Nzira yekudzivisa hutongi hwehutongi paInternet
Tiri kudzima here? Mukadzi ari muBeijing Internet cafe, Chikunguru 2011
Im Chi Yin/The New York Times/Redux
Hmmm, ndichiri kufanira kusuma izvi ne "noti yemushanduri." Rugwaro rwakawanwa rwairatidzika kuva runofadza uye rune nharo kwandiri. Magadzirirwo echinyorwa chete ndeaya akashinga. Ndakazvibvumira kuratidza mafungiro angu pachedu muma tags.
Nguva yeInternet yakanga izere netariro dzakakwirira. Hutongi hwezviremera, vakatarisana nesarudzo yekuva chikamu chehurongwa hutsva hwekufambiswa kwemashoko pasi rose kana kusiiwa kumashure, vachasarudza kuijoinha. Kukakavadzana zvakare nemagirazi ane ruvara rwerose: kuyerera kweruzivo rutsva uye mazano kubva "kunze kwenyika" kunosundira budiriro yakananga kuvhurika kwehupfumi uye kusununguka kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakapesana chaizvo zvakaitika. Panzvimbo pekuparadzira hunhu hwegutsaruzhinji uye hunhu hwakasununguka, iyo Internet yave hwaro hweespionage nehurumende dzine masimba pasirese. Regimes muChina, Russia, nezvimwe. vakashandisa zvivakwa zveInternet kuti vazvivakire ivo pachavo network yenyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakaisa zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi uye zvemitemo kuti vakwanise kuganhurira kuwana kwevagari vemo kune zvimwe zviwanikwa uye kuita kuti zviomere makambani ekuMadokero kuwana misika yavo yedhijitari.
Asi nepo Washington neBrussels vachichema vachironga kupatsanura Internet, chinhu chekupedzisira icho Beijing neMoscow vanoda ndechekuvharirwa mumambure avo uye kubviswa paInternet yepasirese. Mushure mezvose, vanoda kuwana Indaneti kuba zvinhu zvepfungwa, kuparadzira propaganda, kuvhiringidza sarudzo mune dzimwe nyika, uye kukwanisa kutyisidzira zvivakwa zvakakosha munyika dzinokwikwidza. China neRussia vangada kugadzira iyo Internet patsva - zvinoenderana nemaitiro avo uye kumanikidza nyika kutamba nemitemo yavo inodzvinyirira. Asi vatadza kuita izvi β pane kudaro, vawedzera nhamburiko yavo yekudzora zvakasimba kupinda kwekunze kumisika yavo, kudzikisira kugona kwevagari vemo kuwana Indaneti, uye kushandisa kusadzivirirwa kunouya nerusununguko rwedhijitari uye kuvhurika kwekuMadokero.
United States nevabatsiri vayo uye vanodyidzana navo vanofanirwa kurega kunetseka nezve njodzi yehutongi hwehutongi hwekupwanya Internet. Pane kudaro vanofanira patsanura iwe pachako, kugadzira dhijitari mukati umo ruzivo, masevhisi uye zvigadzirwa zvinogona kufamba zvakasununguka, tisingasanganisire nyika dzisingaremekedze rusununguko rwekutaura kana kodzero dzekuvanzika, kuita zviitiko zvekupandukira, kana kupa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka kune matsotsi epamhepo. Muhurongwa hwakadaro, nyika dzinogamuchira pfungwa yeInternet yakasununguka uye yakavimbika inochengetedza uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti ekubatanidza, uye nyika dzinopikisa pfungwa iyi hadzizokwanise kuikuvadza. Chinangwa chinofanira kuva digital version yechibvumirano cheSchengen, iyo inodzivirira kufamba kwakasununguka kwevanhu, zvinhu uye mabasa muEurope. Nyika makumi maviri nenhanhatu dzeSchengen dzinotevedzera iyi seti yemitemo uye nzira dzekuteedzera; nyika dzisiri dzoga.
Aya marudzi ezvibvumirano akakosha kuchengetedza yemahara uye yakavhurika Internet. Washington inofanirwa kuumba mubatanidzwa unobatanidza vashandisi veinternet, mabhizinesi nenyika dzakatenderedza demokrasi, kuremekedza mutemo uye kutengeserana kwemadhijitari: Yemahara Internet League. Panzvimbo yekubvumidza nyika dzisingagovane idzi hunhu husina kuvharirwa kuInternet neWestern misika yedhijitari uye matekinoroji, mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neUS unofanirwa kuseta mamiriro ekuti vasiri nhengo vanogona kugara vakabatana uye kuisa zvipingamupinyi zvinodzikamisa data rakakosha. vangagamuchira, nokukuvadza kwavangaita. Iyo ligi haizosimudza keteni resimbi yedhijitari; zvishoma pakutanga, traffic yakawanda yeInternet icharamba ichiendeswa pakati penhengo dzayo uye "kunze", uye ligi ichaisa pamberi pekuvhara makambani nemasangano anogonesa uye kufambisa cybercrime, pane nyika dzese. Hurumende dzinogashira chiono cheInternet yakavhurika, inoshivirira, uye yegutsaruzhinji dzichakurudzirwa kuvandudza kuedza kwadzo kupinda muligi nekupa kubatana kwakavimbika kumabhizinesi avo nevagari. Ehe, hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri muChina, Russia nekune dzimwe nzvimbo dzingangoramba dzichiramba chiono ichi. Panzvimbo pekukumbira uye kuteterera hurumende dzakadai kuti dzizvibate, zvave kuUnited States nevabatsiri vayo kuisa mutemo: kutevedzera mitemo kana kubviswa.
Kupera kwezviroto zveInternet isina miganhu
Apo hutongi hwaObama payakaburitsa International Cyberspace Strategy muna 2011, yakafungidzira Internet yepasi rose iyo "yakavhurika, yakabatana, yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika." Panguva imwecheteyo, China neRussia dzakaomerera pakusimbisa mitemo yavo paInternet. Beijing, semuenzaniso, yaida chero kushoropodzwa kwehurumende yeChina izvo zvingave zvisiri pamutemo mukati meChina kuti zvirambidzwewo pamawebhusaiti eUS. Moscow, kune chikamu chayo, yakatsvaga zvine hungwaru zvakafanana nezvibvumirano zvekudzora zvombo mucyberpace panguva imwe chete ichikwidza yayo inogumbura cyberattacks. Nekufamba kwenguva, China neRussia vanga vachiri kuda kushandisa pesvedzero pamusoro peInternet yepasirese. Asi ivo vanoona kukosha kukuru mukuvaka yavo yakavharwa network uye kushandisa kuvhurika kweWest kuti vabatsirike.
Zano raObama rakayambira kuti "imwe nzira yekuvhurika kwepasi rose nekudyidzana iInternet yakakamukana, uko chikamu chikuru chevagari vepasi chichanyimwa mukana wekushandisa kwakaoma uye zvakakosha zvemukati nekuda kwezvido zvezvematongerwo enyika zvenyika shoma." Zvisinei nekuedza kweWashington kudzivirira izvi, izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvatasvika pari zvino. Uye hutongi hwaTrump hwakaita zvishoma kushandura zano reUS. Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, National Cyber ββββStrategy, yakaburitswa munaGunyana 2018, inodaidzira "Internet yakavhurika, inodyidzana, yakavimbika uye yakachengeteka," ichiita mantra yehurongwa hweMutungamiri Barack Obama, dzimwe nguva vachichinjana mazwi ekuti "chengeteka" uye "kuvimbwa."
Zano raVaTrump rinobva pakudiwa kwekuwedzera rusununguko rweInternet, rwainotsanangura se "kushandiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwakakosha pamhepo, serusununguko rwekutaura, kushamwaridzana, kuungana murunyararo, chitendero kana kutenda, uye kodzero yekuvanzika pamhepo." Kunyange ichi chiri chinangwa chakakodzera, chinofuratira chokwadi chekuti munyika zhinji umo vagari vasingafarire kodzero idzi kunze kweindaneti, ndoda pamhepo, Indaneti haisisiri nzvimbo yakachengetedzeka, asi mudziyo wekudzvanyirira. Maregisheni muChina nedzimwe nyika ari kushandisa hungwaru hwekuvabetsera kuti vatarise vanhu vavo zviri nani uye vakadzidza kubatanidza makamera ekuongorora, mafambisirwo emari uye masisitimu ekufambisa kugadzira dhatabhesi rakakura reruzivo nezve zviitiko zvemugari wega wega. Mauto eChina ane mamirioni maviri akasimba einternet censors ari kudzidziswa kuunganidza data kuti ibatanidzwe muhurongwa hwekuverenga hwakarongwa. "social credits", izvo zvinokutendera kuti uongorore mugari wega wega weChina uye kugovera mibairo uye zvirango zvezviito zvakatorwa zvese online uye kunze kwenyika. Iyo inonzi Great Firewall yekuChina, iyo inorambidza vanhu munyika kuwana zvinhu pamhepo zvinoonekwa neChinese Communist Party zvisina kunaka, yave muenzaniso kune dzimwe hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri. Sekureva kweFreedom House, vakuru veChinese vakaita dzidziso yekugadzira masisitimu ekutarisa eInternet nevamwe vari munyika makumi matatu nematanhatu. China yakabatsira kuvaka network dzakadai munyika gumi nesere.
Kunze kwehofisi yeBeijing yeGoogle zuva rakatevera mushure mekunge kambani yazivisa hurongwa hwekusiya musika weChina, Ndira 2010
Gilles Sabrie / The New York Times / Redux
Kushandisa manhamba senzira
Ko United States nevanodyidzana nayo vangadzikamisa sei kukuvadzwa kungaitwa nehurumende dzine masimba kuInternet uye kudzivirira hurumende idzodzo kushandisa simba reInternet kudzvanyirira vanopikisa? Pakave nemazano ekuraira World Trade Organisation kana UN kuti igadzire mitemo yakajeka kuti ive nechokwadi chekuyerera kwemahara kweruzivo uye data. Asi gadziriro ipi neipi yakadaro yaizova yakafa, sezvo kuti iwane tendero yaizofanira kuwana tsigiro yenyika dzimene idzo dzakanangidzira mabasa akaipa. Chete nekugadzira bhuroka renyika mukati umo data rinogona kutamiswa, uye nekuramba kupinda kune dzimwe nyika, nyika dzekuMadokero dzinogona kuve nechero simba rekuchinja maitiro eInternet vakaipa.
Nzvimbo yeEurope yeSchengen inopa muenzaniso unoshanda umo vanhu nezvinhu zvinofamba zvakasununguka, pasina kupinda mutsika nekudzora kubuda kwevanhu. Kana munhu angopinda munzvimbo iyi nepabhodha reimwe nyika, anogona kupinda chero kune imwe nyika asingafambi nedzimwe tsika kana macheki ekubvakacha. (Pane zvimwe zvisiri izvo, uye nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaunza macheki mashoma emuganhu mushure medambudziko revanotama muna 2015.) Chibvumirano chekutanga nharaunda chakava chikamu chemutemo weEU muna 1999; dzisiri dzeEU nyika dzinoti Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway neSwitzerland dzakazobatana. Chibvumirano ichi chakasiya Ireland neUK pakukumbira kwavo.
Kujoinha nzvimbo yeSchengen kunosanganisira zvitatu zvinodiwa zvinogona kushanda semuenzaniso wechibvumirano chedhijitari. Chekutanga, nyika dzenhengo dzinofanirwa kuburitsa mavhiza mayunifomu uye kuona kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba pamiganhu yekunze. Chechipiri, vanofanirwa kuratidza kuti vanokwanisa kurongedza zviito zvavo nevezvemitemo mune dzimwe nyika nhengo. Uye chechitatu, ivo vanofanirwa kushandisa yakajairwa sisitimu yekutevera mapindiro uye kubuda munzvimbo. Chibvumirano ichi chinotara mitemo inotonga kuyambuka miganhu uye mamiriro ayo zviremera zvinogona kuteedzera vanofungidzirwa kuti vari kutsvaga kupisa kumiganhu. Inobvumirawo kuendeswa kwevanopomerwa mhosva pakati penyika dziri nhengo.
Chibvumirano chinogadzira zvinokurudzira zvakajeka zvekushandira pamwe nekubudirana pachena. Chero nyika yeEurope inoda kuti vagari vayo vave nekodzero yekufamba, kushanda kana kugara chero kupi zvako muEU inofanirwa kuunza miganhu yayo yemuganhu zvinoenderana neSchengen zviyero. Nhengo ina dzeEU - Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus neRomania - hadzina kubvumidzwa kupinda munzvimbo yeSchengen muchidimbu nekuti dzaisazadzisa zviyero izvi. Bulgaria neRomania, zvisinei, dziri mushishi yekuvandudza kudzora miganhu kuti vabatane. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinokurudzira zvinoshanda.
Asi marudzi aya ekurudziro arikushaikwa mukuedza kwese kubatanidza nyika dzepasi rose kurwisa hutsotsi hwepamhepo, husori hwehupfumi nemamwe matambudziko ezera redhijitari. Zvakanyanya kubudirira pakuedza uku, Sangano reCouncil of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (rinozivikanwawo seBudapest Convention), rinotsanangura zviito zvese zvine musoro zvinofanira kuitwa nenyika kurwisa hutsotsi hwepamhepo. Inopa mitemo yemhando, nzira dzakavandudzwa dzekubatanidza uye nzira dzakareruka dzekuburitsa. Nyika makumi matanhatu neimwe dzakatambira chibvumirano ichi. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kuwana vadziviriri veBudapest Convention nokuti haina kushanda: haipe chero zvikomborero zvechokwadi zvekubatana kana chero migumisiro chaiyo yekukundikana kutevedzera zvisungo zvinogadzira.
Kuti Yemahara Internet League ishande, gomba iri rinofanira kudzivirirwa. Nzira inonyanya kushanda yekuunza nyika mukuteerana kweligi ndeye kuvatyisidzira nekuramba zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi makambani akadai seAmazon, Facebook, Google neMicrosoft, uye anovharisa makambani avo kuwana zvikwama zvemazana emamiriyoni evatengi muUS neEurope. Iyo League haizovharise traffic yese kubva kune vasiri nhengo - kungofanana nenzvimbo yeSchengen isingavharise zvinhu zvese nemasevhisi kubva kune vasiri nhengo. Kune rimwe divi, kugona kusefa zvine mutsindo kunze kwese hutsinye traffic padanho renyika hakusvikike tekinoroji nhasi. Uyezve, izvi zvingada kuti hurumende dzikwanise kudzima traffic, izvo zvingave zvakanyanya kukuvadza kune chengetedzo pane kuzvibatsira uye zvinotyora zvakavanzika uye rusununguko rwevanhu. Asi ligi richarambidza zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi kubva kumakambani nemasangano anozivikanwa kufambisa hutsotsi hwepamhepo munyika dzisiri nhengo, pamwe nekuvhara traffic kubva mukugumbura vanopa masevhisi eInternet munyika dzisiri nhengo.
Semuyenzaniso, fungidzira kana Ukraine, nzvimbo inozivikanwa yakachengeteka yevaparidzi vepakombiyuta, vakatyisidzirwa nekudzimwa kuwana masevhisi ayo vagari vayo, makambani nehurumende vagara vajaira, uye uko kukura kwayo kwetekinoroji kungatsamira zvakanyanya. Hurumende yeUkraine ichatarisana nekurudziro yakasimba yekuti pakupedzisira itore matanho akaomarara kurwisa hutsotsi hwemadandemutande hwave kuitika mukati memiganhu yenyika. Matanho akadaro haabatsiri kurwisa China neRussia: mushure mezvose, Bato reChinese Communist neKremlin vakatoita zvese zvavanogona kuti vabvise vagari vemo kubva kuInternet yepasirese. Nekudaro, chinangwa cheFree Internet League hachisi chekuchinja maitiro evanorwisa "pfungwa" vakadaro, asi kuderedza kukuvadza kwavanokonzera uye kukurudzira nyika dzakaita seUkraine, Brazil, neIndia kuti dzifambire mberi mukurwisa hutsotsi hwepamhepo.
Kuchengeta Indaneti Yakasununguka
Nheyo yekutanga yeligi ichave yekutsigira rusununguko rwekutaura paInternet. Nhengo, zvisinei, dzichabvumidzwa kuita kunze pane imwe nyaya-ne-nyaya. Semuyenzaniso, nepo US isingamanikidzwi kutambira zvirambidzo zveEU pakusununguka kutaura, makambani eUS anosungirwa kuita zvine musoro kuti asatengese kana kuratidza zvinorambidzwa vashandisi veInternet muEurope. Iyi nzira ichanyanya kusimudzira mamiriro ezvinhu. Asi zvinomanikidzawo nyika dzekuMadokero kuti dziite zviri pamutemo basa rekurambidza nyika dzakaita seChina kutevera chiono cheOrwellian che "chengetedzo yeruzivo" nekusimbirira kuti mamwe maitiro ekutaura anotyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kwavari. Semuyenzaniso, Beijing inogara ichikumbira dzimwe hurumende kuti dzibvise zviri mukati mesevha munharaunda yavo zvinoshoropodza hutongi hweChinese kana zvinokurukura nezvemapoka akarambidzwa nehutongi muChina, akaita saFalun Gong. United States yakaramba zvikumbiro zvakadaro, asi vamwe vanogona kuyedzerwa kubvuma, kunyanya mushure mekunge China yatsiva kuramba kweUS nekutanga cyberattacks pane zvinyorwa. IInternet Freedom League yaizopa dzimwe nyika kukurudzira kuti dzirambe zvinodiwa neChina zvakadaro: zvingave zvinopesana nemitemo, uye dzimwe nyika dzenhengo dzaizobatsira kudzidzivirira kubva pakutsiva.
Sangano iri rinenge richida nzira yekuona kuti nhengo dzaro dziri kutevedzera mitemo yaro here. Chishandiso chinoshanda cheizvi chinogona kuchengetedza uye kuburitsa zviratidzo zvekuita kune mumwe nemumwe anotora chikamu. Asi modhi yeimwe yakaomesesa fomu yekuongorora inogona kuwanikwa muFinancial Action Task Force, sangano rinopesana nekubira mari rakagadzirwa neG-7 neEuropean Commission muna 1989 uye rinotsigirwa nenhengo dzaro. Nyika makumi matatu nenomwe dzenhengo dzeFATF dzinoverengera kuwanda kwekutengeserana kwemari munyika. Nhengo dzinobvumirana kutora mitemo yakawanda, kusanganisira idzo dzinopara mhosva yekubira mari zvisiri pamutemo uye mari yehugandanga, uye inoda kuti mabhanga aite hunyanzvi hwevatengi vavo. Panzvimbo pekutarisisa kwepakati, iyo FATF inoshandisa hurongwa hwekuti nhengo yega yega inochinjana kuongorora kuedza kwemumwe uye kuita kurudziro. Nyika dzisingaenderane nemitemo inodiwa dzinoiswa pane inonzi grey list yeFATF, inoda kunyatsoongororwa. Matsotsi anogona kunyoreswa, zvichimanikidza mabhanga kutanga macheki anogona kudzikira kana kumisa zvinhu zvakawanda.
Iyo Yemahara Internet League inogona sei kudzivirira kuita kwakashata munhengo dzayo? Zvekare, kune modhi yehurongwa hwehutano hweveruzhinji hwepasirese. League ichaumba nekupa mari sangano rakafanana neWorld Health Organisation iro richaona masisitimu epamhepo ari panjodzi, kuzivisa varidzi veaya masisitimu, uye kushanda nesimba kuasimbisa (anofananidzwa neiyo WHO's epasi rose ekudzivirira majekiseni); kuona uye kupindura kune inobuda malware uye botnets isati yagona kukonzera kukuvadza kwakapararira (yakaenzana nekutarisa kubuda kwechirwere); uye tora mutoro wemhinduro kana kudzivirira kukatadza (yakaenzana nemhinduro yeWHO kune denda). Nhengo dzeLeague dzinozobvumawo kurega kutanga kurwisa cyberattacks kune mumwe nemumwe panguva yerunyararo. Vimbiso yakadai haingatadzise United States kana vatsigiri vayo kutanga cyberattacks kurwisa vakwikwidzi vangangoramba vari kunze kweligi, seIran.
Kumisa zvipingamupinyi
Kugadzira Yemahara Internet League kunoda shanduko yakakosha mukufunga. Pfungwa yekuti kubatana kweInternet kunozopedzisira kwashandura hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri ipfungwa yekushuvira. Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi, izvi hazvizoitiki. Kusada kugamuchira chokwadi ichi ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru kune imwe nzira. Nekudaro, nekufamba kwenguva zvichava pachena kuti tekinoroji utopianism yeInternet nguva haina kufanira munyika yanhasi.
Makambani eWestern tech anogona kupikisa kusikwa kweFree Internet League sezvavanoshanda kufadza China uye kuwana mukana kumusika weChinese nekuti macheni avo ekupa anovimba zvakanyanya nevagadziri veChinese. Nekudaro, iyo mitengo kumafemu akadaro ichaderedzwa zvishoma nenyaya yekuti, nekucheka China, ligi rinovadzivirira kubva kumakwikwi kubva kwairi.
Iyo Schengen-style Yemahara Internet League ndiyo chete nzira yekuchengetedza iyo Internet kubva mukutyisidzirwa nematunhu ane masimba uye vamwe vakaipa. Hurongwa hwakadaro sezviri pachena huchave husiri pasi rose pane yemazuva ano inoparadzirwa zvakasununguka Internet. Asi chete nekukwidza mutengo wehuipi hwekuita kuti United States neshamwari dzayo vatarisire kuderedza kutyisidzira kwecybercrime uye kudzikisira kukuvadzwa kunoitwa nehurumende senge muBeijing neMoscow paInternet.
Vanyori:
RICHARD A. CLARKE ndiSachigaro uye Chief Executive Officer weGood Harbor Security Risk Management. Akashanda muHurumende yeUS seChipangamazano Chakakosha kuMutungamiriri weCyberspace Security, Special Assistant kuMutungamiriri weGlobal Affairs, uye National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism.
ROB KNAKE mumwe mukuru kuCouncil on Foreign Relations uye mumwe mukuru paInstitute for Global Sustainability kuNortheastern University. Aive director wecyber policy kuNational Security Council kubva 2011 kusvika 2015.
Source: www.habr.com