, schön [ʃøːn] - "akanaka", schon [ʃoːn] - "kare".
Mukunyora kweMayan, mucherechedzo wakajairwa wedhiacritic madoti maviri kumusoro (kana pasi) kona yekuruboshwe yebhuroko remaglyphs. Anoratidza kumuverengi kudzokororwa kweshoko. Saka mumuenzaniso uri pazasi syllable "ka" inodzokororwa:
Polyphony uye homophony
Polyphony uye homophony inowedzera kuomesa kunyora kweMayan. Nepolyphony, chiratidzo chimwechete chinodudzwa uye chinoverengwa zvakasiyana. MuchiMayan hieroglyphic kunyora, semuenzaniso, izwi rekuti tuun uye syllable ku zvinomiririrwa nechiratidzo chimwe chete:
zvinoreva kuti inzwi rimwe chete rinomiririrwa nezviratidzo zvakasiyana. Saka, mukunyora kweMayan, mazwi okuti "nyoka", "mana" uye "denga" anodudzwa zvakafanana, asi akanyorwa zvakasiyana:
Kurongeka kweshoko
Kusiyana neChirungu, iyo inoshandisa Nyaya-Verb-Object kuvaka, mutauro weMayan unoshandisa Verb-Object-Subject order. Sezvo magwaro ekare echiMayan ehieroglyphic achiwanzotanga nemusi uye asina anopindirana, chimiro chechirevo chinowanzozivikanwa chingave Date-Verb-Subject.
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvakawanikwa zvakatemerwa pazvivakwa zvinoyemurika uye zvinotsanangura hupenyu hwemadzimambo uye nhoroondo dzemadzinza. Mune zvinyorwa zvakadaro, mazuva anotora kusvika ku80% yenzvimbo. Mazwi echiito anowanzo kumiririrwa nerimwe kana maviri mabhuroko emaglyphs, achiteverwa nemazita marefu uye mazita.
Mazita
VaMaya vaive nemaseti maviri emazita. Seti A yakashandiswa neshanduko dzechiito uye Seti B ine intransitive verbs. Kazhinji kazhinji, vaMayans vaishandisa zvisazitavanhu zvemunhu wechitatu (“iye, iye, iye,” “iye, iye, wake”) kubva pakarongwa A. Zvipauro kubva pachikamu ichi zvinoshandiswa nemazita nezviito. Munhu wechitatu mumwechete anoumbwa nezvirevo zvinotevera:
- u- pamberi pemazwi kana zviito zvinotanga nekonzonendi
- ya-, ye-, yi-, yo-, yu- pamberi pemazwi kana zviito zvinotanga nemavhawero a, e, i, o, u, zvichiteerana.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, zviratidzo zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa:
Chero yeaya mavara anogona kushandiswa kumiririra wechitatu munhu mumwechete:
Cherechedza /u/ chivakashure mumuenzaniso wekutanga. Iyi ishanduro yakapfava yemunhu wekutanga mumutsetse wechitatu wemufananidzo wapfuura.
Syllabograms echivakashure -ya:
Kune iwe-:
Mumuenzaniso uri pazasi, iyo ye- sign yakanyorwa seruoko:
Zveyi:
Mumuenzaniso uyu, yi inotenderedzwa 90 ° counterclockwise nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekunaka:
Kwayo-:
Kwa yu-:
Mazita
VaMaya vaive nemhando mbiri dzemazita: "ane" uye "absolute" (asina pfuma).
Mazita akazara haana affixes, kunze maviri:
- chivakashure -inoreva nhengo dzemuviri
- chivakashure -aj chinoratidza zvinhu zvinopfekwa nevanhu zvakaita sezvishongo
Zvepabonde
Mumutauro weMayan hamuna murume kana murume, kunze kwemazita anotsanangura basa kana chinzvimbo, semuenzaniso, "munyori", "mambokadzi", "mambo", zvichingodaro. Pamazwi akadaro tinoshandisa:
- chivakashure Ix- chevakadzi
- chivakashure Aj- chevarume
Vhesi
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvekare zveMayan zvakachengetwa pazvivakwa zvinokura, uye zvinotaurira nhoroondo dzevatongi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dzinenge zviito zvese zvinonyorwa mumunhu wechitatu uye zvinowanikwa pakarepo mushure memazuva. Kazhinji kazhinji mune zvinyorwa zvakadaro kune mazwi asingachinji asingakwanisi kubatanidza zvinhu.
Kunguva yakapfuura (iyo ichiri kukurukurwa) chivakashure ichi -iiy, uye mune ramangwana chivakashure ichi -oom:
Kazhinji mushure mechiito unokwanisa kuona chiratidzo -aj, chinoshandura shanduko (inokwanisa kudzora chinhu) mudzi kuita chiito chisingachinji, semuenzaniso, chuhk-aj ("abatwa"):
Imwe yemhando dzechiito cheshanduko inocherechedzwa nyore nyore nechivakashure u- (chirevamwene chemunhu wechitatu) nechivakashure -aw. Somuenzaniso, nezvekutanga kwekutonga, zvinyorwa zvinoshandisa mutsara uch'am-aw K'awiil - "anotora K'awiil" (vatongi veMayan havana kugamuchira chigaro, asi tsvimbo, inofananidzira munhu. ):
Zvikumbiro
Muzvinyorwa zvekare zvechiMayan, zvirevo zvinotangira mazita, uye syllable (-al, -ul, -el, -il, -ol) inowedzerwa kune zita, ichitevera mutemo we synharmony. Saka chirevo che "moto" ndicho k'ahk ' ("moto") + -al = k'ahk'al:
Kwakabva Mayan kunyora
Kunyora kweMayan kwakanga kusiri kwekutanga kunyorera muMesoamerica. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura zvaitendwa kuti yakabva (kana Epiolmec) kunyora, asi muna 2005 zvakawanikwa , iyo yakanonoka kusikwa kwekunyora kweMayan.
Nzira dzekutanga dzekunyora muMesoamerica dzinotendwa kuti dzakaonekwa munguva dzekupedzisira dzeOlmec (circa 700-500 BC), ndokuzopatsanurwa kuita tsika mbiri:
- kuchamhembe munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeMexico
- kumaodzanyemba munzvimbo dzakakwirira uye mujinga meGuatemala uye mudunhu reMexico reChiapas.
Kunyora kweMayan ndekwetsika yechipiri. Mavara ekutanga mapendi mukati (Guatemala, 3rd century BC) uye zvinyorwa pamatombo masiki ematongo (Belize, muzana remakore rekutanga BC).
Mavara ekutanga eMayan uye mufananidzo
Kutsanangura kunyora kweMayan
/ Pano nekuwedzera ndakawedzera chinyorwa chepakutanga nezvinhu kubva kudzimba - approx. muturikiri/
Kududzirwa kwekunyora kweMayan kwakatora zana nehafu. Inotsanangurwa mumabhuku akawanda, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Michael Co. Firimu repamhepo rakagadzirwa zvichibva pariri muna 2008.
Zvinyorwa zveMayan zvakatanga kubudiswa muma1810, apo mabhuku eMayan akachengetedzwa nenzira inoshamisa akawanikwa mumabhuku eEuropean archives, ayo ainzi macodex nekufananidza neEurope. Vakakwezva kutarisa, uye muma1830s, ongororo yakazara yenzvimbo dzeMayan muGuatemala neBelize yakatanga.
Muna 1862, mupristi weFrance yakawanikwa muRoyal Academy yeNhoroondo muMadrid iyo "Chirevo cheNyaya muYucatan," chinyorwa chakanyorwa munenge muna 1566 naBhishopi weYucatan, Diego de Landa. De Landa mugwaro iri akaedza zvisizvo kufananidza maMayan glyphs nearufabheti yechiSpanish:
Pasinei nenzira iyi isina kururama, chinyorwa chaDe Landa chakaita basa guru mukutsanangura kunyora kweMayan. Kuchinja kwakaitika kuma1950.
Yuri Knorozov, 19.11.1922/30.03.1999/XNUMX - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX
Maererano neimwe ngano, muna May 1945, nyanzvi yezvombo Yuri Knorozov akawana mabhuku akagadzirirwa kubudiswa muPrussian State Library mumatongo aipisa eBerlin. Imwe yacho yakave isingawanzo kudhindwa yevatatu vasara maMayan makodhi. Knorozov, akadzidza padhipatimendi renhoroondo yeKharkov University pamberi peuto, akatanga kufarira zvinyorwa izvi, mushure mehondo akapedza kudzidza kubva kudhipatimendi renhoroondo yeMoscow State University ndokutanga kutsanangura kunyora kweMayan. Aya ndiwo matsanangurirwo enyaya iyi naMayanist Michael Ko, asi angangodaro Knorozov, akasangana nekupera kwehondo muuto remauto pedyo neMoscow, akashongedza chokwadi muhurukuro yega kuitira kuvhundutsa waaishanda naye wekuAmerica.
Nzvimbo huru yaKnorozov yekufarira yaive dzidziso yezviunganidzo, uye akatanga kutsanangura kunyora kwevaMayan kwete netsaona, asi nechinangwa chekuyedza mukuita pfungwa dzake pamusoro pemisimboti yekutsinhana ruzivo kune vanhu vese. "Hapana chinoitwa nemunhu chisingagoni kunzwisiswa nemumwe."
Iva sezvazvingave, zvichibva pakudhirowa kwemakodhekisi matatu eMayan uye manyoro eLa Landa, Knorozov akaziva kuti zviratidzo mu "Report on Affairs muYucatan" haisi tsamba, asi masirabheli.
Knorozov nzira
Mukutsanangurwa kwemudzidzi waKnorozov, Chiremba we Historical Sciences G. Ershova, nzira yake yakaita seyiyi:
Danho rekutanga isarudzo yemaitiro edzidziso: kumisa nzira yetsamba pakati pezviratidzo uye kuverenga kwavo mumamiriro ezvinhu umo mutauro usingazivikanwe kana kuti wachinja zvakanyanya.
Nhanho yechipiri - kuverenga kwakaringana kwefonitiki yehieroglyphs, sezvo iyi ndiyo yega mukana wekuverenga mazwi asingazivikanwe umo mavara anozivikanwa anowanikwa.
Danho rechitatu ndiko kushandiswa kweiyo positional statistics nzira. Mhando yekunyora (ideographic, morphemic, syllabic, alfabheti) inotarwa nehuwandu hwemavara uye kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwemavara. Zvadaro kuwanda kwekushandiswa uye zvinzvimbo umo chiratidzo ichi chinoonekwa zvinoongororwa - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mabasa ezviratidzo anotemwa. Iyi data inofananidzwa nezvinhu , izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuziva zvivakamutauro, semantic referents, mudzi uye sevhisi morphemes. Ipapo kuverenga kwekutanga kuumbwa kwezviratidzo kunotangwa.
Danho rechina rinoratidza hieroglyphs inogona kuverengwa uchishandisa "Report on Affairs muYucatan" sekiyi. Knorozov akacherechedza kuti chiratidzo che "cu" kubva muzvinyorwa zveLa Landa mumakodhi eMayan akatevera chimwe chiratidzo uye vaviri ava vaibatanidzwa nemufananidzo weTurkey. Shoko rechiMayan rokuti “turkey” ndi“kutz”—uye Knorozov akafunga kuti kana “cu” chaiva chiratidzo chokutanga, ipapo chechipiri chinofanira kuva “tzu” (chero bedzi vowel yokupedzisira yadonhedzwa). Kuti aedze modhi yake, Knorozov akatanga kutsvaga mumakodhesi egiripi achitanga nechiratidzo chekuti “tzu”, ndokuchiwana chiri pamusoro pemufananidzo wembwa (tzul):
Details kubva и codes
Danho rechishanu - kuyambuka-kuverenga kunoenderana nezviratidzo zvinozivikanwa.
Nhanho yechitanhatu - kusimbiswa kwekutonga kwe synharmony. Chiratidzo chimwe chetecho chaigona kureva syllable uye inzwi rakasiyana. Zvakazoitika kuti zviratidzo zvemanzwi ega ega zvaifanira kuva nemavhawero anoenderana nemofime.
Danho rechinomwe chiratidzo chokuti pamazwi ose evhawero mukunyora kweMayan kwaiva nezviratidzo zvakazvimiririra zvakapiwa muDe Landa alphabet.
Danho resere - ongororo yezvinyorwa. Knorozov akatsunga kuti zvinyorwa zvitatu izvi zvine mavara 355 akasiyana, asi nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemagraphemes uye allographs, nhamba yavo yakaderedzwa kusvika pa287, asi isingasviki 255 inoverengwa - mamwe ese akatsveyamiswa zvakanyanya kana angave akasiyana ezvinozivikanwa. characters.
Danho repfumbamwe - kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwemashoko. Patani inotevera yabuda: paunofamba nepakati pezvinyorwa, nhamba yemavara matsva inodzikira, asi haisviki zero. Zviratidzo zvaiva nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakwana uye dzine hukama: chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezviratidzo zvose zvakawanikwa mune imwe hieroglyph; zvingangoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvakashandiswa mune isingasviki makumi mashanu hieroglyphs, asi mavara ega aive akajairika zvakanyanya.
Nhanho yegumi ndeyekutsunga kwegiramatical referents, izvo zvaive zvakakodzera kuongorora kuumbwa kwehieroglyphs. Yu. Knorozov akapedza nguva yakawanda achitarisa kurongeka kwekunyora mavara ega ega mumabhuroko. Maererano nenzvimbo yavo mumutsara, akakamura hieroglyphs aya mumapoka matanhatu. Kuongororwa kwekuenderana kwavo nezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva zviratidzo zvegirama - iyo huru uye yechipiri nhengo dzemutsara. Zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana mukati mezvivharo zvehieroglyphic zvinomiririra zvirevo uye mazwi ekushanda. Mushure meizvi, basa rakatanga nemaduramazwi uye kuwedzera nhamba yemavara anoverengwa.
Kuzivikanwa kweKnorozov nzira
Knorozov's syllabic maitiro aipikisa pfungwa , uyo akaita mipiro mikuru pakudzidza magwaro echiMayan muma1940 uye aionekwa senyanzvi inoremekedzwa zvikuru mundima iyi. Thomson akashandisa nzira yekugadzira: akaedza kuona kurongeka uye chinangwa cheMayan glyphs zvichienderana nekuparadzirwa kwavo mune zvinyorwa. Pasinei nekubudirira kwake, Thomson akaramba zvachose mukana wekuti kunyora kweMayan kwaiva foni uye aigona kunyora mutauro unotaurwa.
MuUSSR yemakore iwayo, chero basa resainzi raifanira kuve neruremekedzo kubva kuMarxist-Leninist maonero, uye pahwaro hwekuiswa kwezita iri, Thomson akapomera Knorozov nekusimudzira pfungwa dzeMarxism pakati pemasayendisiti eMayan. Chimwe chikonzero chekutsoropodza chaive chirevo chevagadziri vezvirongwa kubva kuNovosibirsk, avo vakazivisa budiriro, zvichibva pabasa raKnorozov, re "dzidziso yekudhiropiwa kwemichina" yezvinyorwa zvekare ndokuzvipa kuKhrushchev.
Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwakasimba, masayendisiti ekuMadokero (Tatyana Proskuryakova, Floyd Lounsbury, Linda Schele, David Stewart) akatanga kutendeukira kudzidziso yefonetiki yaKnorozov, uye mushure mekufa kwaThomson muna 1975, kutsanangura kukuru kwemagwaro eMayan kwakatanga.
Mayan kunyora nhasi
Kufanana nechero nzira yekunyora, maMayan glyphs akashandiswa kune zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinangwa. Kazhinji, zviyeuchidzo zvine nhoroondo dzevatongi zvakasvika kwatiri. Mukuwedzera, vana vakapona : "Dresden Codex", "Paris Codex", "Madrid Codex" uye "Grolier Codex", yakawanikwa muna 1971 chete.
Zvakare, mabhuku akaora anowanikwa mumakuva evaMayan, asi haasati adudzirwa, sezvo manyoro akabatanidzwa pamwe chete uye akanyikwa muraimu. Zvisinei, nekugadzirwa kwemasisitimu ekuvheneka, aya manyoro ane . Uye kana tikafunga kuti 60% chete yehieroglyphs yakatsanangurwa, zvidzidzo zveMayan zvichatipa chimwe chinhu chinonakidza.
PS Zvishandiso zvinobatsira:
- Syllabogram tables kubva kuna Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Nhanganyaya kuMaya Hieroglyphs:
- Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Nhanganyaya kuMaya Hieroglyphs, []
- Mark Pitts naLynn Matson (2008), Kunyora muMaya Glyphs Mazita, Nzvimbo, & Mitsara Yakapfava A Non-Technical Sumo, []
- - dhatabhesi yeMayan hieroglyphs mune graphic fomati
- ine ruzivo rwechiitiko chakatsanangurwa, Peabody Museum yeArcheology uye Ethnology, Harvard University.
Source: www.habr.com