Imwe yematambudziko makuru esainzi enguva yedu yave mujaho wekugadzira yekutanga inobatsira quantum komputa. Zviuru zvefizikisi nemainjiniya zvinotora chikamu mariri. IBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft uye Intel vari kugadzira pfungwa dzavo. Kombiyuta ine simba ichachinja sei nyika yedu, uye nei ichikosha kudaro?
Fungidzira kwechinguva: komputa yakazara-yakazara quantum yakagadzirwa. Chakave chinhu chakajairika uye chakasikwa chehupenyu hwedu. Classical calculations dzava kungotaurwa chete kuchikoro, muzvidzidzo zvenhoroondo. Pane imwe nzvimbo yakadzika mumakamuri epasi anotonhora, michina ine simba inoshanda pa qubits kusimbisa marobhoti ane hungwaru. Ivo vanoita mabasa ese ane ngozi uye anongosemesa. Uchifamba mupaki, unotarisa-tarisa uye unoona marudzi ese emarobhoti. Zvisikwa zvehumanoid zvinofamba nembwa, kutengesa ice cream, kugadzirisa waya dzemagetsi, uye kutsvaira nzvimbo. Mamwe mamodheru anotsiva mhuka dzinovaraidza.
Isu takawana mukana wekuburitsa zvese zvakavanzika zveUniverse uye titarise mukati medu. Mushonga wasvika padanho idzva - mishonga yekuvandudza iri kugadzirwa svondo rega rega. Tinogona kufanotaura uye kuona kuti zviwanikwa zvishoma zvakaita segasi neoiri zviri kupi. Dambudziko rekudziya kwepasi rakagadziriswa, nzira dzekuchengetedza simba dzakagadziridzwa, uye hapasisina traffic traffic mumaguta. Iyo quantum komputa haingodzoreri mota dzemarobhoti chete, asi zvakare inovimbisa kufamba kwemahara: inotarisisa mamiriro ezvinhu mumigwagwa, inogadzirisa nzira uye inotora kutonga kubva kune vatyairi kana zvichidikanwa. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita zera re quantum.
Quantum Gold Rush
Matarisiro ekushandisa anoshamisa, ndosaka mari muhuwandu hwekuvandudza huri kukura gore rega rega. Musika wepasi rose wekombuta wekombuta waikosheswa pamadhora mazana masere nemakumi masere nematanhatu muna 81,6. Market.us nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti panosvika 2018 ichasvika $2026 miriyoni. Ndokunge, ichawedzera neavhareji ye381,6% pagore kubva 21,26 kusvika 2019.
Uku kukura kunokurudzirwa nekukura kwekushandiswa kwe quantum cryptography mukuchengetedza maapplication uye inotungamirwa nekudyara kubva kuquantum computing musika vanobata. Pakuvamba kwegore rino, vatengesi vakazvimiririra vanga vapa mari inosvika makumi mashanu nembiri makambani ehunyanzvi pasi rese, maererano neongororo yakaitwa nepepanhau resainzi Nature. Vatambi vakuru vakaita seIBM, Google, Alibaba, Microsoft, Intel, uye D-Wave Systems vari kunetsekana kugadzira komputa inoshanda yakawanda.
Hongu, chero bedzi mari inoyerera munzvimbo ino gore rega rega inomiririra mari shoma (ichienzaniswa nemadhora 2018 bhiriyoni mukudyara kweAI muna 9,3). Asi nhamba idzi dzakakosha kune indasitiri isati yakura iyo isati yazvirumbidza zviratidzo zvekushanda.
Kugadzirisa quantum matambudziko
Iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti nhasi teknolojia ichiri muhucheche. Izvo zvaigoneka kugadzira chete prototypes ye quantum michina uye imwechete yekuyedza masisitimu. Ivo vanokwanisa kuita yakagadziriswa algorithms yeakaderera kuoma. Yekutanga 2-qubit komputa yakasikwa muna 1998, uye zvakatora vanhu makore makumi maviri nerimwe kuti vaunze zvishandiso padanho rakakodzera, iyo inonzi "quantum supremacy". Iri izwi rakagadzirwa naCaltech purofesa John Preskill. Uye zvinoreva kugona kwe quantum madivayiri kugadzirisa matambudziko nekukurumidza kupfuura ane simba echinyakare makomputa.
Kubudirira munzvimbo iyi kwakaitwa nekambani yekuCalifornian Google. MunaGunyana 2019, sangano iri rakazivisa kuti 53-qubit Sycamore mudziyo wakapedza kuverenga mumasekonzi mazana maviri izvo zvaizotora iyo-ye-iyo-yepamusoro-soro komputa makore gumi kuti apedze. Mashoko aya akakonzera kukakavara kukuru. IBM haina kubvumirana zvachose nekuverenga kwakadaro. Mubhuku rayo, kambani yakanyora kuti Summit supercomputer ichaita basa iri mumazuva 200. Uye zvese zvinodikanwa kuwedzera dhisiki yekuchengetedza simba. Kunyangwe muchokwadi mutsauko wanga usina kukura zvakanyanya, Google yaive yekutanga kuwana "quantum supremacy." Uye ichi chiitiko chakakosha mukutsvagisa komputa. Asi hapana chimwe. Sycamore's feat ndeyekungoratidzira chete. Haina kushanda uye haibatsiri kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo.
Dambudziko guru ndiro hardware. Nepo zvechinyakare mabhiti ekombuta aine kukosha kwe0 kana 1, munyika isinganzwisisike quantum, qubits inogona kunge iri mumatunhu ese panguva imwe chete. Iyi pfuma inodaidzwa kuti superposition. MaQubits akafanana nepamusoro-soro: anotenderera zvese newachi uye newachi, achikwira nekudzika. Kana iwe ukaona izvi zvichivhiringidza, saka iwe uri mukambani huru. Richard Feynman akamboti, "Kana iwe uchifunga kuti unonzwisisa quantum mechanics, hauzvinzwisise." Mashoko akashinga kubva kumurume akahwina Mubairo weNobel we... quantum mechanics.
Saka, maqubits haana kugadzikana zvakanyanya uye ari pasi pemaitiro ekunze. Mota inopfuura pasi pemahwindo erabhoritari, ruzha rwemukati rweiyo inotonhorera system, inobhururuka cosmic particle - chero kupindira kusingaite, chero kupindirana kunokanganisa kuwirirana kwavo uye ivo decohere. Izvi zvinokanganisa computing.
Mubvunzo wakakosha wekuvandudzwa kwe quantum computing ndeupi mhinduro yehardware kubva kune yakawanda yakaongororwa inovimbisa kugadzikana kwequbits. Ani nani anogadzirisa dambudziko rekubatana uye anoita quantum makomputa akajairika seGPU anohwina Mubairo weNobel uye ave munhu akapfuma kwazvo pasirese.
Nzira yekutengeserana
Muna 2011, kambani yeCanada D-Wave Systems Inc. ndiyo yaive yekutanga kutengesa quantum makomputa, kunyangwe kubatsira kwavo kunogumira kune mamwe matambudziko emasvomhu. Uye mumwedzi iri kuuya, mamirioni evagadziri achakwanisa kutanga kushandisa quantum processors kuburikidza negore - IBM inovimbisa kupa mukana kune yayo 53-qubit mudziyo. Kusvika pari zvino, makambani makumi maviri awana ropafadzo iyi pasi pechirongwa chinonzi Q Network. Pakati pavo pane mugadziri wemidziyo Samsung Electronics, automaker Honda Motor uye Daimler, makambani emakemikari JSR neNagase, mabhanga JPMorgan Chase & Co. uye Barclays.
Mazhinji makambani ari kuedza nequantum computing nhasi anozviona sechikamu chakakosha cheramangwana. Basa ravo guru ikozvino nderekutsvaga kuti chii chinoshanda mu quantum computing uye chii chisingaiti. Uye gadzirira kuve wekutanga kuunza tekinoroji mubhizinesi kana yagadzirira.
Masangano ekufambisa. Volkswagen, pamwe neD-Wave, iri kugadzira quantum application - traffic control system. Chirongwa chitsva ichi chichagonesa masangano ezvekutakura veruzhinji nemakambani ematekisi mumaguta makuru kushandisa zvikepe zvavo nemazvo uye kuderedza nguva yekumirira vafambi.
Energy sector. ExxonMobil uye IBM vari kusimudzira kushandiswa kwequantum computing muchikamu chesimba. Ivo vakanangana nekugadzira huwandu hwemagetsi matsva emagetsi, kuvandudza kugona kwesimba uye kuderedza kuburitsa gasi rinopisa. Huyero uye kuomarara kwezvinetso zvinotarisana nechikamu chesimba zvinodarika chiyero chemazuva ano emakomputa uye akanyatsokodzera kuyedzwa pa quantum iwo.
Makambani emishonga. Accenture Labs iri kubatana ne1QBit, kambani yehuwandu hwesoftware. Mumwedzi miviri chete, vakabva kutsvagurudzo kuenda kuhumbowo-hwe-pfungwa-vachishandisa application kuenzanisira kupindirana kwakaoma kwema molecular pamazinga eatomu. Nekuda kwesimba re quantum computing, zvino zvinogoneka kuongorora mamorekuru makuru. Izvi zvichapa chii kunzanga? Innovative mishonga ine diki mhedzisiro.
Chikamu chezvemari. Technologies yakavakirwa pamisimboti ye quantum theory iri kuwedzera kukwezva kufarira kwemabhanga. Ivo vanofarira kugadzirisa kutengeserana, kutengeserana uye mamwe marudzi e data nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Barclays naJP Morgan Chase (ane IBM), pamwe neNatWest (ine Fujitsu) vari kutoita ongororo yavo mukugadzira software yakasarudzika.
Kugamuchirwa nemakambani makuru akadaro uye kubuda kwemapiyona ehuwandu anokatyamadza kunotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pekutengesa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu. Isu tave kutoona computing yequantum ichishandiswa kumatambudziko epasirese, kubva pakuvandudza simba remagetsi kusvika pakugadzirisa nzira dzemotokari. Uye zvakakosha, kukosha kweiyo tekinoroji kuchawedzera sezvainokura.
Source: www.habr.com