Vanhu vanowanzo batanidza nhaurirano pamusoro pemazino ane caries, braces uye sadists mumajasi machena anongorota kugadzira mabheji kubva pamazino ako. Asi majee padivi, nekuti pasina vanachiremba vemazino nemitemo yakadzikwa yehutsanana hwemukanwa, iwe neni taingodya mbatatisi yakapwanyika nemuto nemusadza. Uye zvose zvine mhosva yekushanduka-shanduka, iyo yakatipa kure nemazino akasimba, ayo asingadzokeri zvakare, izvo zvingangoita kuti vamiririri vebazi remazino vafare zvikuru. Kana tikataura nezvemeno evamiriri vemhuka dzesango, ipapo shumba dzinotyisa, shark dzine ropa uye hyenas dzakanyanya kunaka dzinouya mupfungwa. Zvisinei, pasinei nesimba uye simba reshaya dzavo, mazino avo haashamisi semazino emakungwa egungwa. Hongu, bundu retsono iri pasi pemvura, iro, kana ukatsika, rinogona kukanganisa chikamu chakanaka chezororo rako, rine mazino akanaka. Ehe, hapana mazhinji acho, mashanu chete, asi akasiyana nenzira yavo uye vanokwanisa kurodza ivo pachavo. Masayendisiti akawana sei chimiro ichi, maitiro aya anoitika sei, uye angabatsira sei vanhu? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yeboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakakosha kuti uzive chimiro chikuru chekudzidza - Strongylocentrotus fragilis, kana mumashoko evanhu, pink urchin yegungwa. Rudzi urwu rwemugungwa haruna kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe madhiri, kunze kwechimiro chakanyanya kupepetwa uye ruvara rwakanaka. Ivo vanogara zvakadzika (kubva pa100 m kusvika 1 km), uye vanokura kusvika 10 cm mudhayamita.
Iyo "skeleton" yegungwa urchin, iyo inoratidza shanu-ray symmetry.
Sea urchins, sekukasharara sezvazvinganzwika, zvakanaka uye zvakaipa. Iwo ekutanga ane chimiro chemuviri chakada kutenderera uye akadudzwa mashanu-ray symmetry, nepo ekupedzisira ari asymmetrical.
Chinhu chekutanga chinobata ziso rako kana ukaona urchin yemugungwa mizongoza yayo inovhara muviri wayo wese. Mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, tsono dzinogona kubva pa 2 mm kusvika masendimita 30. Mukuwedzera kune tsono, muviri une spheridia (zviyereso nhengo) uye pedicellaria (maitiro akafanana neforceps).
Mazino mashanu ese anonyatsooneka pakati.
Kuti uratidze urchin yegungwa, unofanira kutanga wamira wakatsikitsira, sezvo muromo wayo wakavhurika uri nechepasi pemuviri, asi mamwe maburi ari kumusoro. Muromo wezvipembenene zvemugungwa wakashongedzerwa nemudziyo wekutsenga une zita rakanaka resainzi "Lantern yaAristotle" (ndiAristotle akatanga kutsanangura nhengo iyi uye akaenzanisa chimiro chayo nemwenje unotakurika wekare). Iri nhengo yakashongedzerwa neshaya shanu, imwe neimwe inopera muzino rakapinza (iyo Aristotelian lantern yepink hedgehog iri kuongororwa inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1C pazasi).
Pane fungidziro yekuti kusimba kwemazino emugungwa kunowanikwa nekurodza kwavo nguva dzose, izvo zvinoitika kuburikidza nekuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemamineralized plates ezino kuchengetedza kupinza kweiyo distal surface.
Asi izvi zvinonyatsoshanda sei, mazino api anoda kurodzwa uye asingadaro, uye sarudzo iyi yakakosha inoitwa sei? Masayendisiti akaedza kuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Mufananidzo #1
Tisati tazarura zvakavanzika zvemazino emakungwa egungwa, ngatitarisei maitiro emazino avo sese.
Mumifananidzo 1A-1Π‘ gamba rekudzidza rinoratidzwa - pink urchin yegungwa. Kufanana nedzimwe nyuchi dzegungwa, vamiririri vemarudzi aya vanowana zvicherwa zvavo kubva mumvura yegungwa. Pakati pema skeletal elements, mazino ane mineralized zvakanyanya (99%) ane calcite yakafumiswa mu magnesium.
Sezvatakambokurukura, hedgehogs dzinoshandisa mazino adzo kukwenya chikafu. Asi kunze kweizvi, vanoshandisa mazino avo kuzvicherera makomba, umo vanovanda kubva kune zvikara kana mamiriro okunze akaipa. Zvichipa izvi zvisingawanzo kushandiswa kwemazino, iyo yekupedzisira inofanira kunge yakasimba zvakanyanya uye yakapinza.
Mumufananidzo 1D microcomputed tomography yechikamu chezino rose inoratidzwa, inoratidza kuti zino rinoumbwa pamwe chete neelliptical curve ine T-shaped cross-section.
Muchinjikwa wezino (1E) inoratidza kuti zino rinoumbwa nematunhu matatu emuumbirwo: the primary laminae, calculus region, uye yechipiri laminae. Nzvimbo yedombo ine madiki madhayamita fiber akakomberedzwa ne organic shell. Mafiber akaiswa mune polycrystalline matrix ine magnesium-rich calcite particles. Iyo dhayamita yezvikamu izvi ndeye 10-20 nm. Vatsvagiri vanocherekedza kuti kuwanda kwe magnesium hakuna kufanana mukati mezino rose uye kunowedzera kusvika kumagumo, izvo zvinopa kuwedzera kwayo kupfeka kuramba uye kuoma.
Longitudinal chikamu (1F) nzvimbo yedombo yezino inoratidza kuparadzwa kwefibers, pamwe nekuputika, kunoitika nekuda kwe delamination pakusangana kwefiber uye organic shell.
Mahwendefa epuraimari anowanzo kuumbwa nemakristasi ega ecalcite uye anowanikwa pane convex pamusoro pezino, nepo mahwendefa echipiri anozadza iyo concave pamusoro.
Mumufananidzo 1G ruzhinji rwemapureti epuraimari akakomberedzwa anogona kuonekwa akarara akatarisana. Mufananidzo wacho unoratidzawo fiber uye polycrystalline matrix inozadza nzvimbo pakati pemahwendefa. Kiel (1H) inoumba hwaro hwemuchinjikwa-chikamu cheT-chikamu uye inowedzera kukotama kuoma kwezino.
Iye zvino zvatava kuziva chimiro chepink sea urchin zino, isu zvino tinoda kuona ma mechanic properties yezvikamu zvayo. Nechinangwa ichi, bvunzo dzekumanikidza dzakaitwa pachishandiswa scanning electron maikorosikopu uye nanoindentation*. Nanomechanical bvunzo dzinosanganisira samples dzakachekwa pamwe chete nelongitudinal uye yakachinjika kutaridzika kwezino.
Nanoindentation* - kuyedza zvinhu nekudzvanya chishandiso chakakosha - indenter - mukati meiyo sampuli.
Ongororo yedata yakaratidza kuti avhareji Yechidiki's modulus (E) uye kuoma (H) pamuromo wezino munzvimbo yakareba uye yakachinjika ndeiyi: EL = 77.3 Β± 4,8 GPa, HL = 4.3 Β± 0.5 GPa (longitudinal) uye ET = 70.2 Β± 7.2 GPa, HT = 3,8 Β± 0,6 GPa (yakachinjika).
Young's modulus* - huwandu hwemuviri hunotsanangura kugona kwechinhu kurwisa kushushikana uye kudzvanywa.
Kuoma* - pfuma yechinhu chekudzivisa kupinda kwemuviri wakaoma (indenter).
Uye zvakare, indentations ine cyclic yekuwedzera kurodha yakaitwa mune iyo longitudinal kutungamira kugadzira visco-plastiki kukuvara modhi yenzvimbo yematombo. On 2A iyo load-displacement curve inoratidzwa.
Mufananidzo #2
Iyo modulus yekutenderera yega yega yakaverengerwa zvichibva pane iyo Oliver-Pharr nzira uchishandisa kuburitsa data. Iyo indentation cycles yakaratidza kuderera kwe monotonic mu modulus nekuwedzera indentation kudzika (2B) Uku kuderera kwekuoma kunotsanangurwa nekuunganidza kwekukuvadza (2C) semugumisiro wekusagadziriswa deformation. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kukura kwechitatu kunoitika zvakapoteredza fiber, uye kwete kuburikidza navo.
Iwo emakanika ezvimiro zvemazino akaongororwawo achishandisa quasi-static micropillar compression miedzo. Ion danda rakanangidzirwa rakashandiswa kugadzira mbiru dzakakura mamicrometer. Kuti uongorore kusimba kwechisungo pakati pemahwendefa ekutanga padivi re convex yezino, ma micropillars akagadzirwa ane oblique orientation maererano neyakajairwa interface pakati pemahwendefa (2D) Mumufananidzo 2E micropillar ine inclined interface inoratidzwa. Uye pane girafu 2F migumisiro yeshear stress zviyero zvinoratidzwa.
Masayendisiti anocherekedza chokwadi chinonakidza - iyo yakayerwa elastic modulus ingangoita hafu yeiyo indentation bvunzo. Iyi mutsauko pakati pe indentation uye compression bvunzo zvakare yakacherechedzwa kune zino enamel. Parizvino, pane akati wandei dzidziso kutsanangura mutsauko uyu (kubva kupesvedzero yezvakatipoteredza panguva yekuyedzwa kusvika pakusvibisa kusvibiswa), asi hapasati paine mhinduro yakajeka kumubvunzo wekuti sei mutsauko uchiitika.
Nhanho inotevera mukudzidza kwemazino emugungwa yaive yekupfeka bvunzo yakaitwa uchishandisa scanning electron maikorosikopu. Zino racho rakanamirwa kune yakakosha mubati uye rakatsikirirwa pane ultrananocrystalline diamond substrate (3A).
Mufananidzo #3
Masayendisiti anocherekedza kuti vhezheni yavo yekupfeka bvunzo inopesana nezvinowanzoitwa, apo dhaimondi rinotsikirirwa mune substrate yezvinhu zviri kuedzwa. Shanduko mumaitiro ekuyedza kupfeka inobvumira kunzwisisa kuri nani kwezvimiro zveiyo microstructures uye zvikamu zvezino.
Sezvatinoona mumifananidzo, kana mutoro wakakomba wasvika, machipisi anotanga kuumba. Zvakakosha kufunga kuti simba re "kurumwa" kwemwenje waAristotle mumakungwa egungwa anosiyana zvichienderana nemhando kubva pa1 kusvika ku50 newtons. Mukuedza, simba kubva kumazana e micronewtons kusvika kune 1 newton yakashandiswa, i.e. kubva pa1 kusvika ku5 newtons yeAristotelian lantern yose (sezvo kune mazino mashanu).
Mumufananidzo 3B(i) zvinoonekwa zvakanaka zvimedu (museve mutsvuku) wakaumbwa semhedzisiro yekupfeka panzvimbo yedombo. Sezvo nzvimbo yematombo inopfeka uye zvibvumirano, kutsemuka kwepakati pemahwendefa kunogona kukura uye kupararira nekuda kwekumanikidza-kuveura kurodha uye kushushikana kuunganidza munzvimbo yecalcite plate. Pictures 3B(ii) ΠΈ 3B(iii) ratidza nzvimbo dzakatsemuka zvidimbu.
Kuenzanisa, marudzi maviri ekuedza kwekupfeka akaitwa: ane mutoro unogara unoenderana nekutanga kwegoho (WCL) uye nemutoro unogara unoenderana nehoho kushushikana (WCS). Somugumisiro, marudzi maviri ekupfeka mazino akawanikwa.
Pfeka bvunzo vhidhiyo:
Danho I
Danho II
Danho III
Danho IV
Pasi pemutoro wenguva dzose, kudzvinyirirwa kwenzvimbo yacho kwakaonekwa mumuedzo weWCL, asi hapana chipping kana kumwe kukuvadzwa kwemahwendefa kwakaonekwa (4A) Asi mukuedzwa kweWCS, apo simba rinowanzowedzerwa kuchengetedza zita rekutsvaga kushungurudza nguva dzose, kuputika uye kurasikirwa kwemahwendefa zvakaonekwa (4B).
Mufananidzo #4
Izvi zvinoonekwa zvinosimbiswa negirafu (4Π‘) kuyerwa kwenzvimbo yekutsikirira uye vhoriyamu yemapuleti akachekwa zvichienderana nehurefu hwekutsvedza (yemuenzaniso padhaimani panguva yekuyedzwa).
Girafu iri rinoratidzawo kuti kana iri WCL, machipisi haaumbi kunyangwe kureba kwacho kwakakura kupfuura kweWCS. Kuongororwa kweakamanikidzwa uye akachekwa ndiro dze 4B inotibvumira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani nzira yekuzvipinza yemazino egungwa urchin.
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yakamanikidzwa yedombo inowedzera sezvo ndiro inotsemuka, ichibvisa chikamu chenzvimbo yakamanikidzwa [4B (iii-v)]. Microstructural maficha akadai sechisungo pakati pedombo uye slabs inofambisa iyi maitiro. Microscopy yakaratidza kuti mafiibhi ari munzvimbo yecalculus akakombama uye achipinda nepakati pemahwendefa ari muchikamu chakakombama chezino.
Pachati 4Π‘ kusvetuka kwevhoriyamu yenzvimbo yakachekwa kunoonekwa kana ndiro nyowani yadzimwa kubva pazino. Zvinoda kuziva kuti panguva imwechete kune kuderera kwakanyanya muhupamhi hwenzvimbo yakatsetseka (4D), izvo zvinoratidza nzira yekuzvirodza.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zviedzo izvi zvakaratidza kuti kana chinogara chakajairwa (kwete chakakomba) mutoro uchichengetwa panguva yekupfeka bvunzo, iyo muromo inogomara apo zino richiramba rakapinza. Zvinoitika kuti mazino ehedgehogs anorodzwa panguva yekushandiswa, kana mutoro usingapfuure wakakomba, zvikasadaro kukanganisa (chips) kunogona kuitika pane kurodza.
Mufananidzo #5
Kuti unzwisise basa remazino microstructures, zvimiro zvavo uye mupiro wavo kune wega-kurodza meshini, isina mutsara inogumira chinhu chekuongorora chemaitiro ekupfeka chakaitwa (5A) Kuti uite izvi, mapikicha echikamu chelongitudinal chemuromo wezino akashandiswa, iyo yakashanda sehwaro hwemhando mbiri-dimensional inosanganisira dombo, mahwendefa, keel uye interfaces pakati pemahwendefa nedombo.
Mifananidzo 5B-5H iwo ma contour plots e von Mises criterion (plasticity criterion) kumucheto kwedombo neslab region. Kana zino rikadzvinyirirwa, ibwe racho rinoita ma<em>viscoplastic deformations makuru, rinounganidza kukuvadzwa, uye zvibvumirano (βflattensβ) (5B ΠΈ 5C) Kuwedzera kudzvanywa kunokonzeresa bhendi rekugera mudombo, uko kwakawanda kwepurasitiki deformation uye kukuvadzwa kunoungana, kubvarura chikamu chedombo, kuchiunza kuti ibatane neiyo substrate (5D) Kutsemuka kwedombo kwakadaro mumuenzaniso uyu kunopindirana nekuongorora kwekuedza (zvimedu zvakaputsika pa 3B(i)) Kudzvinyirirwa kunokonzeresawo delamination pakati pemahwendefa sezvo zvinhu zvemukati zvinoiswa pasi pemitoro yakasanganiswa, zvichikonzera decohesion (delamination). Sezvo nzvimbo yekubatana ichiwedzera, kushushikana kwekubatana kunowedzera, zvichikonzera kutanga kwekupwanya uye kupararira pane interface (5B-5E) Kurasikirwa kwekunamatira pakati pemahwendefa kunowedzera kukotama kunoita kuti ndiro yekunze ivharwe.
Kukwenya kunowedzera kukuvadzwa kwechiratidziro, zvichitungamira mukubviswa kwewafer kana wafer (s) ikatsemuka (apo makatsemuka anotsauka kubva pane interface uye achipinda mukati mewafer, 5G) Sezvo maitiro acho achienderera mberi, zvimedu zveplate zvinobviswa kubva pamuromo wezino (5H).
Sezvineiwo, iyo modhi inofanotaura chaizvo kudonha munzvimbo dzese dzematombo neplate, izvo masayendisiti akatoona panguva yekutarisa (3B ΠΈ 5I).
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa ΠΈ kwaari.
Epilogue
Basa iri rakasimbisa zvakare kuti mhindumupindu yakanga isinganyanyi kufarira mazino evanhu. Zvakanyanya, mukudzidza kwavo, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuongorora zvakadzama uye kutsanangura nzira yekuzvipinza yemazino egungwa reurchin, iyo inobva pane zvisina kujairika chimiro chezino uye mutoro chaiwo pairi. Mahwendefa akavhara zino rehedgehog anobvisa pasi pemumwe mutoro, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza zino. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti urchins dzegungwa dzinogona kupwanya matombo, nokuti kana zviratidzo zvinorema zvinosvika, kuputika uye machipisi anoumba mazino. Zvinoitika kuti musimboti "iwe une simba, haudi njere" haungaunze chero rubatsiro.
Mumwe angafunga kuti kudzidza mazino evagari vegungwa rakadzika hakuunzi chero rubatsiro kuvanhu, kunze kwekugutsa kusingagutsikane kwekuda kuziva kwevanhu. Zvisinei, ruzivo runowanikwa kubva mukutsvakurudza uku runogona kushanda sehwaro hwekusikwa kwemhando itsva dzezvinhu zvichange zviine zvivako zvakafanana nemazino ehedgehog - kupfeka kusagadzikana, kuzvipinza pachako padanho rezvinhu pasina rubatsiro rwekunze, uye kusimba.
Ngazvive izvo, zvisikwa zvinovanza zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvatisati tazivisa. Dzichabatsira here? Zvichida hongu, zvichida kwete. Asi dzimwe nguva, kunyange mukutsvakurudza kwakaoma zvikuru, dzimwe nguva haisi iyo nzvimbo inokosha, asi rwendo pacharwo.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Pasi pemvura masango makuru kelp anoshanda senzvimbo yekuunganidzira urchins dzegungwa nezvimwe zvisikwa zvemugungwa zvisina kujairika. (BBC Pasi, izwi-pamusoro naDavid Attenborough).
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com