Munyika yemhuka, iyo inosanganisira vanhu, kune nzira dzakawanda dzekutumira ruzivo kune mumwe nemumwe. Uku kungava kutamba kune simba, kufanana neshiri dzeparadhiso, zvichiratidza kugadzirira kwomurume kubereka; inogona kuva ruvara rwakajeka, semiti yematatya eAmazon, ichiratidza chepfu; inogona kunge inonhuhwirira senge canine inoratidza miganhu yenharaunda. Asi chinhu chinonyanyozivikanwa kumhuka zhinji dzakasimukira ikurukurirano yokurira, ndiko kuti, kushandiswa kwamanzwi. Isu tinotodzidzisa vana vedu kubva mumbereko ndiani uye sei kuti: mombe - mu-mu-mu, imbwa - woof-woof, etc. Kwatiri, kutaura, ndiko kuti, acoustic communication, chinhu chakakosha chekushamwaridzana. Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezvevamwe vamiriri vemhuka. Masayendisiti kubva kuHainan University (China) akasarudza kutarisa mune yakapfuura kuti anzwisise shanduko yeacoustic kutaurirana. Kukurukurirana kweacoustic kwakawanda sei pakati pemhuka, kwakatanga rini, uye nei kwakava nzira huru yokupfuudza nayo mashoko? Tinodzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva mushumo yevatsvakurudzi. Enda.
Hwaro hwechidzidzo
Pane ino nhanho yekushanduka-shanduka, vamiriri vazhinji vezvipenyu vakanyatso batanidza maacoustic masaini mune yavo rhythm yehupenyu. Mitsindo inogadzirwa nemhuka inoshandiswa kukwezva shamwari (shiri dziri kuimba, kurira kwematodhi, zvichingodaro), kuona kana kuvhiringidza muvengi (kuchema kwejay kuzivisa chikara kuti chaonekwa uye chakavandira hachishande, saka. zviri nani kuti adzoke), kuendesa ruzivo pamusoro pekuvapo kwechikafu (huku, yawana chikafu, ita ruzha rwemhando yekukwezva kutarisa kwevana vavo), nezvimwe.
Chokwadi chinonakidza:
Murume ane whiskered bell-ringer (Procnias albus) inoburitsa kurira kwekufona kwe125 dB (jet engine - 120-140 dB), iri iyo shiri ine ruzha pane dzimwe nyika.
Iko kudzidza kweacoustic masaini uye shanduko yavo yakaitwa kwenguva yakareba. Iyo data yakawanikwa kubva kubasa rakadaro inobatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandisiro anoita vanhu ruzha uye, saka, kuti mitauro yakasiyana yakaumbwa sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvakadaro hazvina kutarisana nemabviro chaiwo ekutaurirana kweacoustic sechiitiko. Imwe yemibvunzo yakakosha iyo isati yambopindurwa nemunhu ndeiyi: sei acoustic communication yamuka?
Pane mibvunzo yakawanda inoda mhinduro. Chekutanga, ndezvipi zvakatipoteredza zvakakonzera kubuda nekuumbwa kwerudzi urwu rwekufambisa ruzivo? Chechipiri, yaive acoustic kutaurirana ine chekuita nehunyanzvi, i.e. rinobatsira here kuparadzira marudzi acho uye kudzivirira kutsakatika? Chechitatu, kuvepo kweacoustic yekubatanidza kwakagadzikana here kana yangotanga? Uye pakupedzisira, ko acoustic communication yakashanduka here mumapoka akasiyana emhuka dzakafanana, kana kuti ine tateguru mumwe kune zvisikwa zvese?
Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi, maererano nemasayendisiti pachavo, inokosha kwete chete pakunzwisisa acoustic communication seyakadaro, asiwo pakunzwisisa kushanduka uye kuchinja kwemaitiro mumhuka. Somuenzaniso, pane dzidziso yokuti nzvimbo dzinogara dzinopesvedzera zvikuru kusarudzwa kwevatano nekurukurirano mune mamwe marudzi emhuka. Zvakaoma kutaura kana dzidziso iyi inoshanda kune chiratidzo chechizvarwa, asi zvinogoneka. Masayendisiti anoyeukawo kuti Darwin akataura kuti zviratidzo zvinonzwika zvinoita basa rinokosha mukuumbwa kwezviviri mune mamwe marudzi. Acoustic masaini saka anopesvedzera speciation.
Mune basa iri, vatsvakurudzi vakasarudza kufunga nezvekushanduka kwezviratidzo zvinonzwika mu tetrapods, vachishandisa nzira ye phylogenetic (kuratidza hukama pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana). Chinonyanya kukoshesa chiri pamabviro eiyo acoustic connection, kwete pane chimiro chayo kana basa. Chidzidzo chacho chakashandisa data kubva kumarudzi e1799 akasiyana, uye yakafungawo chinhu chemaitiro ezuva nezuva (zvipenyu zvine basa remasikati neusiku). Mukuwedzera, hukama pakati peacoustic kutaurirana uye dhigirii yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadzidzwa, i.e. kuwanda kwavo, kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wekutsakatika. Phylogenetic conservatism muhupo hwehukama hwehukama pakati pemarudzi hwakaedzwa zvakare.
Mhedzisiro yekutsvaga
Pakati pe tetrapods, amphibians akawanda, mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri, uye crocodilians vane acoustic communication, asi vazhinji vanoputika uye turtles havaiti. Pakati peamphibians, rudzi urwu rwekufambisa ruzivo harisipo mune caecilians (Caecilian), asi iripo mune mamwe marudzi salamanders uye mumatatya akawanda (mu 39 yemhando ye41 inofungidzirwa). Zvakare, acoustic communication haipo munyoka uye mumhuri dzese dzemadzvinyu, kunze kwemaviri - Gekkonidae (gudo), Phyllodactylidae. Mukutevedzana kwekamba, mhuri mbiri chete pagumi neina dzine kukurukurirana kunonzwika. Zvinotarisirwa kuti pakati pemarudzi 2 eshiri anofungidzirwa, ose aiva neacoustic connection. 14 pa173 mhuri dzinoyamwisa dzakaratidzawo chinhu ichi.
Chokwadi chinonakidza:
Salamanders vane kuvandudzwa kunoshamisa uye vanokwanisa kudzorera kwete muswe wavo chete, asiwo paws yavo; salamanders, kusiyana nevakawanda vehama dzavo, havaisi mazai, asi viviparous; imwe yemasalamusi makuru, hofori yeJapan salamander, inorema 35 kg.
Tichipfupikisa idzi data, tinogona kutaura kuti acoustic transmission yeruzivo iripo mu69% yetetrapods.
Tafura Nhamba 1: muzana yevaridzi veacoustic transmission yeruzivo pakati pemhando dzinofungidzirwa dze tetrapods.
Mushure mekutangisa kugovaniswa kweacoustic communication pakati pezvipenyu, zvaive zvakakodzera kuti tinzwisise hukama huripo pakati pehunyanzvi uhu nemafambiro emhuka (nocturnal or diurnal).
Pakati pemienzaniso yakawanda inotsanangura hukama uhwu kumarudzi ega ega, muenzaniso wakasarudzwa wakanga wakakodzera rondedzero yeavhareji yehukama hwemacoustics-maitiro emarudzi ese. Uyu muenzaniso (Table No. 2) unoratidza zvose zvingaita zvakanaka uye zvakashata zveunyanzvi hwakadaro kumarudzi maviri ehutsika hwemhuka.
Tafura Nhamba 2: kuongororwa kwehukama pakati peacoustic communication uye maitiro emhuka (masikati / usiku).
Kutsamira kwakajeka kweacoustic kutaurirana pamusoro pemaitiro kwakasimbiswa, pamwe nekudyidzana kwakaringana. Zvisinei, zvinoshamisa, hapana hukama hwakasiyana hwakawanikwa-maitiro ane acoustic coupling.
Phylogenetic analysis yakaratidza kuwirirana kwepedyo pakati peacoustics uye mararamiro eusiku (Table No. 3).
Tafura Nhamba 3: phylogenetic kuongororwa kwehukama pakati peacoustic communication uye diurnal / nocturnal mararamiro.
Ongororo yedata yakaratidzawo kuti kuvepo kweacoustic yekubatanidza kwaisave nemhedzisiro pachiyero chekusiyanisa mune tetrapod phylogeny. Saka, avhareji yemitengo yekusiyana (speciation-extinction; r = 0.08 zviitiko pamiriyoni yemakore) yaive yakafanana kune ese madzinza emarudzi ane acoustic kutaurirana uye kune mitsara isina hunyanzvi uhu. Nokudaro, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kuvapo / kusavapo kwekutaurirana kweacoustic kwakanga kusina kukanganisa kupararira kweimwe mhuka kana pazviitiko zvine chokuita nekuumbwa kwayo kana kupera.
Mufananidzo #1: Nguva yeshanduko yeacoustic kutaurirana pakati peakasiyana tetrapods.
Masayendisiti anoratidza kuti acoustic communication inogona kushanduka yakazvimiririra muboka guru retetrapod, asi mabviro ayo aive echinyakare mumapoka makuru akawanda (~ 100-200 miriyoni makore apfuura).
Semuenzaniso, acoustic communication yakatanga kare kare muphylogeny yehurongwa hweTailless Amphibians (anura), asi haapo zvachose kubva kuboka rehanzvadzi kune mamwe matatya mapenyu ose kubva muchikwata chine mhuri Ascaphidae (muswe matatya) uye Leiopelmatidae (lyopelmas).
Chokwadi chinonakidza:
Ma Liopelms anowanikwa kuNew Zealand uye anoonekwa sematatya akareba-akararama - varume vanorarama kusvika kumakore makumi matatu nemanomwe, uye vakadzi kusvika kumakore makumi matatu nemashanu.
Mumhuka dzinoyamwisa, sematatya, acoustic communication yakamuka makore angangoita 200 miriyoni apfuura. Mamwe marudzi akarasikirwa neunyanzvi uhwu panguva yekushanduka-shanduka, zvisinei, ruzhinji rwakatakura kusvika nhasi. Kusarudzika kunogona kunzi shiri, idzo, sezviri pachena, ndidzo chete dzisina kuparadzaniswa neacoustic kutaurirana mukati menguva yese yekushanduka.
Zvakaonekwa kuti acoustic communication yaivepo mune zvese zviri zviviri tateguru weshiri mhenyu uye tateguru wekare wemakarwe mhenyu. Imwe neimwe yemadzitateguru aya ane makore anoda kusvika miriyoni zana. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti iyo acoustic yekubatanidza yaivepo zvakare mukare tateguru weaya maclades maviri, kureva, 100 miriyoni makore apfuura.
Chokwadi chinonakidza:
Dzimwe mhando dzemhuka dzakaita senge gecko dzinokwanisa kuita ruzha rusingatarisirwe rwedzvinyu - kuhukura, kudzvanya, kurira, nezvimwe.
Mune squamates, acoustic kutaurirana haiwanzo, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekunyanya kutarisisa chiitiko muzvisikwa zvehusiku zvakaita segeckos (Gekkota). Zvishomanana ichangopfuura mhindumupindu kuchinja kwakaita kuti kubuda acoustic kukurukurirana mune dzimwe phylogenetically vari voga marudzi salamanders uye turtles.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nuances yechidzidzo, ini ndinokurudzira kutarisa ΠΈ kwaari.
Epilogue
Tichipfupikisa mibairo yese yakatsanangurwa pamusoro, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo chakazara kuti kukura kweacoustic communication iri munzira imwe kana imwe yakabatana nemararamiro ehusiku. Izvi zvinosimbisa dzidziso pamusoro pepesvedzero yeecology (mhoteredzo) pahunhu hwekushanduka-shanduka kwemarudzi. Nekudaro, kuvepo kweacoustic kutaurirana hakuna kana mhedzisiro pakusiyana kwemarudzi pane yakakura nguva chiyero.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawanawo kuti kutaurirana kwakanaka kwakaonekwa makore anenge mamiriyoni 100-200 apfuura, uye mamwe marudzi etetrapods akatakura kukwanisa uku munguva yose iyi pasina kuchinja zvachose.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuvapo kwekutaurirana kweacoustic kune zvisikwa zveusiku, kunyange zvazvo iri mukana wakajeka, hauna kukanganisa kwakashata pane kuchinja kune mararamiro emasikati. Ichi chokwadi chakapfava chinosimbiswa neidi rekuti marudzi mazhinji aichimborarama husiku, achinja kumararamiro emasikati, haana kurasikirwa nekugona uku.
Maererano neongororo iyi, kukurukurirana uchishandisa manzwi kunogona kunzi ndiyo yakagadzikana zvikuru yemhindumupindu. Kamwe hunyanzvi uhu hwabuda, hunenge husina kumbobvira hwanyangarika panguva yekushanduka-shanduka, izvo zvisiri izvo nemamwe marudzi echiratidzo, akadai semavara akajeka kana chimiro chisina kujairika chemuviri, minhenga kana fur.
Vatsvagiri vanoti ongororo yavo yehukama pakati peacoustic kutaurirana uye nharaunda inogona kushanda kune humwe hunhu hwekushanduka-shanduka. Zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti pesvedzero yeecology panzira dzekufambisa masaini yaingogumira kumusiyano pakati pezvipenyu zvine hukama. Zvisinei, zvichibva pane basa rinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, zvinogona kutaurwa nechivimbo kuti mhando dzakakosha dzekutumira zviratidzo zvinoshandukawo maererano nekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu emhuka.
Chishanu kubva kumusoro:
Kuratidzira kukuru kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemanzwi ayo marudzi akasiyana eshiri anoita.
Off-top 2.0:
Dzimwe nguva mhuka dzinoita manzwi asina kujairika uye anosetsa.
Ndatenda nekuverenga, garai muchida kuziva uye muve nekupera kwevhiki kwakanaka vakomana! π
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Source: www.habr.com