Zvakaoma kupokana nemashoko okuti zvisikwa zvine fungidziro yakajeka. Mumwe nemumwe wevamiriri vemaruva nemhuka ane yake yakasarudzika, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange inoshamisa, maficha ayo kazhinji asingakwanisi kupinda mumisoro yedu. Tora, semuenzaniso, gakanje remantis rimwe chete. Ichi chisikwa chinodya chinokwanisa kurwisa munhu akabatwa kana mutadzi ane nzara dzayo dzine simba nekumhanya kwe83 km / h, uye maitiro avo ekuona ndeimwe yezvakaoma zvikuru zvakambodzidziswa nevanhu. Mantis crayfish, kunyange inotyisa, haina kunyanya kukura - kusvika 35 cm kureba. Mugari mukuru wemakungwa nemakungwa, pamwe nepasi rose, iblue whale. Hurefu hwemhuka iyi inogona kusvika kupfuura mamita makumi matatu uye huremu hwematani zana nemakumi mashanu. Pasinei nehukuru hwawo hunoshamisa, mawhale eblue haatombodaidzwa kuti vavhimi vanotyisa, nekuti ... vanoda plankton.
Iyo anatomy yeblue whales yagara iri yekufarira kune masayendisiti anoda kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti chisikwa chakakura kudaro uye nhengo dziri mairi zvinoshanda sei. Pasinei nekuti isu takaziva nezvekuvapo kweblue whales kwemazana emakore akawanda (kubvira 1694, kunyatsojeka), hofori idzi hadzina kuburitsa zvese zvakavanzika zvavo. Nhasi tichatarisa chidzidzo umo boka revasayendisiti kubva kuStanford University rakagadzira mudziyo wakashandiswa kuwana marekodhi ekutanga ekurova kwemoyo weblue whale. Mwoyo wemutongi wemakungwa unoshanda sei, zvii zvakawanwa nevesainzi, uye nei pasina chipenyu chakakura kupfuura blue whale? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yeboka retsvakurudzo. Enda.
Tsvakurudzo Gamba
Blue whale ndiyo mhuka hombe inoyamwisa, inogara mumakungwa nemakungwa, mhuka huru, hombe whale. Chii chandingataure, iyo whale yebhuruu ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka maererano nehukuru - kureba 33 metres uye uremu matani zana nemakumi mashanu. Nhamba dzacho dzinenge dziripo, asi hadzinakidzi zvishoma.
Kunyange musoro wehofori iyi inofanirwa nemutsara wakasiyana muGuinness Book of Records, sezvo inotora inenge 27% yehurefu hwemuviri. Uyezve, maziso eblue whales madiki, haana kukura kupfuura mazambiringa. Kana zvakaoma kuti iwe uone maziso ewhale, ipapo iwe uchaona muromo pakarepo. Muromo weblue whale unogona kubata vanhu 100 (muenzaniso unotyisa, asi blue whales haidyi vanhu, pamwe kwete nemaune). Hukuru hwemuromo hunokonzerwa nezvinodiwa zvegastronomic: mawhale anodya plankton, achimedza mavhoriyamu makuru emvura, iyo inozoburitswa kuburikidza nesefa zvishandiso, kusefa chikafu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, blue whale inodya matani matanhatu e plankton pazuva.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha cheblue whales mapapu avo. Vanokwanisa kubata kufema kweawa imwe chete uye kunyura kusvika pakadzika kusvika mamita 1. Asi, kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzomugungwa, blue whale nguva nenguva dzinobuda pamusoro pemvura kuti dzifeme. Apo mawhale anokwira pamusoro pemvura, anoshandisa buri rokufuridza, buri rokufema rakagadzirwa namazaru maviri makuru (mhino) kuseri kwemisoro yawo. Kufemerwa kwewhale kuburikidza nemuburi rayo kunowanzo kuperekedzwa netsime remvura rakamira rinosvika mamita 100. Tichifunga nezvemaitiro enzvimbo yewhale, mapapu avo anoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura edu - mapapu ewhale anotora 10-80% ye okisijeni, uye yedu chete inenge 90%. Huwandu hwemapapu hunenge zviuru zvitatu zvemalita, asi muvanhu, nhamba iyi inosiyana 15-3 malita.
Muenzaniso wemoyo weblue whale mumuseum muNew Bedford (USA).
Iyo blue whale's circulatory system yakazarawo nerekodhi paramita. Semuenzaniso, midziyo yavo yakangokura, kureba kweaorta chete kunosvika masendimita 40. Mwoyo weblue whale unoonekwa semwoyo mukuru pasi rose uye unorema tani. Nemwoyo wakakura kudaro, whale ine ropa rakawanda - rinopfuura 8000 malita mumunhu mukuru.
Uye zvino tinosvika zvakanaka kune musimboti wechidzidzo chacho pachacho. Mwoyo weblue whale wakakura, sezvatakanga tatonzwisisa, asi unorova zvishoma nezvishoma. Kare, zvaidavirwa kuti kuputika kwaiva pamusoro pe5-10 kurova paminiti, muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki kusvika ku20. Asi hapana akanga aita zviyero zvakarurama kusvikira zvino.
Masayendisiti anobva kuStanford University anoti chikero chakakosha zvikuru mubiology, kunyanya kana tasvika pakuona kushanda kwenhengo dzezvipenyu. Kudzidza kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune mbeva kusvika kune mawhale, kunotibvumira kuona miganhu yehukuru iyo mhenyu haigoni kudarika. Uye mwoyo uye hurongwa hwemwoyo muhuwandu hunokosha hunhu hwezvidzidzo zvakadaro.
Mumhuka dzemugungwa, dzine physiology yakanyatsoenderana nemararamiro adzo, kuchinjika kwakabatana nekunyura uye kubata mweya wekufema kunoita basa rakakosha. Zvakaonekwa kuti zvizhinji zvezvisikwa izvi zvine mwero wemwoyo unodonha kusvika kumatanho ari pasi pemamiriro avo ekuzorora panguva yekunyura. Uye nekukwira kumusoro, kurova kwemoyo kunowedzera kukurumidza.
Kurova kwemoyo kwakaderera panguva yekunyura kunodiwa kuti uderedze mwero wekuendeswa kweokisijeni kumatishu uye maseru, nekudaro kunonotsa nzira yekuderera kweiyo oksijeni inochengeterwa muropa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kweokisijeni nemoyo pachawo.
Inofungidzirwa kuti kurovedza muviri (kureva kuwedzera kwekuita kwemuviri) kunogadzirisa mhinduro yedhive uye inowedzera kurova kwemoyo panguva yekunyura. Iyi fungidziro inonyanya kukosha pakudzidza kweblue whales, nekuti nekuda kweiyo nzira yakakosha yekudyisa (kamwe kamwe lunge kumedza mvura), mwero wemetabolism, muchirevo, unofanirwa kudarika kukosha kweiyo (nzvimbo yekuzorora) ne. 50 nguva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mapapu akadaro anowedzera kupera kweokisijeni, nokudaro kuderedza nguva yedhivha.
Kuwedzera kurova kwemoyo uye kuwedzera kwekutamisa okisijeni kubva muropa kuenda kumamhasuru panguva yeruzevha kunogona kuita basa rakakosha nekuda kwemitengo yemetabolism yechiitiko ichi chemuviri. Mukuwedzera, zvakakosha kufunga nezvekudzika kwakadzika myoglobin* (Mb) mublue whales (5-10 nguva yakaderera pane dzimwe mhuka dzomugungwa: 0.8 g Mb pa 100 g-1 tsandanyama mublue whales uye 1.8-10 g Mb mune dzimwe mhuka dzomugungwa.
Myoglobin* -okisijeni-inosunga mapuroteni emaskeletal tsandanyama uye tsandanyama dzemwoyo.
Semhedziso, kuita kwemuviri, kudzika kudzika uye kuzvidzora kudzora kurova kwemoyo panguva yekunyura kuburikidza ne autonomic nerve system.
Chimwe chinhu chinowedzera mukuderedza kurova kwemoyo kunogona kuve kudzvinyirira / kuwedzera kwemapapu panguva yekunyura / kukwira.
Saka, kurova kwemoyo panguva yekunyura uye kana pamusoro pepamusoro kwakabatana zvakananga kune arterial hemodynamic mapatani.
Fin whale
Chidzidzo chekare cheiyo biomechanical zvimiro uye zviyero zveaortic madziro mune fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) yakaratidza kuti panguva yekudonha pachiyero chemoyo β€10 beats / min, iyo aortic arch inoshandisa reservoir effect (Windkessel effect), iyo inochengetedza kubuda kweropa kwenguva yakareba diastolic nguva * pakati pekurova kwemoyo uye inoderedza kupuruzira kweropa kuyerera kupinda muota yakaoma distal.
Diastole* (diastolic period) - nguva yekuzorora kwemoyo pakati pezvisungo.
Zvese zviri pamusoro-zvinotsanangurwa hypotheses, dzidziso uye mhedziso dzinofanirwa kuve nehumbowo hwezvinhu, kureva, kusimbiswa kana kurambwa mukuita. Asi kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kuitisa electrocardiogram pane yakasununguka inofamba yeblue whale. Nzira dzakareruka hadzishande pano, saka masayendisiti akagadzira yavo mudziyo we electrocardiography.
Vhidhiyo umo vaongorori vanotaura muchidimbu nezvebasa ravo.
Whale's ECG yakarekodhwa pachishandiswa tsika-yakagadzirwa ECG rekodha yakavakwa mune yakakosha capsule ine 4 suction cups. Surface ECG maelectrodes akavakwa kuva maviri emakapu ekuyamwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakatora chikepe kuenda kuMonterey Bay (Pacific Ocean, pedyo neCalifornia). Masayendisiti paakazosangana neblue whale yakanga yabuda, vakanamira ECG rekodha kumuviri wayo (padyo neruboshwe rwayo). Zvinoenderana nedata rakambounganidzwa, whale iyi ndeye murume pazera re15 makore. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chigadzirwa ichi hachina-invasive, ndiko kuti, hachidi kuiswa kwese sensors kana electrodes muganda remhuka. Kureva kuti, kune whale iyi nzira haina kurwadza uye nekushushikana kushoma kubva mukusangana nevanhu, izvo zvakakosha zvakanyanya, zvichipihwa kuti kuverenga kwemoyo kunotorwa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa nekuda kwekushushikana. Chigumisiro chacho chaiva 8.5-awa ECG kurekodha kubva kune masayendisiti akakwanisa kuvaka purogiramu yemwoyo (mufananidzo uri pasi apa).
Mufananidzo #1: Blue whale heart rate profile.
Iyo ECG waveform yaive yakafanana neyakanyorwa munhapwa mawhale madiki achishandisa mudziyo mumwe chete. Hunhu hwewhale hwekudya hwekudya hwaive hwakajairwa nemhando dzayo: kunyura kwemaminetsi 16.5 kusvika pakadzika 184 m uye nzvimbo dzepamusoro dze1 kusvika 4 maminetsi.
Chiyero chemoyo, chinopindirana nemhinduro yemoyo kune dive, yakaratidza kuti mwero wemoyo uri pakati pe4 ne8 kurova paminiti inotungamirwa panguva yepasi chikamu chekudya dive, zvisinei nekunyura kana kudzika kwakadzika. Dive heart rate (yakaverengerwa pamusoro penguva yese yekudhivha) uye zvishoma zvishoma pakarepo dive yemoyo yakaderera nekureba kwenguva, nepo postdive yepamusoro pepamusoro pemoyo wepamusoro yakawedzera nekunyura kwenguva. Kureva, iyo whale yakareba iri pasi pemvura, iyo inononoka kurova kwemoyo panguva yekunyura uye nekukurumidza mushure mekukwira.
Zvakare, allometric equations yemhuka dzinoyamwisa inotaura kuti whale inorema 70000 kg ine moyo unorema 319 kg, uye vhoriyamu yekurohwa (vhoriyamu yeropa rakaburitswa pakurova) ingangoita 80 l, saka, kuzorora kwemoyo kunofanirwa kunge kuri 15 kurova / min.
Pakati pezvikamu zvakaderera zvemadhivha, kukurumidza kwemoyo wemoyo kwaive pakati pe1/3 ne1/2 yezvakafanotaurwa kuzorora kwemoyo. Nekudaro, kurova kwemoyo kwakawedzera panguva yekukwira. Panguva dzepamusoro, mwero wemoyo waive wakapetwa kaviri kufanotaura kurova kwemoyo wekuzorora uye zvakanyanya kubva pa30 kusvika 37 bpm mushure mekudzika kwakadzika (> 125 m kudzika) uye kubva 20 kusvika 30 bpm mushure mekudzika zvisina kudzika.
Kucherekedza uku kunogona kuratidza kuti kukurumidza kwekurova kwemoyo kwakakosha kuti uwane inodiwa yekufema gasi kuchinjanisa uye reperfusion (kudzoreredza kwekuyerera kweropa) yematishu pakati pemvura yakadzika.
Kudzika, kupfupika kwehusiku dive kwakabatana nekuzorora uye saka kwaive kwakajairika munzvimbo dzisingashande. Kurova kwemoyo kunoonekwa panguva ye5-mineti yekudhivha usiku (8 kurova paminiti) uye inoperekedza maminetsi maviri epamusoro penguva (2 kurova paminiti) inogona kusangana kuti iite kurova kwemoyo kunosvika gumi nenhatu paminiti. Iyi nhamba, sezvatinoona, inoshamisa pedyo nekufungidzira kunofungidzirwa kwemhando dzealometric.
Vatsvagiri vacho vakabva varatidza kurova kwemoyo, kudzika, uye vhoriyamu yemapapu kubva ku4 yakaparadzana dive kuti vaongorore zvinogona kuitika zvekuita kwemuviri uye kudzika pamitemo yekurova kwemoyo.
Mufananidzo #2: Kurova kwemoyo, kudzika uye hama yemapapu vhoriyamu profiles ye4 munhu dive.
Kana ichidya chikafu pakadzika dzika, whale inoita imwe lunge maneuver - inoshama muromo wayo kumedza mvura ne plankton, yobva yasefa chikafu. Zvakaonekwa kuti kurova kwemoyo panguva yekumedza mvura kwakakwirira 2.5 nguva kupfuura panguva yekusefa. Izvi zvakanangana nekutsamira kwekurova kwemoyo pakuita basa remuviri.
Kana ari mapapu, maitiro avo pakurova kwemoyo haafanire kunge akanyanya, sezvo pasina shanduko yakakosha muhuwandu hwemapapu hwakaonekwa panguva yekunyura mubvunzo.
Uyezve, muzvikamu zvakaderera zvekudzika kwakadzika, kuwedzera kwenguva pfupi kwekurova kwemoyo kwakabatana chaizvo nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwemapapu uye kunogona kukonzerwa nekushandiswa kwemapapu akatambanudza receptor.
Kupfupisa zvakaonekwa zvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, masayendisiti akasvika pakugumisa kuti panguva yekudya pakadzika hukuru kune kuwedzera kwenguva pfupi kwemoyo we2.5 nguva. Nekudaro, avhareji yekurova kwemoyo panguva yekudyisa mapapu yakanga ichiri hafu chete yekufanotaura kukosha kwekuzorora. Aya data anopindirana nefungidziro yekuti flexible aortic arches yehombe whale inoshandisa reservoir effect panguva inononoka yemoyo yekunyura. Mukuwedzera, huwandu hwehuwandu hwemoyo wepamusoro panguva yemashure ekudonha yakatsigira pfungwa yokuti aortic impedance uye basa remwoyo rinoderedzwa panguva yepakati pepamusoro nekuda kwekukanganisa kunoparadza kwekubuda uye kuratidzwa kwemafungu ekumanikidza muaorta.
Iyo bradycardia yakakomba inocherechedzwa nevatsvaguri inogona kunzi isingatarisirwe mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi, ichipihwa yakakura mashandisirwo esimba newhale pakufamba kwelunge uchimedza mvura ine plankton. Zvisinei, mari yemetabolism yeiyi nzira inogona kusafananidzwa nekurova kwemoyo kana convective oxygen transport, muchidimbu nekuda kwenguva pfupi yekudyisa uye zvinogona kutorwa glycolytic, kukurumidza-twitch muscle fibers.
Munguva yeruzevha, mawhale eblue anomhanyisa kumhanya zvakanyanya uye anotora huwandu hwemvura inogona kunge yakakura kupfuura miviri yavo. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti kupikisa kwakanyanya uye simba rinodiwa pakufambisa zvinokurumidza kupedza huwandu hweokisijeni yemuviri, nekudaro ichidzikamisa nguva yekunyura. Simba remuchina rinodiwa kutora mavhoriyamu makuru emvura rinogona kudarika aerobic metabolic force. Ndicho chikonzero, panguva yekufambisa kwakadaro, kurova kwemwoyo kwakawedzera, asi kwenguva pfupi.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwakadzama rwema nuances echidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa .
Epilogue
Chimwe chezvakakosha zvakawanikwa ndechekuti mawhale eblue anoda pedyo nepamusoro peyero yemoyo yekutsinhana gasi uye kudzokororwa panguva pfupi yepasi penguva, zvisinei nemhando yeropa uye tsandanyama kupera kweokisijeni panguva yekunyura. Kana tikafunga kuti mahombe eblue whales anofanirwa kuisa basa rakawanda munguva pfupi yenguva kuti awane chikafu (maererano neallometric hypotheses), saka anotarisana neakawanda physiological constraints zvese panguva yekunyura uye panguva yepasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kukura kwemuviri wavo kwakaganhurirwa nenzira yokushanduka-shanduka, sezvo kudai kwakanga kuri kukuru, nzira yokuwana nayo zvokudya yaizova inodhura zvikuru uye yaisazobhadharwa nechikafu chinogamuchirwa. Vatsvakurudzi pachavo vanotenda kuti mwoyo weblue whale uri kushanda pamagumo ekukwanisa kwayo.
Mune ramangwana, masayendisiti anoronga kuwedzera kugona kwemudziyo wavo, kusanganisira kuwedzera accelerometer kuti unzwisise zviri nani mhedzisiro yezviitiko zvakasiyana zvemuviri pachiyero chemoyo. Vanorongawo kushandisa ECG sensor yavo pane humwe hupenyu hwemvura.
Sezvinoratidzwa nechidzidzo ichi, kuva chisikwa chikuru chine moyo mukuru hazvisi nyore. Zvisinei, pasinei nehukuru hwevagari vomugungwa, pasinei nekudya kwavanoita, tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti mbiru yemvura, iyo inoshandiswa nevanhu pakuredza, kuchera uye kutakura, inoramba iri imba yavo. Isu tiri vaenzi chete, uye naizvozvo tinofanira kuzvibata zvakakodzera.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Kashoma mifananidzo yeblue whale inoratidza kugona kwemuromo wayo.
Imwe hofori yemakungwa isperm whale. Muvhidhiyo iyi, masayendisiti anoshandisa iri kure inodzorwa ROV Hercules akadhirowa curious sperm whale pakadzika 598 metres.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com