Pane chinondiudza kuti vazhinji venyu munogara mumaguta. Zvakawanda sei zvaunoziva nezvavo?

Ikozvino zvave fashoni kutaura nezvemaguta seanorarama, ari kusimukira masisitimu. Ichi chiitiko chakatanga nekusikwa kwedzidziso yekuzvironga kwehurongwa - synergetics - pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20. Mukutaura kwake, guta rinonzi "yakavhurika dynamic dissipative system", uye munhu anogona kuvaka modhi yayo - "chinhu chinoratidza kutsamira kwemafomu shanduko pakuchinja zvirimo" uye kutsanangura "shanduko yemukati, uchifunga nezve hunhu husingagumi hwehurongwa munguva". Ese aya magirafu, matafura uye algorithms mumunhu asina kurongeka zvinokonzeresa yakajairika kudzivirira kuita kwestupor. Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose zvisina tariro.

Pasi pekucheka pachave neanoverengeka bionic analogies iyo ichakubvumidza kuti utarise guta kubva kunze uye unzwisise kuti rinorarama sei, kuti rinokura sei, rinofamba, rinorwara uye kufa. Saka ngatisapedze nguva tisvike pakudimburwa.

Pamusoro pemasvomhu, ekuziva uye mamodheru, kune zvakare hunyanzvi hwakadai sekuenzanisa, iyo yakashandiswa nevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore uye yakazviratidza zvakanaka pakurerutsa kunzwisisa. Ehe, kuita kufanotaura kunoenderana neanalogies ibhizinesi rine njodzi, asi iwe unogona kutevedzera maitiro eiyo maitiro: mune yega yega yekuzviremekedza system kune masosi emagetsi, nzira dzekutapurirana kwayo, mapoinzi ekushandisa, kukura vectors, zvichingodaro. Kuedza kwekutanga kushandisa pfungwa yebionics pakuronga kwemadhorobha kwakatangira kuma1930, asi havana kuwana budiriro yakawandisa ipapo, sezvo pasina mufananidzo wakazara weguta mumhuka dzesango (kana zvikaonekwa, zvingave zvinoshamisa) . Kune rimwe divi, mamwe maficha e "physiology" yeguta ane matsamba akanaka. Sekuda kwandingade kufadza guta, rinoita senge-sero-sero, lichen, koloni yezvipenyu zvipenyu, kana mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzakanyanya kuoma kupfuura chipanje.

Vagadziri vanosiyanisa akawanda zvimiro uye subsystems muchimiro cheguta, imwe neimwe iine zita rayo, mazhinji ayo aungave wakasangana nawo, senge yekufambisa sisitimu kana imba yezvivakwa, nepo vamwe iwe ungangodaro usina kunzwa nezvazvo, semuenzaniso, a chimiro chekuona kana mepu yepfungwa. Zvisinei, chimwe nechimwe chine chinangwa chayo chakajeka chekushanda.

Mafupa

Chinhu chekutanga chauchasangana nacho kana uchibvisa chero kugadzirisa chimiro chayo chematemo-mapfupa uye node-majoini. Izvi ndizvo zvinopa fomu uye zvinotungamira budiriro kubva pamazuva ekutanga. Sero rega rega rine furemu, pasina iyo hapana maitiro anogona kunyatso kurongeka, saka zvine musoro kuti metropolis nemusha unodyarwa zvakanyanya vanayo. Chekutanga, iyi ndiyo migwagwa mikuru yakanangana nemisha yakavakidzana. Guta richada kutambanudza pamwe chete navo, uye ivo vachava mitsara yakatsiga pachirongwa, isina kuchinjwa kwemazana emakore. Chechipiri, skeleton inosanganisira zvipingamupinyi: nzizi, madziva, machakwi, makoronga uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvepanzvimbo zvinomisa kukura, kudzvanya kugarisa kuri kukura senge goko rekunze. Nekune rimwe divi, zvaive chaizvo zvinhu zvakadaro zvaiwanzoshanda sedziviriro kumizinda yemaguta ekare, uye matare anotonga aikwevera kwavari, kuitira kuti mamwe marudzi ekuyamura adaidzwe nehana yakachena mapfupa edehenya anovanda. uropi.

Kana seti yezviyero izvi zvakatogadzirirwa, zvinokwanisika kufanotaura chimiro chekugadzirisa mune ramangwana uye kuti network yemigwagwa miduku ichakura sei, iyo nyama nemukati zvichakura. Uye kana mumaguta ekare zvinhu zvose zvaishanda pachazvo, saka munguva dzeSoviet, pakugadzira zvirongwa zvakajairika zvemaguta matsva, vanyori vezvirongwa vaifanira kufambisa maitiro avo, vachibatanidza (kwete nguva dzose kubudirira) maitiro echisikigo uye zvinorayira hutungamiriri hwebato.

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Iyo skeleton inofanira kubatanidzwa, zvinhu zvitsva zvinogara zvichibatana nekare - kana guta riine matambudziko nekubatana kwemugwagwa wemugwagwa, richava nematambudziko nekukura uye nekugadzikana kwehupfumi.
• Matishu akatenderedza pamajoini emajoini ane chimiro chakaomarara uye chakasarudzika - nzira dzemumigwagwa dzinokwezva kutengeserana, masevhisi, vanofamba netsoka network node, uye neimwe nzira "kusvina kunze" dzimba dzakajairwa.
• Chisikwa chine huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu zve "shell" zvinomira kukura nekukura, kana kumanikidzwa kuvaparadza - chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzirwa kwenhamba huru yemaguta kuyambuka rwizi kana kudonhedza machakwi, uye kana paine hazvina kukwana zviwanikwa zveiyo mega-purojekiti, guta rinogona kunge rakamira kwemazana emakore, pasina kuwedzera nharaunda uye pasina kuwedzera kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi;
• Zvinobatsira kuisa mitsipa mikuru yeropa pamwe chete nezvinhu zve skeleton, sezvo iri iyo isingachinjiki munguva - migwagwa uye mainjiniya kutaurirana kunokwevera kune mumwe kune chimwe chikonzero, asi zvimwe pane izvo pazasi.

Minced nyama

Nyama, ihwowo mamhasuru uye mafuta, uye mumasero, cytoplasm chinhu chakadaro chinotenderedza mapfupa, ichigadzira huwandu hwemuviri wehupenyu, inounganidza uye inoburitsa zviwanikwa, inopa kufamba uye inotaridza kugona kwese. Kuguta, hongu, izvi ndizvo zvinodaidzwa nevanovaka "jira remudhorobha", "kuzadza" uye mamwe mazwi anofinha: makamuri akajairika, mazhinji ekugara.

Sezvo chero chisikwa chinovaka misa pamukana wega wega, saka guta, rine zvekushandisa zviri nani, rinotanga kukwezva vanhu vazhinji uye kuvaka nzvimbo nyowani dzekurara, kunyangwe risingakwanisi kugara richipa ava "vanotamira mukati" neyakajairwa mararamiro uye basa. Nzvimbo dzakaderera-dzinofadza, asi dzisingabatsiri - aya mafuta, asina kupindira nemidziyo yeropa uye ane mashoma masero anobatsira kumuviri.

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Tsandanyama dzinowanzoita zvakaenzana pamwe chete neskeleton; gobvu bhonzo rine mhasuru yakakora. Nzvimbo dzekugara dzichazvibata nenzira imwechete: pedyo nemigwagwa mikuru, kuwanda kwevanhu kuchave kwakakwirira kudarika pedyo nechipiri.
• Kana tsandanyama isingapiwi ropa zvakanaka, inofa - nzvimbo dzine urombo hwekufambisa kusvikirwa dzinokura zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura vamwe, dzimba mavari dzinova dzakachipa uye hadzigadziriswi, huwandu hwevanhu hunoderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.
• Kana zvidimbu zvemafuta zvakanyungudutswa kubva kumativi ose nemisungo (uye matunhu akaderera-akakwira akakwira-kukwira), tinogona kuwana "kuzvimba", izvo zvingave zvichitungamira mukunyangarika kwerudzi urwu rwebudiriro (zvino funga kuti isu tinongove kwenguva pfupi. yakachengeterwa vhoriyamu iyi), kana kushandurwa kwenzvimbo yese yakatenderedza kuita "gangster" kana kushandurudzwa kwechivako kuita kota yepamusoro, yakashongedzwa uye yakakomberedzwa - iyi yatove rudzi rwe "cyst".
• Kana muviri ukafuta pamusoro (uye guta riri pamucheto), zvinove zvakaoma kuti utakure nyama isingaite, inodzipa, tsinga dzeropa dzinokura uye kuvharika nemagwamba eropa, uye nhengo dzemukati dzinosangana nemutoro usingaenzaniswi. uye kukundikana. Zvese zvinofadza zve subburbanization sezvazviri: traffic jam, kusakwanisa kusvika nyore kubasa uye zvivakwa, mutoro uri pakati pezvivakwa zvepakati wakakura zvakapetwa kupfuura kuverengerwa, kupera kwehukama hwemagariro, zvichingodaro.

Guta iri riri kusimukira mukutenderera. Zviri pachena pakarepo kuti yakasimuka zvakasikwa, uye haina kuvakwa kubva pakutanga.

Circulatory system

Nzira imwe neimwe inoda zviwanikwa. Kuguta, ava vanhu, kutakura, mvura, simba, ruzivo uye nguva. The circulatory system inogovera zvakare zviwanikwa pakati penhengo. Iyo yekufambisa sisitimu yeguta inobata nevanhu uye zvinhu, mainjiniya network anobata nesimba uye ruzivo. Haisi nguva dzose inobatsira kutakura simba pamusoro pemarefu marefu, saka zvigadzirwa zvekugadzirwa kwayo zvinogona kutakurwa, sezvo glucose inoendeswa kune mitochondria.

Injiniya network yemarudzi ese anowanzo kuunganidzwa nemidziyo yekutakura nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda: kutanga, vanounzwa kunzvimbo nyowani panguva imwe chete uye hazvibatsiri kushanda munzvimbo mbiri kamwechete; chechipiri, sezvatotaurwa, ichi chitsuwa chekugadzikana, "kuvigwa uye kukanganwa", uye mangwana skyscraper haingakuri pano; chechitatu, pane mukana wekuchengetedza pa "mudziyo shell" nekuvaka zvakajairika kudzivirira uye engineering zvivako-vateresi; chechina, zvakakosha kuchengetedza nzvimbo pane indents, nokuti pane nzvimbo uye zvinhu zvinogona kugarisana, asi zvimwe zvinokuvadza kune mumwe nemumwe.

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Midziyo yakafara inotakura ropa pamusoro pemarefu marefu, saka pane kushomeka kushoma, uye padivi penzvimbo ivo vanobuda kunze uye kumhanya kunoderera.
• Misumbu inopiwa neropa kuburikidza nehutambo hwemidziyo miduku, kufanana kwekugovera kunokosha pano, uye makuru anoenda kune nhengo dzinokosha.
• Ropa haringounzi zviwanikwa chete, asiwo rinobvisa zvakashandiswa, saka masisitimu etsvina anoteerera mitemo yakafanana.
• Kana iyo yekutanga kutaurirana yakatounzwa kunzvimbo, inotanga kukura nekukurumidza uye inobudirira. Kukura kweguta mune spiral kwakapararira: dunhu rimwe nerimwe rinotevera riri pedyo nekare uye kune zvivako zvekare, basa guru rinowanzoitwa munzvimbo mbiri panguva imwe chete (mumaguta makuru emazuva ano pangave akati wandei akadaro "nzvimbo dzekukura", semuenzaniso, nehuwandu hwematunhu, ipapo spiral inowanikwa isingaonekwe).

Nervous System

Iyo sisitimu yetsinga ine node dzinogadzira data uye kutumira masaini uye nzira dzekutumira nzira. Sezvo ruzivo rwedu rwakaenda pasi pe "zviwanikwa" column, zvinoreva kuti izvi hazvisi zveInternet. Ndezve manejimendi. Uye ndine nhau dzinosuwisa kwauri: maguta zvipenyu zvipenyu zvekare, uye anodzorwa zvakaipa. Zvirongwa zvakajairika hazvisi kuitwa, mamiriro chaiwo haaenderane nedhata rekutonga, masaini ekudzora kazhinji haasvike kana kushanda nenzira inoshamisa, maitiro kune chero shanduko anogara anonoka.

Asi zvakare zvakaipa kugara pasina manejimendi mumamiriro ekuchinja, saka guta rinowanzo kupatsanurwa munzvimbo dziri pasi pe "ganglia" yenzvimbo, ine mukana wekuwana nguva yekugadzirisa chimwe chinhu uye kudzivirira mamiriro acho kusvika kumagumo (the sacral " uropi hwehando” hwemadinosaur makuru hunosimbisa kuti hunoshanda). Panguva imwecheteyo, kana kupatsanurwa kwekutonga kwakaitwa pasina kufunga nezve skeleton, mhasuru tishu uye circulatory system, muviri uchaita uye kukura nenzira isiri-yakanyanya. Muenzaniso kubva kuhupenyu: rwizi runopatsanura guta muhafu yekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye matunhu ekutonga munzvimbo dzekumabvazuva nedzekumadokero. Nekuda kweizvozvo, isu tine kupatsanurwa muzvikamu uye nguva dzose kudikanwa kwekubatanidza zviito pakati pehutongi huviri.

Nenzira, iyo Russian Federation ikozvino iri kuenda munguva yakaoma yekuchinja sisitimu ye "master plan" yakadhirowewa, iyo, musimboti, haina kushanda zvakanaka, kune hurongwa hwekuchinjika - "master plans", iyo kusvika zvino vanhu vashoma vanotonzwisisa zvekuita. Naizvozvo, bhora rangu rekristaro rinofanotaura: usatombotarisira kugadzikana uye zvine musoro kuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha mumakore anotevera.

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Maguta makuru haaenzanise zvinodiwa uye tarisiro yematunhu awo zvakanaka. Mari inogovaniswa zvese zvisina kuenzana uye zvisina musoro. Zvichida, chirongwa chikuru chichakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko, "asi izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi" (c).
• Maguta ane vagari vanopfuura zviuru mazana mana akaonekwa seanozvitonga masisitimu kumashure munguva dzeSoviet, saka kana uchigara mune imwe yeiyi, usangotsvaga pfungwa pazvikero zveanopfuura makiromita mashoma. Kuti uite purojekiti inobata matunhu akati wandei kamwechete, iwe unoda mari hombe uye ine simba rekutonga sosi, uye zvakadaro mumwe munhu achaputika, uye kiromita yekupedzisira yemugwagwa wemhete ichavakwa kwemakore gumi ..
• Munzvimbo dziri munharaunda yematunhu, marudzi ose emutambo asinganzwisisi anowanzoenderera mberi, vanogona kunyange "kutsiva" mumwe nomumwe, somuenzaniso, nekuvaka chivako chikuru apo mugwagwa unokosha kune imwe dunhu ungapfuura.

Guta iri rakakamurwa zvakanaka nepakati. Chinhu chikuru hachisi chekuvhiringidza sei.

Digestive system

Chii chinoitika kune zviwanikwa zvinopinda muguta? Izvo zvinogadziriswa kupfuura kuzivikanwa kana kuti zvakapwanyika uye zvakagoverwa mumuviri wose nerubatsiro rwekutenderera kweropa. Kungofanana nemafuta acids anoshandurwa muchiropa kuita acetoacetic acid, mazhinji ayo anoshandiswa kunze kwechiropa, mune akasiyana matishu uye nhengo, saka chikafu uye zvinhu kubva munzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinotakurwa muguta rese. Munzvimbo dzeindasitiri, shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoitika, asi mhedzisiro yavo inogara yakafanana: inoshandiswa kuchengetedza kugona kwehupenyu. Hazvisi zvese zvakanangana nevagari, kune ese ari maviri ekuvaka uye ekutakura maindasitiri ane chinangwa chekukura (anogona kuenzaniswa neprotein metabolism, uye zvinhu zvemazuva ese zvine carbohydrate).

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Iyo digestive system yakabatana zvakanyanya neiyo excretory system uye haigone kushanda pasina iyo.
• Nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri dzinoda kupihwa huwandu hwakawanda hwezviwanikwa (kusanganisira vanhu) uye simba. Matsinga makuru anodhura, saka zvine musoro kuashandisa kune akati wandei maitiro akafanana. Izvi zvinotungamirira kumasumbu maererano nenheyo yekufambisa.
• Kudzokorodza kwezviwanikwa kazhinji inhanho-ne-nhanho maitiro, uye metabolite yeimwe nzira ndiyo yekutanga zvinhu kune imwe. Izvi zvinogadzira "combine" kuunganidzwa kwematanho anoteedzana.
• Mitezo mikuru yakabatana nemuviri chete pamapoinzi mashoma, saka kune mamwe matishu vanoita basa rezvipingamupinyi muropa. Izvi zvinotara kujeka kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri muguta. Maguta akadarika chirongwa chavo anoda emergency "cavernous operation" - kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri uye kudzokororwa kwenzvimbo. Nenzira, akawanda akasarudzika mapurojekiti anosanganiswa neizvi mumaguta akasiyana epasi. Semuyenzaniso, maBritons akasimba akaronga kuvaka patsva kwechiteshi chengarava nenzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu muLondon pasi pegadziriro yegadziriro yemitambo yeOlympics.

excretory system

Pasina masuweji, hapana budiriro, munhu wese anozviziva. Mumuviri, ropa rinonatswa kubva kune zvinokuvadza nenhengo mbiri: chiropa neitsvo (nhamba yeitsvo muzvisikwa zvakasiyana, saka hatizopindi mairi). Itsvo dzinobvisa zvadzinogona kusachinja, uye chiropa chinoshandura tsvina (dzimwe nguva kuita metabolites ine ngozi). Matumbu anongotora zviwanikwa zvisina kushandiswa, mukufananidza kwedu, uku ndiko kubviswa kwetsvina yakasimba kune inoraswa. Sewer system inoshanda seitsvo (kunze kwekunge uine methane matangi anoshandura tsvina kuita simba). Zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira tsvina, zvidyarwa zvinopisa tsvina uye matangi emethane anoita basa rechiropa.

Chii chaungadzidza kubva pane izvi:

• Tsvina inodzokororwa inogona kuve ine muchetura kupfuura marara asina kugadzirwa, senge methyl doro, iyo inogadziriswa nedoro dehydrogenase muchiropa kuita formaldehyde uye formic acid. Mhoro, mhoro, vanopisa, ndiri kukuona.
• Kurasa kunogona kuva chinhu chinokosha. Mushure mekushanda kwakasimba kwemuviri, lactate, yakaumbwa panguva yeanaerobic glycolysis mumisungo yemaskeletal, inodzokera kuchiropa uye inoshandurwa ipapo kuva glucose, iyo inopinda zvakare mumasumbu. Kana guta rikatanga kudzokorodza marara uye kushandisa izvo zvabuda mukati maro, izvi zvinotonhorera zvese maererano nekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa uye maererano nerogistics.
• Kurongeka zvisina kunaka kudzokororwa uye kuchengetwa kwemarara kunogona kukuvadza hupenyu hwenzvimbo dzese, rangarira kuratidzira kupokana nemarara, "kunhuhwirira" kubva muminda yekusefa uye zvidyarwa zvekupisa, "hondo" pakati pevagari nemakambani ekutungamira pamusoro pekubviswa kwemarara edzimba. Nomuzvarirwo, dzimba munzvimbo dzine matambudziko akadaro dzichaderera, dzichirenda, dzinokwezva vane mari shoma, vasina kudzidza uye kwete vagari vane hunhu, vanozowedzera kuipa chimiro chayo. Ghettoization inzira yakanaka yemhinduro, uye zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose zvinogona kukonzeresa.

Muchokwadi, chinyorwa ichi hachina kuperera, uye zvakanyanya kudaro hachitauri kuti chakarurama mune zvesainzi. Nezvekukura kwemaguta, kufamba kwavo, zvirwere, kugaya kwenzvimbo uye mamwe "maitiro emuviri" ini ndichataura imwe nguva, kuitira kuti usaputira zvese pamwe chete. Kana iwe uine chimwe chinhu chekuwedzera, kana uine mibvunzo, ndinotarisira mhinduro dzako. Ndatenda nekuverenga, ndinovimba kwanga kusiri kufinha.

Source: www.habr.com