Jim Clark, director we quantum Hardware kuIntel, neimwe yekambani quantum processors. Photo; Intel
- Quantum makomputa tekinoroji inonakidza kwazvo inobata vimbiso yekugadzira ine simba komputa kugona kugadzirisa matambudziko aimbove asingagoneke.
- Nyanzvi dzinoti IBM yakatungamira nzira muquantum computing, ndosaka Google, Intel, Microsoft uye akawanda ekutanga ari pasi pesimba rayo.
- Vagadziri vemari vanokwezvwa nekutanga komputa komputa, kusanganisira IonQ, ColdQuanta, D-Wave Systems uye Rigetti, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa musika.
- Nekudaro, pane kubata: emazuva ano quantum makomputa kazhinji haana simba kana akavimbika semakomputa makuru emazuva ano, uye anodawo mamiriro akakosha kuti atange uye kutanga.
Muna Ndira, IBM yakaita mafungu payakazivisa IBM Q System One, yekutanga quantum komputa yepasi rose inowanikwa kune bhizinesi. Mudziyo wacho waigara mubhokisi rakatsetseka regirazi rine vhoriyamu ye9 cubic tsoka.
Ichi chiitiko chakakosha chehuwandu hwemakomputa, ayo achiri kuwanikwa mumarabhoritari ekutsvagisa. Maererano neBMM, vatengi vari kutotsvaga kuisa maoko avo pane teknolojia, iyo inoratidza kuvimbiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana: chemistry, zvinhu zvesayenzi, kugadzira zvokudya, aerospace, kugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka, kufungidzira kwemusika wekutengesa uye kunyange kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
IBM Q System Imwe. Mufananidzo: IBM
Chikonzero chekufara ndechekuti komputa yequantum ine zvinoita semashiripiti zvinhu zvinoibvumidza kuti igadzirise zvakanyanya ruzivo rwakawanda pane yakajairika system. Komputa yequantum haingori komputa inokurumidza kwazvo; kunyanya, iyo yakasiyana zvachose yekombuta paradigm inoda radical rethinking.
Ichakunda mumujaho wetekinoroji ichange iri kambani inoshandisa mikana yakapihwa nehunyanzvi uhu. IBM, Microsoft, Google nedzimwe hofori dzetekinoroji, pamwe nekutanga, vari kubheja pane iyi tekinoroji.
Bhizinesi Insider yakabvunza IBM Q Strategy uye Ecosystem Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Bob Sutor nezve maitiro ekuita kuti masisitimu aya awanikwe nevanhu: Vanhu vachaawana sei? Vanhu vazhinji vangadzidza sei kushandisa quantum makomputa kuita mabasa avo?
Iko kushoma mukana wekuona quantum makomputa muhofisi chero nguva munguva pfupi. Nyanzvi dzatakataura dzichitenda kuti kunyangwe iripo kuIBM, zvichatora mamwe makore mashanu kusvika gumi kuti quantum computing isati yarova mainstream. IBM Q System One parizvino inongowanikwa segore komputa sevhisi yekusarudza vatengi. Zvichatora nguva vanhu vasati vatenga chinhu chakadai vochiisa kuti chishande nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo.
Chokwadi, nyanzvi dzinoti quantum makomputa anoratidza vimbiso huru, asi ari kure nekugadzirwa kwehuwandu. Iwo haana kusimba zvakanyanya uye anoda akakosha mamiriro kuti ashande. Uyezve, quantum makomputa nhasi haana kuvimbika kana ane simba semakomputa atatova nawo.
"Tinotenda kuti mumakore angangoita gumi, komputa yakawanda ichachinja hupenyu hwako kana hwangu," Jim Clark, director we quantum hardware kuIntel, akaudza Business Insider. - Muchokwadi, isu tangova mumamaira ekutanga emarathon. Hazvirevi kuti hatinei nazvo."
Chii chinonzi quantum komputa?
Bill Gates akambotaura kuti masvomhu ari kumashure kwequantum aive kunze kwekunzwisisa kwake, asi havasi vese vakabvuma.
"Imwe pfungwa isiriyo yekuti quantum fizikisi ifizikisi uye yakanyanya kuomarara," Chris Monroe, CEO uye co-muvambi weIonQ, anoudza Business Insider. “Chinoita kuti zvisanzwisiswe nevanhu vazhinji ndechekuti hazvinzwisisike, asi ini handizvinzwisise sezvazviri kwauri.” Kana chimwe chinhu chichigona kuva muchimiro chepamusoro, zvinoreva kuti chinogona kuva mumatunhu maviri panguva imwe chete. Hameno nekuti isu hatizvione munyika chaiyo. "
Makombiyuta atakashandisa anoratidza data setambo ye1s kana 0 inonzi binary code. Nekudaro, komputa ye quantum inogona kumiririra data se 1, 0, kana, zvinonyanya kukosha, nhamba dzese dziri mbiri panguva imwe chete.
Kana sisitimu inogona kunge iri munzvimbo dzinopfuura imwe panguva imwe chete, inodaidzwa kuti "superposition," imwe yezvinoita semashiripiti zvimiro zve quantum computing. Imwe musimboti wakakosha pano ndewe "entanglement", inova quantum pfuma inobvumira zvidimbu zviviri kuti zvifambe mukuwirirana kwakakwana, zvisinei kuti zvakaparadzana zvakadii.
Sezvinotsanangura muScientific American, hunhu huviri uhwu hunobatanidza kugadzira komputa inogona kugadzira data rakawanda panguva imwe chete kupfuura chero system iri pamusika nhasi.
Simba rekombuta ye quantum rinoyerwa mu qubits, iyo basic unit yekuyera mu quantum komputa. Kungofanana nemakomputa emazuva ano ane 32-bit kana 64-bit processors (chiyero chekuti data rakawanda sei ravanogona kugadzira panguva imwe chete), komputa yehuwandu ine mamwe maqubits ine zvakanyanya simba rekugadzirisa.
Mukati quantum komputa. Mufananidzo: IBM
Denga ndiro muganhu
Zvese izvi zvinoreva kuti quantum komputa inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko ayo aimbove akaganhurirwa nesimba rekombuta.
Semuenzaniso, komputa yequantum inogona kugadzirisa zvine hukasha dambudziko rakakurumbira revatengesi rekufamba, dambudziko rakaoma remakomputa rinoda kutsvaga nzira ipfupi pakati pemaguta akawanda usati wadzokera kumba. Zvinoita sezviri nyore, asi kana ukazvitarisa nemasvomhu, kuwana iyo imwe chete yakaringana nzira kunowedzera kuoma sezvaunowedzera mamwe maguta munzira yayo.
Saizvozvovo, komputa yehuwandu inogona kupinda nemumatambudziko akaomarara, anodya nguva, ichipepeta nepakati pehuwandu hwemari, mishonga, kana mamiriro ekunze kuti iwane mhinduro dzakakwana. Chokwadi, quantum yekutanga D-Wave yave kutoshanda pamwe neVolkswagen kuongorora mafambiro ekutyaira uye kusefa kuburikidza nehukuru hweruzha kuti usvike pasi pezvinhu.
Kubatsira kwayo mumunda wecryptography inokurukurwa. Komputa yequantum inokwanisa kugona nzira yekunyorera iyo yakasiyana neyaimbozivikanwa cipher, iyo inobvumira kuti inzwisise zviri nyore kunyange zvakavanzika zvehurumende. Pane kufarira kukuru kubva kuhurumende dzepasi rose mune iyi inobatsira, nepo vatsigiri vachitya kuti kuuya kwequantum computing kunogona kuparadza kuvanzika.
Dambudziko reFizikisi
"Nekuda kwekuti quantum computing ichiri munhanho dzayo dzekutanga, kune ruzivo rwakawanda runoramba rusina humbowo," akadaro Matthew Briss, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weR&D kuGartner. “Asi vatengi vave kutotsvaga magwaro ekuti vaone zvakanakira makwikwi equantum computing yebhizimusi ravo,” anodaro.
Pasinei nekunyepedzera kwese, nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti quantum makomputa ari kure nekutungamira nzira semaPC aive muma1950s. Zvechokwadi, ivo vari kuwedzera, asi zvishoma nezvishoma.
"Quantum computing inogona kufananidzwa nechitima chinofamba zvishoma," Brian Hopkins, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri uye muongorori mukuru weForrester, akaudza Business Insider. "Kana akafambisa inchi imwe pasekondi, saka mumwedzi anenge atopfuura mainji maviri pasekondi." Nenguva isipi anotanga kufamba nekukurumidza."
Dambudziko guru ikozvino nderekuti komputa yehuwandu haigone kuita chero chinhu chisingagone kuitwa nekombuta yekare. Indasitiri iri kutarisira kune imwe nguva inonzi quantum supremacy, apo quantum makomputa achaenda kupfuura zvazvino zvisingakwanisi.
“Makasitoma paanouya kwatiri, chinhu chikuru chavanotiudza ndechekuti havana basa nemhando yacho chero bedzi ichibatsira mubhizinesi ravo,” anodaro muongorori anonzi Briss. - Iko hakuna modhi inogona kupfuura classical algorithms. Isu tinofanirwa kumirira kusvika quantum komputa hardware yatanga kuita nani. "
IBM Research shamwari Katie Pooley anoongorora iyo cryostat inobatsira quantum makomputa kuchengetedza tembiricha yavo yakadzikira. Mufananidzo: Andy Aaron, IBM
Dambudziko guru rinoramba riri kushayikwa kwesimba rekombuta. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti quantum supremacy inoda komputa ine simba re50 qubits. Kunyangwe ichi chiitiko chakakosha chakaitwa murabhoritari, hachisi chekusingaperi uye hachigone kuchengetedzwa. Chokwadi, maqubits anogona kuve ese ari pasi pezvikanganiso uye kusagadzikana, izvo zvinotungamira kumatambudziko nechizvarwa chavo uye nekuderedza kugona kwavo.
Chimwe chinhu chinokosha zvinhu zvakawanda. Quantum makomputa anofanirwa kuve akaparadzaniswa zvachose kubva kwaanogara kuti ashande uye anoda yakaderera tembiricha. Kunyange kudengenyeka kuduku kunogona kukonzera qubits kudonha, kuakanda kunze kwepamusoro-soro, sezvinongoita mwana anogogodza patafura kunoita kuti mari inotenderera iwire patafura.
Yakapfuura quantum makomputa, senge IBM Q System One, yakakura zvekuti iyo inodiwa yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kutonhora mamiriro anova dambudziko chairo. Kuwedzera dambudziko iri kuperevedza kwezvikamu zvinodiwa: superconducting cables uye yakaderera-tembiricha firiji. Vari mukushomeka kukuru.
Pakupedzisira, izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe ruzivo rwuri kuita nani uye tekinoroji iri kufambira mberi, quantum computing haisati yave kuitika.
"Rimwe rematambudziko muboka rangu rebasa nderekushandisa zvinhu, silicon, simbi, kuitira kuti tigone kugadzira nharaunda ine homogeneous," Intel's Clark akadaro. - Iyi ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka semiconductor tekinoroji. Tekinoroji dzatinoda kugadzira quantum computing pamwero haupo. ”
Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti quantum makomputa ane isingarambike mukana wekupa zvisingatarisirwe simba rekombuta. Nekudaro, hapana vanhu vazhinji munyika ino vane ruzivo rwekuronga kana kushandisa masisitimu aya, uye vangangove vatengi vanofarira kuyedza kufunga kuti vangaishandisa sei.
Iyo Great Quantum Race
Vanoongorora vanoti IBM parizvino iri kutungamira quantum computing mujaho nekuda kwekushomeka kwekutengesa kweiyo IBM Q System One. Nekuti inowanikwa kuburikidza negore, IBM inogona kuchengetedza aya akakosha mamiriro kuchengetedza iyi quantum komputa ichishanda ichiri kubvumira vatengi vakasarudza kuishandisa.
"Ini ndinofunga [IBM's quantum komputa] iri kuzununguka," akadaro muongorori Briss. "Ini ndinofunga iyo quantum komputa semuenzaniso webasa ndiyo modhi chaiyo." Nekuchiisa mumudziyo uye kuchirapa zvakananga, vari kuedza kuvandudza kunaka kwaro. ”
IBM's Sarah Sheldon naPat Gumann vari kushanda pafiriji yekunyungudutsa inotonhodza makomputa akawanda. Mufananidzo: IBM
Panguva imwecheteyo, vaongorori vanocherekedza kuti chero yevatambi mumusika uyu anogona kuve nekubudirira chero nguva iyo inobvumira kuti ienderere mberi, uye kuti uku kuchiri kukwikwidza kunodiwa.
Yakasiyana IT hofori dzinosvika padambudziko iri zvakasiyana. Intel, IBM, Google uye quantum computing kutanga Rigetti vari kuvaka masisitimu akavakirwa pa superconducting maseketi, anofambiswa nestate-of-the-art supercomputers.
iri kutora nzira yakasiyana zvachose uye pamwe ine riskier mukuedza kugadzira qubit iri nani. Iyo topological qubit iyo Microsoft iri kuyedza kugadzira zvimedu maerekitironi kuchengetedza ruzivo munzvimbo dzakawanda kamwechete, zvichiita kuti ive yakagadzikana uye isingaite kuparadzwa. Iyo haina kusimba kupfuura izvo vakwikwidzi vayo vari kuedza kuvaka, asi mhedzisiro yacho ingave nhanho huru yekumberi kune yese ndima ye quantum computing, muongorori Hopkins akadaro.
"Vari pakubheja uye vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti havafe vakabudirira," Hopkins akadaro.
Padivi rinodadisa, kutanga seIonQ uye D-Wave vari kubheja pakucheka-kumucheto matekinoroji senge ion kuteya uye quantum annealing. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, vari kuedza nenzira dzakasiyana kuti vabudirire kuita kukuru uye kugadzikana kubva kune yega yega, vachishandisa nzira nyowani.
"Izvi zvinotibvumira kuvaka komputa yehuwandu inogadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara uye ichienderera mberi mukuita kudaro," Mark Johnson, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri we processor uye quantum chigadzirwa dhizaini nekusimudzira kuD-Wave, akaudza Business Insider.
Mumwe musayendisiti weBM quantum anofamba neBM Q Computing Center paThomas J. Watson Research Center muYorktown Heights, New York. Mufananidzo: Connie Zhou weIBM
Quantum Startups
Kuwedzera kwe quantum computing kwakonzera mafambiro ekudyara mari mune zvine chekuita nekutanga. IBM's Robert Sutor anofungidzira kuti kune zana quantum software, hardware uye kunyange kubvunza kutanga kutenderera pasirese. Izvi zvidiki zvichienzaniswa nemusika mukuru wekutanga, asi wakakura kupfuura kare.
"Ndanga ndiri munzvimbo ino kwenguva yakareba, kubva pakutanga," akadaro IonQ's Monroe. - Kwenguva yakareba yaive ichiri mudiki, kusvika makore 5-8 apfuura yakakwezva kutarisisa uye yakakwezva mari yakakura. Zvakava pachena kuti nguva yakanga yasvika.”
Chris Monroe, CEO uye co-muvambi we quantum komputa yekutanga IonQ. Mufananidzo: IonQ
Vamwe, saRigetti, vakagadzirira kuenda kune-kune-kugunwe ne tech titans vane yavo quantum machipisi uye sophisticated quantum computing masisitimu.
"Ndiwo musimboti webhizinesi redu," Betsy Masiello, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wechigadzirwa kuRigetti, akaudza Business Insider. - Kune makambani mazhinji ari munzvimbo yehuwandu ari kushanda pamasoftware maapplication mumunda we quantum computing. Isu tinogadzira mamicrochip uye tinovaka masisitimu emakomputa. "
Matthew Kinsella, maneja maneja weMaverick Ventures, anoti ari bhizinesi pane iyo quantum computing ndima. Kambani yake yasvika pakudyara muColdQuanta, kambani inogadzira michina inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwemasystem. Anotarisira kuti makomputa equantum achapfuura masisitimu anhasi mukati memakore mashanu kusvika gumi. Maverick Ventures ari kubheja pane refu.
"Ini ndinotenda chaizvo muquantum computing, kunyangwe zvingatora nguva yakareba kupfuura zvaitarisirwa komputa isati yava nani pane komputa yechinyakare yekugadzirisa matambudziko ezuva nezuva. Tingangoona mabhenefiti emakomputa ehuwandu mukugadzirisa matambudziko madiki mumakore mashoma anotevera, "akadaro Kinsella.
D-Wave's 2000Q Systems marabhoritari. Mufananidzo: D-Wave
Kinsella, sevanoongorora vatakataura navo, ari kutarisira iyo inonzi "quantum yechando." Panogona kunge paine hype yakatenderedza quantum makomputa, asi vanhu vari kuwana tariro yavo, nyanzvi dzinoyambira. Michina haisati yakwana, uye zvichatora makore vasati vadyaridzi vaona mibairo.
Mukuona
Kunyangwe kupfuura quantum supremacy, nyanzvi dzinotivimbisa kuti kuchine nzvimbo yemakomputa echinyakare nemakomputa makuru. Kusvika ipapo, kuchine mutengo, saizi, kuvimbika, uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzemagetsi kuti tigadzirise tisati tazvikurukura.
"Tinofanirwa kumbotura befu," akadaro muongorori Briss. "Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza zviri kuitika munzvimbo ino zvinotora nguva." Iko mubatanidzwa wefizikisi, sainzi yekombuta uye, kutaura chokwadi, kuongorora kwesainzi. Hatina kuzofanira kudzidza izvi dai taiziva mhinduro dzese, asi kune basa rakawanda rekutsvagisa riri pamberi."
Rigetti quantum komputa. Mufananidzo: Rigetti
Zvisinei, kune vakawanda zviri pachena kuti iyi ndiyo nguva yemberi. Kungofanana nevagadziri vekutanga mainframe komputa havana kuziva kuti izvi zvaizopedzisira zvatungamira kune mamwe mafoni akaenzana emichindwe. Komputa yequantum inogona kunge iri nhanho yekutanga munzira nyowani.
Vashoma, seMicrosoft VP yeCorporate Governance Todd Holmdahl, vane tarisiro yakakwana kutaura kuti inogona kuve yakakosha kupfuura hungwaru hwekugadzira uye kudzidza muchina nhasi. Aigaroudza vana vake kuti vaifanira kuita zvavanoda uye kuti vaigona kugara vachiwana basa muhungwaru hwekugadzira. Iye zvino achataura zvakafanana nezve quantum computing.
“Iyi inzvimbo ichasimukira. Tinoda vanhu kuizadza uye kuti isasvava, ”akadaro Holmdahl. "Inoita basa rakakosha muchizvarwa chedu, ichitipa mukana wekugadzira zvinhu zvinoshamisa mune ramangwana."
Source: www.habr.com