Pasinei nekuoma kwechinyorwa, purofesa wePrinceton University, Stephen Gubser, anopa succinct, inosvikika, uye inonakidza sumo kune imwe yenzvimbo dzinonetsa kwazvo dzefizikisi nhasi. Makomba matema zvinhu chaizvo, kwete kungoyedza kufunga! Maburi matema ari nyore kwazvo kubva pamaonero edzidziso, sezvo ari masvomhu akareruka kupfuura zvinhu zvakawanda zvemuchadenga, senyeredzi. Zvinhu zvinotoshamisa pazvinoitika kuti maburi matema haasi matema chaiwo.
Chii chaizvo chiri mavari? Ungafungidzira sei uchiwira mugomba dema? Kana kuti pamwe tave kutowira mairi uye isu hatisati taziva nezvazvo?
MuKerr geometry, mune geodesic orbits, yakavharirwa zvachose mu ergosphere, iine pfuma inotevera: zvimedu zvinofamba pazviri zvine simba ringango itika rinopfuura mukukosha kwakakwana kwemamwe masasi uye kinetic simba rezvikamu izvi zvakatorwa pamwechete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba rose rezvikamu izvi harina kunaka. Ndiyo mamiriro aya anoshandiswa muPenrose process. Ichiri mukati me ergosphere, ngarava inotora simba inopisa projectile nenzira yekuti inofamba ichitevedza imwe yeiyi nzira ine simba risina kunaka. Maererano nemutemo wekuchengetedza simba, ngarava inowana simba rekinetic rakakwana kubhadhara iyo yakarasika yakasara yakaenzana nesimba reprojekti, uye nekuwedzera kuwana yakaenzana net net negative energy ye projectile. Sezvo projectile inofanira kunyangarika mugomba dema mushure mekudzingwa, zvingava zvakanaka kuti iite kubva kune rumwe rudzi rwemarara. Kune rumwe rutivi, gomba dema richaramba richidya chero chinhu, asi kune rumwe rutivi, richadzoka kwatiri simba rakawanda kudarika ratakaisa mari. Saka, nekuwedzera, simba ratinotenga richava "girinhi"!
Huwandu hwesimba hunogona kuburitswa kubva muKerr dema gomba zvinoenderana nekumhanya kwakadii kwegomba. Muchiitiko chakanyanya kunyanyisa (pamwero wepamusoro unobvira wekutenderera), simba rekutenderera remuchadenga rinotora chikamu che29% chesimba rose regomba dema. Izvi zvingasaita sezvizhinji, asi yeuka kuti chikamu chehuwandu hwekuzorora kwese! Sokuenzanisa, yeuka kuti mareactor enyukireya anofambiswa nemwaranzi inoora simba anoshandisa isingasviki chikamu chimwe mugumi chechikamu chimwe chete muzana chesimba rakaenzana neremurero.
Iyo geometry yenguva yechadenga mukati memuono wegomba dema inotenderera yakasiyana zvikuru neSchwarzschild spacetime. Ngatiteverei probe yedu tione zvinoitika. Pakutanga, zvinhu zvose zvinotaridzika zvakafanana nemhosva yeSchwarzschild. Sekare, nguva yechadenga inotanga kudonha, ichikweva zvese pamwe nayo yakananga pakati pegomba dema, uye masimba emvura anotanga kukura. Asi munyaya yeKerr, radius isati yaenda kune zero, kudonha kunononoka uye kunotanga kudududza. Mugomba dema rinotenderera nekukurumidza, izvi zvichaitika nguva refu mafungu emvura asati asimba zvekutyisidzira kuvimbika kweprobe. Kuti tinzwisise kuti nei izvi zvichiitika, ngatiyeukei kuti muNewtonian mechanics, panguva yekutenderera, inonzi centrifugal force inomuka. Iri simba harisi rimwe remasimba makuru emuviri: rinomuka semugumisiro wekubatanidzwa kwekuita kwemasimba makuru, izvo zvinodiwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chekutenderera. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kurangarirwa sesimba rinoshanda rinonangidzirwa kunze—centrifugal force. Unoinzwa painokona mumotokari inofamba ichimhanya. Uye kana wakambokwira ngoro, ziva kuti kumhanyisa kwarinoita, ndipo paunonyanya kubata njanji nekuti ukairegedzera, unoraswa kunze. Iyi fananidzo yenguva-yenguva haina kunaka, asi inowana poindi nemazvo. Iko kusimba kweangular mune spacetime yeKerr dema gomba inopa inoshanda centrifugal simba rinopikisa simba rinokwevera. Sezvo kukoromoka mukati memheziro kunokwevera spacetime kune diki radii, simba repakati rinowedzera uye pakupedzisira rinokwanisa kutanga kurwisa kuputsika uye nekuridzosera.
Panguva iyo kuputsika kunomira, probe inosvika pamwero unonzi mukati mehorizon yegomba dema. Panguva ino, masimba emvura madiki, uye probe, kana yangoyambuka chiitiko, inotora nguva ine magumo kuti isvike pairi. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuti nguva yakamira kuparara hazvirevi kuti matambudziko edu apera uye kuti kutenderera kwakabvisa neimwe nzira kuumbwa mukati me Schwarzschild black hole. Ichi chichiri kure! Mushure mezvose, kumashure pakati pemakore ekuma1960, Roger Penrose naStephen Hawking vakaratidza hurongwa hwehumwe dzidziso, kubva kwaitevera kuti kana paine kudonha kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, kunyangwe kupfupi, ipapo imwe nzira yehumwe inofanira kuumbwa semhedzisiro. Muchiitiko cheSchwarzschild, iyi inobatanidza zvose uye inopwanya humwe humwe hunokunda nzvimbo yose mukati mehorizon. Mumhinduro yaKerr, humwechete hunoita zvakasiyana uye, ndinofanira kutaura, zvisingatarisirwi. Kana iyo probe ichisvika mukati memukati, iyo Kerr singularity inoratidza kuvepo kwayo-asi zvinozoitika kuti iri mune inokonzeresa yakapfuura yenyika yekuferefeta. Zvaiita sekunge humwe chete hwagara huripo, asi zvino ndipo pakazonzwa pesvedzero yayo ichisvika pairi. Iwe uchati izvi zvinonzwika zvakanaka, uye ichokwadi. Uye kune akati wandei kusawirirana mumufananidzo wenguva-yenguva, kubva kwazviri zvakare pachena kuti mhinduro iyi haigone kunzi yekupedzisira.
Dambudziko rekutanga rine humwechete hunoonekwa munguva yakapfuura remucherechedzi anosvika mukati mehorizon nderekuti panguva iyoyo maequation aEinstein haakwanisi kufanoziva zvichaitika kunguva yechadenga kunze kwenzvimbo iyoyo. Kureva kuti, kuvapo kwechinhu chimwe chete kunogona kutungamirira kune chero chinhu. Zvichida zvichazoitika zvinogona kutsanangurwa kwatiri nedzidziso yequantum gravity, asi Einstein equations inotipa mukana wekuziva. Nekuda kwekufarira, tinotsanangura pazasi zvaizoitika kana tikada kuti mharadzano yenguva yechadenga iite seyakatsetseka semasvomhu (kana mabasa emetric aive, sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi dzemasvomhu, "analytic"), asi hapana chimiro chakajeka. nokuda kwefungidziro yakadaro Nha. Muchidimbu, dambudziko rechipiri nemukati mehorizon rinoratidza zvakapesana chaizvo: Muchadenga chaimo, umo zvinhu nesimba zviri kunze kwemakomba matema, nguva yechadenga mukati inova yakaomarara, uye kuumbwa-kufanana kwechiuno kunokura ipapo. Haisi inoparadza sesimba risingaperi remvura yehumwe mumhinduro yeSchwarzschild, asi chero zvakadaro kuvepo kwayo kunoisa kupokana pamhedzisiro inotevera kubva kune pfungwa yeakapfava ekuongorora mabasa. Zvichida ichi chinhu chakanaka - fungidziro yekuwedzera yekuongorora inosanganisira zvinhu zvinoshamisa.
Muchidimbu, muchina wenguva unoshanda munzvimbo yakavharwa senge nguva. Kure kubva kune humwechete, hapana akavharwa akafanana nenguva macurves, uye kunze kwemasimba anosemesa munharaunda yeumwechete, spacetime inotaridzika yakajairika. Nekudaro, kune trajectories (haisi geodesic, saka unoda roketi injini) iyo inokuendesa kunharaunda yakavharwa senge nguva macurves. Kana uchinge wavapo, unogona kufamba munzira ipi neipi uchitevedza t kurongeka, inova nguva yemuoni ari kure, asi munguva yako iwe ucharamba uchifambira mberi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unogona kuenda chero nguva t yaunoda, uye wozodzokera kune kure kure yenzvimbo-nguva - uye kunyange kusvika ikoko usati waenda. Ehe, zvino zvese zvinokatyamadza zvine chekuita nepfungwa yekufamba kwenguva zvinouya kuhupenyu: semuenzaniso, ko kana, nekutora nguva yekufamba, iwe wakagonesa yako yekare kuti urege? Asi kana marudzi akadaro enguva-yemuchadenga anogona kuvapo uye kuti kukanganisika kunobatanidzwa nakwo kunogona kugadziriswa sei mibvunzo inopfuura mwero webhuku rino. Nekudaro, sezvakangoita nedambudziko re "blue singularity" mukati mehorizon, hukama hwese hune zviratidzo zvekuti nzvimbo dzenguva-yenguva dzakavharika dzakaita sema curves hadzina kugadzikana: paunongoyedza kubatanidza imwe mhando yehuwandu hwehuwandu kana simba. , matunhu aya anogona kuita mamwe. Uyezve, mumakomba matema anotenderera anoumba muUniverse yedu, ndiyo "blue singularity" pachayo inogona kudzivirira kuumbwa kwedunhu revanhu vakawanda vasina kunaka (nezvimwe zvese zveKerr zvinotungamira maburi machena). Kunyanguvezvo, idi rokuti relativity yose inobvumira zvigadzikiso zvechienzi zvakadaro rinokatyamadza. Ehe, zviri nyore kuvazivisa chirwere, asi ngatisakanganwe kuti Einstein pachake nevakawanda venguva yake vakataura zvakafanana nezvemakomba matema.
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Source: www.habr.com