Tiri kutaura pamusoro pemitemo miviri iri kutangawo kurasikirwa nebasa.
/ mufananidzo Unsplash
Mutemo waMoore wakagadzirwa makore anopfuura makumi mashanu apfuura. Mukati meiyi nguva yose, iye nokuda kwechikamu chikuru akaramba akarurama. Kunyange nhasi, kana uchifamba kubva kune imwe nzira tekinoroji kuenda kune imwe, kuwanda kwema transistors pane chip . Asi pane dambudziko - kumhanya kwekugadzira hutsva hwehunyanzvi maitiro kuri kudzikira.
Semuyenzaniso, Intel yanga ichimisa kugadzirwa kwemazhinji ayo 10nm Ice Lake processors kwenguva yakareba. Ipo iyo hofori yeIT ichatanga kutumira zvishandiso mwedzi unouya, chivakwa chakaziviswa kutenderera makore apfuura. Zvakare Nyamavhuvhu apfuura, akabatanidzwa wedunhu mugadziri GlobalFoundries, anga achishanda ne AMD, 7nm process tekinoroji (zvimwe pazvikonzero zvechisarudzo ichi, isu pana HabrΓ©).
ΠΈ Kwemakore akawanda vanga vachifanotaura rufu kumutemo waMoore. Kunyange Gordon pachake kuti mutemo waakaita hauchashandi. Nekudaro, mutemo waMoore hausi iwo chete maitiro ari kurasikirwa nekukosha uye kuti vagadziri ve processor vakaenzana.
Dennard's scaling law
Yakagadzirwa muna 1974 nainjiniya uye mugadziri weDRAM Robert Dennard (Robert Dennard) pamwe chete nevaaishanda navo kubva kuIBM. Mutemo unoenda seizvi:
"Nekudzikisa saizi ye transistor uye nekuwedzera wachi yekumhanyisa processor, tinogona kuwedzera kuita kwayo nyore."
Mutemo waDennard wakamisa kudzikiswa kwehupamhi hwemutyairi (tekinoroji maitiro) sechiratidzo chikuru chekufambira mberi muindasitiri yehunyanzvi hwe microprocessor. Asi mutemo waDennard wekuyera wakamira munenge muna 2006. Huwandu hwe transistors mumachipi hunoramba huchiwedzera, asi ichi chokwadi kuita mudziyo.
Semuenzaniso, vamiriri veTSMC (mugadziri wesemiconductor) vanoti shanduko kubva ku7nm kuenda ku5nm. processor wachi kumhanya ne15% chete.
Chikonzero chekudzikira mukukura kwefrequency ndeyekudonha kwazvino, izvo Dennard asina kufunga nezvazvo mukupera kwe70s. Nekuderera kwehukuru hwe transistor uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu, ikozvino inotanga kupisa microcircuit zvakanyanya zvakasimba, izvo zvinogona kukuvadza. Naizvozvo, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuenzanisa simba rinopihwa ne processor. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kubvira 2006, kuwanda kwemachipisi akawanda kwakaiswa kutenderera 4-5 GHz.
/ mufananidzo Unsplash
Nhasi, mainjiniya ari kushanda pamatekinoroji matsva anogadzirisa dambudziko uye kuwedzera mashandiro e microcircuits. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzokuAustralia metal-air transistor, iyo ine frequency yemazana akati wandei gigahertz. Iyo transistor ine maelectrodes maviri esimbi, ayo anoita sedhiraivha uye sosi, uye ari chinhambwe che35 nm. Vanotsinhanisa maerekitironi mumwe nemumwe nekuda kwechiitiko .
Sekureva kwevagadziri, mudziyo wavo uchavabvumidza kumisa "kudzingirira" kudzikisira kwehunyanzvi maitiro uye kuisa pfungwa pakuvaka yakakwirira-inoshanda 3D zvimiro zvine nhamba huru ye transistors pane chip.
Kumi kutonga
Wake muna 2011 naStanford purofesa Jonathan Koomey. Pamwe chete nevanoshanda navo kubva kuMicrosoft, Intel uye Carnegie Mellon University, iye pakushandiswa kwesimba kwemakomputa masisitimu, kutanga nekombuta yeENIAC yakavakwa muna 1946. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Kumi akaita mhedziso inotevera:
"Huwandu hwemakomputa pa kilowatt yesimba pa static load inopetwa kaviri gore rega rega nehafu."
Panguva imwecheteyo, akacherechedza kuti kushandiswa kwesimba kwemakombiyuta kwakawedzerawo mumakore apfuura.
Muna 2015 Kumi kubasa rake uye akawedzera chidzidzo nedata idzva. Akaona kuti maitiro aaitsanangura akanga adzikira. Avhareji chip performance pa kilowatt yesimba yakatanga kupeta kaviri makore matatu ega ega. Maitiro achinja nekuda kwematambudziko ane chekuita nekutonhodza machipisi (), sezvo saizi ye transistors inoderera, zvinova zvakaoma kubvisa kupisa.
/ mufananidzo CC BY-ND
Ikozvino matekinoroji matsva ekutonhodza machipisi ari kuvandudzwa, asi kusvika pari zvino hapana chikonzero chekutaura nezvekuita kwavo kukuru. Semuenzaniso, vanogadzira kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNew York vakakurudzira laser 3D kudhinda kuisa yakaonda thermally conductive layer yetitanium, tini uye sirivheri kune kristaro. Thermal conductivity yechinhu chakadaro iri nani ka7 pane yeimwe thermal interfaces (thermal paste uye polymers).
Pasinei nezvinhu zvose , iyo theoretical simba muganhu ichiri kure. Anodudza ongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi Richard Feynman, uyo kare muna 1985 akataura kuti kushanda nesimba kwemagadzirirwo emagetsi kwaizowedzera kakapetwa ka100 mabhiriyoni. Panguva ya2011, nhamba iyi yakawedzera nezviuru makumi mana chete.
Indasitiri yeIT yakajaira kuwanda kwekukura kwesimba remakomputa, saka mainjiniya ari kutsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera kutendeseka kwemutemo waMoore uye kukunda matambudziko anorairwa nemitemo yaKoumi naDennard. Kunyanya, makambani uye masangano ekutsvagisa ari kutsvaga kutsiva yechinyakare transistor tekinoroji uye silicon. Tichataura pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzinobvira nguva inotevera.
Zvatinonyora nezvazvo mubhizinesi blog:
Mishumo yedu kubva kuVMware SIMBA 2019 paHabrΓ©:
Source: www.habr.com