Mavambo uye hunhu hwezviitiko zvinoziva - dzimwe nguva zvinodanwa nezwi rechiLatin qualia - chave chakavanzika kwatiri kubva kare kare kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura. Vazivi vazhinji vekuziva, kusanganisira vemazuva ano, vanorangarira kuvapo kwekuziva kuve kupokana kusingagamuchiriki kwakadaro kwevanodavira kuti inyika yenyaya uye isina chinhu zvekuti vanozivisa kuti inhema. Mune mamwe mazwi, ivo vanoramba kuvepo kweiyo qualia musimboti kana kuti ivo havagone kudzidzwa zvine musoro kuburikidza nesainzi.
Kudai mutongo uyu wanga uri wechokwadi, chinyorwa ichi chingadai chiri chipfupi kwazvo. Uye hapazovi nechinhu pasi pekuchekwa. Asi pane chimwe chinhu ipapo ...
Kana kuziva kusingagone kunzwisiswa uchishandisa maturusi esainzi, zvese zvingangodiwa kutsanangura kuti sei iwe, ini, uye anenge munhu wese aine chokwadi chekuti tine manzwiro zvachose. Zvisinei, zino rakaipa rakaita kuti ndigume. Nharo yakadzama yekundipwisa kuti marwadzo angu ndeemanyepo haizondirerutsire chidimbu chimwe chemarwadzo aya. Ini handina tsitsi nekuda kwekufa-kuguma kududzirwa kwekubatana pakati pemweya nemuviri, saka pamwe ndichaenderera mberi.
Kuziva ndicho chinhu chose chaunonzwa (kuburikidza nemanzwiro ekuisa pfungwa) uye wozoona (kuburikidza nekuona uye kunzwisisa).
Rwiyo rwakanamira mumusoro mako, kuravira kwechokoreti dessert, zino rinofinha, rudo kumwana, kufunga kusinganzwisisike uye kunzwisisa kuti rimwe zuva manzwiro ese achapera.
Masayendisiti zvishoma nezvishoma ari kuswedera pedyo nekugadzirisa chakavanzika icho chave chichinetsa vazivi kwenguva refu. Uye mhedziso yeiyi tsvakiridzo yesainzi inotarisirwa kuve yakarongeka inoshanda dzidziso yekuziva. Muenzaniso unokatyamadza wekushandiswa kwedzidziso iyi izere AI (izvi hazvibvisi mukana wekubuda kweAI pasina dzidziso yekuziva, asi pahwaro hwemaitiro agara aripo ehunyanzvi mukuvandudzwa kweAI)
Mazhinji masayendisiti anobvuma kuziva sekupihwa uye anoedza kunzwisisa kubatana kwayo nenyika ine chinangwa inotsanangurwa nesainzi. Chikamu chechina chezana remakore rapfuura, Francis Crick nevamwe vose akasarudza kuisa parutivi nhaurirano dzehuzivi nezvekuziva (izvo zvakanetsa masayendisiti kubva panguva yaAristotle) ββuye panzvimbo pacho akatanga kutsvaga maitiro ayo emuviri.
Chii chaizvo chiri muchikamu chinonakidza kwazvo chepfungwa chinopa pfungwa? Nokudzidza izvi, masayendisiti anogona kutarisira kuswedera pedyo nekugadzirisa dambudziko rinokosha.
Kunyanya, neuroscientists vari kutsvaga neural correlates yekuziva (NCC) - diki diki neural maitiro akaungana akakwana kune chero chiitiko chekuziva chekunzwa.
Chii chinofanira kunge chiri kuitika muuropi kuti unzwe kurwadza kwezino, semuenzaniso? Mamwe masero etsinga anofanirwa kudedera pane mamwe mashiripiti here? Isu tinoda kumisa chero yakakosha "neurons yekuziva"? Masero akadaro angawanikwa munzvimbo dzipi dzeuropi?
Neural correlates yekuziva
Mutsanangudzo yeNKS, chirevo che "diki" chakakosha. Mushure mezvose, huropi huzere hunogona kutorwa seNCS - zuva nezuva hunogadzira manzwiro. Uye zvakadaro nzvimbo yacho inogona kusarudzwa zvakatonyanya. Funga nezvemuzongoza, 46-centimeter flexible chubhu yetsinga dziri mukati memusana ine masero etsinga anenge bhiriyoni. Kana kukuvara kuchiita kuti musana wemusana uparare zvachose kusvika munharaunda yemutsipa, munhu anenge abatwa anenge akaremara mumakumbo, maoko, uye torso, haazove nehuturu kana chitunha, uye acharasikirwa nekunzwa kwemuviri. Zvakangodaro, vakaoma mitezo vakadaro vanoramba vachiwana hupenyu mukusiyana-siyana kwahwo: vanoona, kunzwa, kunhuwidza, kunzwa manzwiro uye kurangarira pamwe chete nechiitiko chinosuwisa chisati chachinja hupenyu hwavo.
Kana kuti tora cerebellum, "uropi hudiki" kumashure kwehuropi. Iyi hurongwa hwehuropi, humwe hwechinyakare mumashoko ekushanduka-shanduka, inobatanidzwa mukutonga kwehunyanzvi hwemotokari, kumira kwemuviri uye kufamba, uye zvakare ine basa rekuita kwehunyanzvi hwekutevedzana kwakaoma kwekufamba.
Kuridza piyano, kutaipa pane keyboard, skating skating kana kukwira dombo - zvese izvi zviitiko zvinosanganisira cerebellum. Iyo yakashongedzerwa neaneuron ane mukurumbira anonzi Purkinje masero, ane matende anobhururuka senge fan yegungwa yemakorari uye chiteshi chemagetsi akaomarara. Iyo cerebellum inewo nhamba huru yemaneuroni, anenge 69 bhiriyoni (kunyanya aya nyeredzi-yakaumbwa secerebellar mast masero) - zvakapetwa kanakupfuura uropi hwose hwakabatanidzwa (rangarira, iyi ipfungwa inokosha).
Chii chinoitika kukuziva kana munhu akarasikirwa necerebellum zvishoma somugumisiro wesitiroko kana kuti nebanga rachiremba wokuvhiya?
Hongu, chero chinhu chakakosha pakuziva!
Varwere vane kukuvara uku vanogunun'una nezvematambudziko mashoma, sekuridza piyano zvishoma kana kutaipa pane keyboard, asi kwete kurasikirwa kuzere kwechero chikamu chekuziva kwavo.
Chidzidzo chakanyanya kutsanangurwa pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekukuvadzwa kwecerebellar pane yekuziva basa, yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu e . Asi kunyangwe mune izvi zviitiko, mukuwedzera kune kurongeka uye matambudziko epamhepo (pamusoro), chete kusiri-yakakosha kutyorwa kwehutongi hwehutungamiriri, hunoratidzwa ne , kusava nepfungwa uye kuderera kuduku kwemano okudzidza.
Iyo yakakura cerebellar apparatus haina hukama kune subjective zviitiko. Sei? Yayo neural network ine yakakosha clue - yakanyanya kufanana uye yakafanana.
Iyo cerebellum inenge yakazara dunhu rekudyara: mutsara mumwe weneuroni unodyisa unotevera, uyo unozopesvedzera wechitatu. Iko hakuna mhinduro zvishwe zvinotenderera kumashure uye kumashure mukati mekuita kwemagetsi. Uyezve, iyo cerebellum inoshanda yakakamurwa kuita mazana, kana zvisingaite, yakazvimirira computational modules. Imwe neimwe inoshanda mukufambirana, ine yakaparadzana uye isiri-inopindirana yekupinda uye zvinobuda zvinodzora kufamba kana akasiyana mota kana yekuziva masisitimu. Ivo havataudzane kune mumwe nemumwe, nepo muchiitiko chekuziva, ichi ndicho chimwe chinhu chakakosha.
Chidzidzo chinokosha chinogona kudzidzwa kubva pakuongororwa kwepelinha uye cerebellum ndechokuti nyanzvi yekuziva haina kuberekwa nyore nyore pane imwe nzvimbo yekufadzwa kwehutachiwana. Chimwezve chinhu chinodiwa. Ichi chekuwedzera chinhu chiri mune grey nyaya inoumba iyo ine mukurumbira wakashata cerebral cortex - kunze kwayo. Uchapupu hwese huripo hunoratidza kuti manzwiro anosanganisira machira.
Iwe unogona kupfupisa nzvimbo iyo inotarisisa yekuziva inowanikwa zvakanyanya. Tora, semuenzaniso, zviedzo umo maziso ekurudyi nekuruboshwe anoratidzwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira. Fungidzira kuti mufananidzo weLada Priora unoonekwa chete kune ziso rako rekuruboshwe, uye mufananidzo weTesla S unoonekwa kurudyi rwako. Isu tinogona kufunga kuti iwe uchaona imwe mota nyowani kubva kune superimpositions yeLada naTesla pamusoro peumwe neumwe. Muchokwadi, iwe uchaona Lada kwemasekondi mashoma, mushure mezvo achanyangarika uye Tesla achaonekwa - uye ipapo achanyangarika uye Lada achaonekwa zvakare. Mifananidzo miviri ichatsiva mumwe nemumwe mukutamba kusingagumi - masayendisiti anodana iyi makwikwi ebinocular, kana retinal makwikwi. Uropi hunogamuchira ruzivo rwakajeka kubva kunze, uye hahugone kusarudza: iLada here kana Tesla?
Paunenge wakarara mukati mehuropi scanner, masayendisiti anowana chiitiko munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzecortical, pamwe chete dzinonzi posterior hot zone. Idzi ndidzo nzvimbo dzeparietal, occipital, uye temporal yekuseri kwehuropi, uye vanoita basa rakakosha mukutevera zvatinoona.
Sezvineiwo, iyo yekutanga inoona cortex, iyo inogamuchira uye inotumira ruzivo kubva mumaziso, hairatidzi izvo munhu anoona. Kupatsanurwa kwakafanana kwebasa kunoonekwawo munyaya yekunzwa nekubata: iyo yekutanga yekunzwa uye yekutanga somatosensory cortices haibatsire zvakananga kune zviri mukati mekunzwa uye somatosensory ruzivo. Kuziva maonero (kusanganisira mifananidzo yaLada naTesla) inopa nhanho dzinotevera dzekugadzirisa - munzvimbo yekumashure inopisa.
Icho chinotarisa kuti mifananidzo inooneka, manzwi uye mamwe manzwiro ehupenyu anobva mukati memashure cortex yeuropi. Sekureva kunoita neuroscientists, zvinenge zvese zviitiko zvekuziva zvinobva ipapo.
Kaunda yekuzivisa
Kuvhiya, somuenzaniso, varwere vanoiswa pasi peanesthesia kuitira kuti varege kufamba, kuchengetedza kugadzikana kweropa, kusanzwa kurwadziwa, uye pakupedzisira havazove nendangariro dzinoshungurudza. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi hazviitike nguva dzose: gore negore mazana evarwere pasi peanesthesia vanoziva kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe.
Chimwe chikamu chevarwere vane kukuvara kwakakomba kwehuropi nekuda kwekushungurudzika, kutapukirwa kana kuchetura kwakanyanya vanogona kurarama kwemakore vasingakwanise kutaura kana kudaira mafoni. Kuratidza kuti vane ruzivo rwehupenyu ibasa rakaoma zvikuru.
Fungidzira muzivi wemuchadenga akarasika muchadenga, achiteerera kudzorwa kwemamishinari achiedza kubata naye. Redhiyo yakaputsika haitepfenyure izwi rake, ndosaka nyika ichimutora asipo. Aya ndiwo matsananguriro anoita munhu mamiriro ekusuwa evarwere vane huropi hwakakuvadzwa hwakavanyima kuonana nenyika - rudzi rwekunyanyisa kuvharirwa.
Mukutanga kwema2000, Giulio Tononi weYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison naMarcello Massimini vakatanga nzira inonzi. kuona kuti munhu ari kuziva here kana kuti kwete.
Masayendisiti akaisa coil of sheathed waya kumusoro uye vakatumira kuvhunduka (zap) - chaji yakasimba yemagineti simba iyo yakakonzera kupfupika kwemagetsi ikozvino. Izvi zvakafadza uye zvakavharira shamwari neuron masero munzvimbo dzakabatana dzedunhu, uye wave wakaita ruzha mucerebral cortex kusvika chiitiko chapera.
Network of head-mounted electroencephalogram sensors yakanyora zviratidzo zvemagetsi. Sezvo zviratidzo zvakapararira zvishoma nezvishoma, zvironda zvawo, imwe neimwe inoenderana nenzvimbo chaiyo pasi pedehenya, yakashandurwa kuita firimu.
Marekodhi haana kuratidza chero akajairwa algorithm - asi aive asina kurongeka zvachose.
Sezvineiwo, painyanya kufanofungidzira kuti-----kusiya rhythms yaive, zvakanyanya mukana wekuti uropi hwaive husingazivi. Masayendisiti akayera fungidziro iyi nekudzvanya data revhidhiyo vachishandisa algorithm inoshandiswa kuchengetedza mafaira emakombuta muZIP fomati. Kudzvanya kwakapa ongororo yekuoma kwemhinduro yehuropi. Vazvipiri vaiziva vakaratidza "perturbation complexity index" ye0,31 kusvika ku0,70, ine index inowira pasi pe0,31 kana vakanga vari mumamiriro ekurara zvakanyanya kana pasi peanesthesia.
Chikwata chakabva chaedza zip uye zap pavarwere makumi masere nerimwe vangave vasingazive kana kufenda (comatose). Muboka rekutanga, iro rakaratidza zvimwe zviratidzo zvekusazvibata, nzira yacho yakanyatsoratidza kuti 81 kubva pa36 vaiziva. Pavarwere makumi mana nevatatu vari mu "muriwo" mamiriro avo hama dziri pamusoro wemubhedha wechipatara havana kumbobvira vakwanisa kutaurirana, makumi matatu nevana vakanzi havana chavanoziva, uye vamwe vapfumbamwe vaive vasina. Huropi hwavo hwakadaira zvakafanana kune avo vaive neruzivo, zvichireva kuti ivo vaivewo vanoziva asi vasingagone kutaura nemhuri yavo.
Tsvagiridzo yazvino ine chinangwa chekumisa uye kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwevarwere vetsinga, pamwe nekuwedzera kune varwere vari mumadhipatimendi epfungwa uye evana. Nekufamba kwenguva, masayendisiti anozoona iyo chaiyo seti yeneural nzira dzinopa ruzivo.
Pakupedzisira, tinoda dzidziso inogutsa yesainzi yekuziva iyo inopindura mubvunzo pasi pemamiriro api chero akapihwa sisitimu yemuviri - ingave yakaomesesa cheni ye neuroni kana silicon transistors - inonzwa sensations. Uye nei hutano hwechiitiko hwakasiyana? Sei denga rebhuruu rakajeka richinzwa rakasiyana nekutinhira kweviolin yakashata? Misiyano iyi mukunzwa ine chero basa chairo here? Kana hongu, ndeipi? Dzidziso ichatibvumira kufanotaura kuti ndeapi masisitimu achakwanisa kunzwa chimwe chinhu. Mukushaikwa kwedzidziso ine fungidziro inoyedzeka, chero fungidziro pamusoro pekuziva kwemuchina inongobva pamagariro edu emudumbu, ayo, sezvakaratidzwa nenhoroondo yesainzi, inofanirwa kuvimbwa nayo nekuchenjerera.
Imwe yedzidziso huru yekuziva idzidziso (GWT), inoiswa mberi nenyanzvi yepfungwa Bernard Baars uye neuroscientist Stanislas Dean naJean-Pierre Changeux.
Kutanga, vanopikisa kuti kana munhu achiziva chimwe chinhu, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeuropi dzinowana ruzivo urwu. Nepo kana munhu akaita nekusaziva, ruzivo rwunoiswa munzvimbo mune chaiyo sensory-motor system (sensory-motor) inobatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, paunonyora nokukurumidza, unozviita woga. Kana iwe ukabvunzwa kuti unoita sei izvi, haugone kupindura nokuti iwe une ruzivo rushoma kune ruzivo urwu, iro rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzeneural circuits dzinobatanidza maziso nekukurumidza kufamba kweminwe.
Kuwanikwa kwepasirese kunogadzira chete rukova rwekuziva, nekuti kana imwe nzira ichiwanikwa kune mamwe ese maitiro, saka inowanikwa kune vese - zvese zvakabatana kune zvese. Aya ndiwo mashandisirwo anoitwa nzira yekudzvanya mimwe mifananidzo.
Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura zvakanaka marudzi ese ekukanganisika kwepfungwa, uko kutadza kwenzvimbo dzekushanda dzega dzega, dzakabatana nemaitiro ekuita kweneural (kana nzvimbo yese yehuropi), kuunza kukanganisa mukuyerera kwakawanda kwe "nzvimbo yekushanda", nekudaro kukanganisa. mufananidzo mukuenzanisa ne "zvakajairika" mamiriro (emunhu ane hutano) .
Panzira yekuenda kudzidziso inokosha
GWT dzidziso inotaura kuti kuziva kunobva kune yakasarudzika mhando yekugadziriswa kweruzivo: yagara ichizivikanwa kwatiri kubva mambakwedza eAI, apo mapurogiramu akakosha aikwanisa kuwana diki, inowanikwa pachena data store. Chero ruzivo rwakarekodhwa pa "bulletin board" rwakavepo kune akati wandei ebetsero maitiro - kushanda ndangariro, mutauro, kuronga module, kuzivikanwa kwezviso, zvinhu, nezvimwewo. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, kuziva kunomuka kana ruzivo runouya rwekunzwa rwakanyorwa pabhodhi. inopfuudzwa mumasisitimu mazhinji ekuziva - uye vanogadzira data rekutaurazve, kuchengetedza mundangariro kana kuita kwezviito.
Sezvo nzvimbo pabhodhi rezviziviso rakadaro ishoma, tinogona kungova neruzivo rushoma runowanikwa chero nguva. Network yemaneuron inoburitsa aya mameseji inofungidzirwa kuti iri kumberi uye parietal lobes.
Kana iyi data shoma (yakapararira) yaendeswa kunetiweki uye yave kuwanikwa pachena, ruzivo rwunobva rwaziva. Kureva kuti nyaya yacho inozviziva. Michina yemazuva ano haisati yasvika padanho iri rekuziva, asi ingori nyaya yenguva.
"GWT" dzidziso inotaura kuti makomputa emangwana achaziva
Iyo general information theory of consciousness (IIT), yakagadziridzwa naTononi nevamwe vake, inoshandisa yakasarudzika nzvimbo yekutanga: zviitiko pachazvo. Chiitiko chega chega chine hunhu hwayo hwakakosha. Iri immanent, iripo chete yechidzidzo ichi saβtenziβ; yakarongeka (tekisi yero inononoka apo imbwa yebrown inomhanya mumugwagwa); uye ndeyekongiri-yakasiyana nechero chiitiko chekuziva, senge furemu yakaparadzana mubhaisikopo. Uyezve, yakasimba uye inotsanangurwa. Paunogara pabhenji repaki pazuva rinodziya, rakajeka uye uchiona vana vachitamba, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvechiitikoβmhepo inovhuvhuta nebvudzi rako, mufaro wevaduku vari kusekaβhaugoni kuparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nomumwe pasina ruzivo ruchipera. kuti ive zvauri.
Tononi inomiririra kuti zvivakwa zvakadaro - kureva, imwe nhanho yekuziva - ine chero yakaoma uye yakabatana michina, muchimiro cheiyo seti yechikonzero-uye-mhedzisiro hukama yakavharidzirwa. Ichanzwa sechinhu chinobva mukati.
Asi kana, senge cerebellum, iyo nzira haina kuomarara uye yekubatanidza, haizoziva chero chinhu. Sezvo dzidziso iyi inoenda,
consciousness isimba rekuzvarwa, risingachinjiki rakabatana nemaitiro akaomarara senge uropi hwemunhu.
Dzidziso yacho inobvawo pakuoma kwechimiro chepasi chakabatanidzwa nhamba imwe chete isiri-negative Ξ¦ (inonzi "fy"), iyo inofananidzira kuziva uku. Kana F iri zero, iyo sisitimu haisi kuzviziva pachayo zvachose. Sezvineiwo, iyo yakakura iyo nhamba, iyo yakakura iyo inherent random simba iyo system ine uye zvakanyanya kuziva. Huropi, ihwo hunoratidzwa nehukuru uye hwakanyanya hukama hwekubatanidza, hune yakanyanya F, uye izvi zvinoreva ruzivo rwepamusoro. Dzidziso yacho inotsanangura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: semuenzaniso, nei cerebellum isingabatanidzwe mukuziva kana kuti sei zip nezap counter ichishanda chaizvo (nhamba dzakagadzirwa nekaunda ndiF mune fungidziro yakaoma).
Dzidziso yeIIT inofanotaura kuti dhijitari yekombiyuta yekufananidza yehuropi hwemunhu haigoni kuziva-kunyange kana kutaura kwayo kusinganzwisisiki nekutaura kwevanhu. Sezvinongoita kutevedzera kudhonzwa kukuru kwegomba dema hakukanganisi nzvimbo-yenguva kuenderera kwakatenderedza komputa uchishandisa kodhi, programmed kuziva hakumbofa kwakabereka komputa inoziva. Giulio Tononi naMarcello Massimini, Nature 557, S8-S12 (2018)
Zvinoenderana neIIT, kuziva hakugone kuverengerwa uye kuverengerwa: inofanirwa kuvakwa muchimiro chehurongwa.
Basa guru revanyanzvi vezvepfungwa vemazuva ano nderekushandisa maturusi ari kuramba achiwedzera kuvanavo kuti vadzidze kubatana kusingagumi kwemaneuron akasiyana-siyana anoumba uropi, kuenderera mberi nekutsanangudza mitsipa yekuziva. Tichifunga nezvemaitiro akaomarara eiyo central nervous system, izvi zvinotora makumi emakore. Uye pakupedzisira gadzira dzidziso yekutanga inoenderana nezvimedu zviripo. Dzidziso inotsanangura dambanemazwi guru rekuvapo kwedu: kuti nhengo inorema 1,36 kg uye yakafanana mukuumbwa nebhinzi curd inomiririra pfungwa yehupenyu.
Imwe yeanonyanya kufadza mashandisirwo eiyi dzidziso nyowani, mumaonero angu, mukana wekugadzira AI ine kuziva uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, sensations. Uyezve, iyo dzidziso yakakosha yekuziva ichatibvumira kugadzira nzira uye nzira dzekuita kukurumidza kushanduka kwekugona kwekuziva kwevanhu. Munhu - ramangwana.
Source: www.habr.com