Middle Ages yaida kusetsa kwevatema. Ichi ndicho chikonzero hunyanzvi hweepitaphs hwave hwakakurumbira. Vakanyora zvirevo zvehuzivi kana zvinosetsa paguva ravo munguva yehupenyu hwavo uye vaiwanzoshandisa masevhisi eepitaphists.
Tsika yekunyora epitaphs yakaenderera mberi munguva yedu. Asi kana munyika yedu zvakanyorwa zvisingawanzoitiki, saka munyika dzinotaura Chirungu kunyora chimwe chinhu chinochema kana chinonakidza paguva ndicho chimiro.
Nhasi tichakuudza nezve epitaphs pamakuva evanhu vakakurumbira, vanogona chaizvo kunzi unyanzvi.
Sei vachinyora epitaphs zvachose?
Kubva pamafungiro epfungwa, epitaph kuedza kwehama kuderedza zvishoma marwadzo avo kubva pakurasikirwa nemudiwa. Uye kana yakanyorwa nemushakabvu pachake (achiri mupenyu, hongu), zvino iyi imhando yekuedza kusiya chimwe chinhu shure - kusetsa, uzivi kana kushamisa.
Munyika dzepost-Soviet, epitaphs haina kutora midzi. Kunyange akanyorwa, kazhinji inenge iri minamato kana kuti ndima dzinobva muBhaibheri. Iyi tsika inonyanya kuEurope neAmerica.
Vanhu vazhinji vane mukurumbira vakasiya mucherechedzo wavo munhoroondo vaivewo vasingadi kunyora epitaph yavo. Kune vamwe, rakagadzirwa nehama. Zvakadaro, ngatirege kudhonza sumo kwenguva yakareba, ngatidzikei kubhizinesi.
William Shakespeare
Mudetembi ane mukurumbira uye mutambi anozorora muGreat Britain, muguta reStratford-on-Avon. Nzvimbo yake yekuvigwa muenzi chaiye Mecca. Asi nhasi tichatarisa epitaph kwete pachiyeuchidzo chekuyeuchidza, asi pane quatrain yakanyorwa naShakespeare pachake, iyo iri paguva rake.
Pane ngano yekuti Shakespeare aitya kusvibiswa kweguva rake zvekuti iye pachake akauya ne epitaph umo akatuka chero munhu aitya kubata madota ake.
Shamwari yakanaka yeIesvs regera,
Kuchera dvst yakavharirwa inzwa.
Ngaaropafadzwe munhu anorega matombo.
Uye ngaave iye anofambisa mapfupa angu.Heino shanduro yezvinyorwa (muturikiri A. Velichansky):
Shamwari, nekuda kwaMwari, usapute
Zvisaririra zvakatorwa nenyika iyi;
Uyo asina kubatwa anoropafadzwa kwemazana emakore;
Uye ngaatukwe munhu akabata madota angu.
Iwo maquatrains anonakidza kune vese vemitauro uye vanyori venhoroondo. Nekudaro, vazhinji vephilologists vanofunga kuti epitaph iyi iri pakati nepakati kubva munhetembo yekuona. Pane kunyange pfungwa yokuti epitaph yakanyorwa kwete Shakespeare, asi nomumwe munhu. Asi zvakadaro, vaongorori vanoita kunge vakawana kuti munyori wayo ndiShakespeare pachake.
Uye vamwe vanotonyanya kutsvagisa vanototenda kuti chimwe chakavanzika chakavigwa imomo. . Izvi hazvigoneke hazvo, asi tsvakiridzo ichiri kuitwa.
Ngatitarisei zvishoma pane epitaph kubva pamutauro wemaonero.
Ona kuti vara V rinotsiva sei vara U zvachose? Chinhu ndechekuti tsamba U yakanga isiri pamutemo panguva iyoyo. Zvichienderana nekuiswa kwaro muizwi, vara V raimiririrawo manzwi anenge apiwa mabhii U uye W.
Uye kunyangwe vamwe vanyori vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX-XNUMX vakatoshandisa vara U, Shakespeare akanyora epitaph nenzira yechinyakare.
Uye wakanyatsoona zvipfupiso zve- iwe, izvo-yt, mune rimwe bhii rakanyorwa pamusoro perimwe. Ichi chimiro chezvinyorwa chaive chakajairika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX - vadhindi vaiwanzoshandisa mafomu akadaro. Uye sezvo takatozvibata, tarisa zvakare kuenderera kuperetera kwemavara mumazwi anoti, inzwa, thes - rudzi urwu rwechinhu zvakare rwakanyanya kuwanda.
"Ngaaropafadzwe murume" - pano mutsara unofanirwa kutorwa sekuti "Murume ngaave nenjere"
"cvrst be he" - zvakafanana ne "ngaave akatukwa."
Kazhinji, maererano nemitauro yekuongorora epitaphs yaShakespeare kune kunyange , umo mune kunyange kufanana nezvinyorwa zvekare, kusanganisira izvo zvaOvid. Asi isu hatiendi kure zvakadaro. Handei mberi.
Mel Blanc
Ungasaziva zita romunhu uyu, ungasaziva kuti akanga akaita sei, asi wakanyatsonzwa inzwi rake. Nekuti ndizvo zvakataurwa nevakawanda veWarner Bros.
"Murume ane chiuru chemazwi" - ndizvo zvaaidanwa nevamwe vake. Bugs Bunny, Porky Nguruve, Tweety Chick, Willie Coyote uye nhamba huru yevamwe mavara vanotaura nezwi rake.
Iyo epitaph paguva rake ndiyo mutsara wechiratidzo wakagumisa yega yega katuni yeLooney Tunes kubva kuWarner Bros. "Ndizvo chete vanhu" - "Ndizvo chete, shamwari."
Mel Blanc akanyatsoratidza mukuda kwake kuti uyu mutsara unofanirwa kushanda se epitaph. Uye kutaura chokwadi, izvi zvinonzwika senge yakanakisa kuzvidzora uye kuziva kwekukodzera kwako. Izvi zvakanaka.
Jack Lemmon
Mutambi weAmerica akasarudzwa kuti ave Oscar kasere uye akahwina mufananidzo uyu kaviri.
Lemmon aionekwa semumwe wevatambi vepamusoro muUnited States muma70s uye 80s. Akatamba mumafirimu anodarika zana, asi vateveri vemafirimu vanotaura chiRussia vangangomuziva kubva pabasa rake mufirimu rinonzi Some Like It Hot (1959).
Lemmon ine runyoro runonakidza rwemibairo. Pamusoro pemaOscars maviri, ane mimwe mibairo yeCannes Palme d'Or, 2 BAFTA mibairo, 3 Golden Globes uye boka rese remibairo midiki.
Iyo epitaph paguva reLemmon ipfupi kwazvo - Chekhov angadai akafadzwa. Mune mazwi matatu chete mairi, maviri ari zita remutambi.
Iyo joke ndeyekuti chinyorwa cheguva chinotaridzika chaizvo senge furemu kubva kuzvikwereti zvemufirimu. Sokunge munguva inotevera musoro wependi uchaonekwa. Uye iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa zvakanyorwa chaizvo se "Jack Lemmon mufirimu ..."
Panguva imwe cheteyo, chinyorwa chacho chinogona kutorwa sezvariri: “Jonn Lemmon mu[nyika].” Yakanakisa epitaph yemuimbi wemufirimu.
Robert Louis Stevenson
Pakati pevanyori nevanyori vekare, zvaive zvakakurumbira kunyora epitaph iwe pachako.
Robert Stevenson, munyori weane mukurumbira "Treasure Island" uye akati wandei mamwe mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvemugungwa, akazvinyorerawo requiem.
Muna 1884 akarwara zvakakomba. Munyori akanga achitogadzirira rufu uye akagadzira nhetembo pfupi, achiisiya kuti inyorwe padombo rake reguva. Chokwadi, “zvakamubatsira” makore 10 chete gare gare, muna 1894.
Stevenson akavigwa muSamoa. Kuda kwake kwakazadzika uye “Zvaanoda” zvinoshongedza guva rake.
Pasi penzvimbo yakafara uye ine nyeredzi,
Chera guva rega ndinyepe.
Ndakafara kuti ndakararama uye ndakafara kufa,
Uye ini ndakarara pasi nechidoIyi ndiyo ndima yaunondiviga.
Pano arara kwaaishuvira kuve;
Musha mufambisi wechikepe, musha kubva kugungwa,
Uye muvhimi kumba kubva kuchikomo.
"Requiem" ine rhyme scheme inonakidza aab cccb, apo mitsetse mitatu yequatrain ine rhyme yakafanana, uye mitsetse yese yechina ye stanzas rhyme nemumwe.
"Requiem" inonzi ibasa rakaoma kushandura. Pamwe nekuda kwerinhi, pamwe nekuda kwemutinhimira. Kune akati wandei sarudzo dzekushandura muchiRussian, asi hapana imwechete inozivikanwa. Heino imwe yeakanyanya kubudirira, mumaonero edu (muturikiri - Mikhail Lukashevich):
Pasi penzvimbo yedenga, pane nyeredzi yakakwirira;
Rega bhodhi rebhokisi rindigamuchire,
Ndakararama ndichifara, uye rufu rwakandirerukira.
My last order ndeuyu.Nyora vhesi paguva rangu:
Apa anonyepa zvake,
Mufambisi wechikepe akadzokera kumusha achibva kugungwa.
Muvhimi akaburuka kubva mumakomo.
Chinofadza ndechekuti vhesi racho rine mitsara mitatu, asi paguva pane maviri chete. Zvakaitika kuti munyori wezvinyorwa zvemunyori akanga abvisa chikamu chechipiri kubva kubasa. Hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti izvi zvakaitwa nekukumbirwa nemunyori here kana kuti kwaiva kutongera mabharani. Uye vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanotenda kuti ndiyo yekupedzisira.
Heino chikamu chechipiri chisipo:
Tarirai, mhepo dzakandipoteredza ngadzivhuvhute;
Pano makore angauya oenda;
Pano ndipo pachava nokuzorora nokusingaperi.
Uye mwoyo nokusingaperi uchava wakanyarara.
Charles Bukowski
Bukowski yakave nesimba guru pamabhuku emazuva ano eAmerica. Akanyora mabhuku matanhatu, nyaya dzinopfuura mazana maviri uye nhetembo dzinosvika chiuru.
Semumiriri we "tsvina realism," mabasa ake akavhenekera chokwadi chakashata uye chine hutsinye chenzanga yeAmerica. Nyaya dzaBukowski dzakatorwa kakawanda.
Bukowski mumiriri wezvinyorwa zvakaoma zvepasi pevhu, saka mabasa ake haana kuwana mibairo, asi ane nzvimbo yakasimba mutsika dzeAmerica.
Bukowski's epitaph iri nyore sezvinobvira: "Usaedze." Asi kutaura zvazviri, zvarinoreva hazvisi zvisina tariro sezvazvingaratidzika pakutanga.
Mutsara wekuti "Usaedze" wave rudzi rwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwemunyori. Mutsamba kushamwari uye mumabhuku emunyori, pfungwa imwechete yaiwanzodzokororwa:
“Tinoshanda zvakanyanya. Tinoedza zvakanyanya. Usaedza. Usashande. Zviripo. Ranga rakatarisa kwatiri, richirwadziwa kutiza kubva mudumbu rakavharwa. Kwave nekwakawanda nzira. Zvese ndezvemahara, hatifanire kuudzwa. Makirasi? Makirasi ndeembongoro. Kunyora nhetembo kuri nyore sekurova nyama yako kana kunwa bhodhoro redoro.”
“Tinoshanda zvakanyanya. Tiri kuedza zvakanyanya. Usazviedza. Usashande. Zvose pano. Inotitarisa zvakananga uye inovavarira nechido kubuda mudumbu rakavharwa. Tine vatungamiri vakawandisa. Zvese izvi ndezvemahara, hatidi kudzidziswa izvi. Zvidzidzo? Ndezvembongoro. Kunyora nhetembo kuri nyore sekudzungaira kana kunwa bhodhoro redoro.”
Uzivi hwose hwomunyori hwoupenyu hwakapfupikiswa mumutsara mumwe wakapfava. "Usaedze, iva wega uye uite zvaunoda." Asi kune avo vasina ruzivo mumaonero aBukowski, epitaph inonzwika se "Usaedza," asi kune avo vanoziva izvo munyori aireva, inoshandurwa zvachose: "Usaedza zvausina mweya."
Bonus: eulogy iwe pachako
Revo yechipiri yeshoko rokuti “epitaph” ihurukuro yemariro. Gore rapfuura, vhidhiyo yakaonekwa paReddit umo kurekodha kwemazwi emufi kwakaridzwa pamariro. Vakaseka vaivepo ndokupedza shungu dzehama.
"Mhoro? Mhoro? Rega ndibude! Ko ini ndirikupi? Rega ndibude! Kwasviba mukati umu! Ndiye muprista wandinogona kunzwa here? Uyu ndiShay, ndiri mubhokisi. Uye ndafa… Mhoro zvakare mhoro, ndangofona kuti ndionekana.”
Hey! Hey! Rega ndibude! Nhamo, ndiripi? Rega ndibude! Kwasviba mukati umu! Ndiye muprista ari kutaura ipapo here? NdiShay, ndiri mubhokisi. Uye ndakafa. Mhoro, mhoro zvakare. Ndangofona ndichionekana."
Murume akaimba mutsara wekupedzisira nenzira . Chekupedzisira "mhoroi" chete yakatsiviwa ne "zvakanakai".
PS Waona here mataurirwo echiIrish muvhidhiyo? Fucking [ˈfʌk.ɪŋ] inova [ˈfɔːk.ɪŋ] ine ruzha rwakajeka "o".
Zvinoshamisa kuti mitsara mishomanana inogona kuchinja sei mafungiro evanhu. Imwe miniti vakachema, uye inotevera vachiseka. Uye kuti unzwe simba rechokwadi remutauro weChirungu kwete mukushandura, asi mumutauro wepakutanga, dzidza zvakanaka.
Online chikoro EnglishDom.com - tinokukurudzira kuti udzidze Chirungu kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uye nehanya nevanhu
Yevaverengi veHabr chete ! Uye paunotenga chidzidzo, iwe uchagamuchira kusvika kuzvidzidzo zvitatu sechipo!
Get mwedzi wese wekunyoreswa kweprimiyamu kune ED Words application sechipo.
Isa kodhi yekushambadzira deathart kana kuti zvakananga . Kodhi yekushambadzira inoshanda kusvika 11.02.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX.
Zvigadzirwa zvedu:
Source: www.habr.com