ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Red Hat ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Red Hat Customer Portal (Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ iso-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ CentOS Stream 9). Π Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ x86_64, s390x (IBM System z), ppc64le ΠΈ Aarch64 (ARM64). ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ rpm-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Git-ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ CentOS. Π Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 10-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° RHEL 9 Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 2032 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ RHEL 7 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 30 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2024 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, RHEL 8 β Π΄ΠΎ 31 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2029 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 inozivikanwa nekufamba kwayo kune yakavhurika nzira yekuvandudza. Kusiyana nemapazi apfuura, iyo CentOS Stream 9 package base inoshandiswa sehwaro hwekuvaka kugovera. zvisarudzo zvakaitwa. Kare, mufananidzo weimwe yeFedora yakaburitswa yakashandiswa sehwaro hwebazi idzva reRHEL, iro rakapedzwa nekudzikamiswa kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa, pasina kugona kudzora kufambira mberi kwebudiriro uye sarudzo dzakaitwa. Iye zvino, zvichibva pamufananidzo weFedora, nekutora chikamu kwenharaunda, bazi reCentOS Stream ririkuumbwa, umo basa rekugadzirira riri kuitwa uye hwaro huri kuumbwa hwebazi idzva rinokosha reRHEL.
Kuchinja kukuru:
- Iyo sisitimu nharaunda uye maturusi egungano akagadziridzwa. GCC 11 inoshandiswa kugadzira mapasuru. Raibhurari yeC yakagadziridzwa kuita glibc 2.34. Iyo Linux kernel package yakavakirwa pakuburitswa kwe5.14. Iyo RPM package maneja yakagadziridzwa kune vhezheni 4.16 nerutsigiro rwekutendeseka kutarisa kuburikidza nefapolicyd.
- Kutama kwekugovera kuPython 3 kwapera. Bazi rePython 3.9 rinopihwa nekusarudzika. Python 2 yakamiswa.
- Desktop yakavakirwa paGNOME 40 (RHEL 8 yakatumirwa neGNOME 3.28) uye raibhurari yeGTK 4. MuGNOME 40, virtual desktops in Activities Overview mode anochinjirwa ku landscape orientation uye anoratidzwa sengetani inoramba ichifamba kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Desktop yega yega inoratidzwa muOverview modhi inoona iripo windows uye zvine simba pani uye zooms sezvo mushandisi anopindirana. Shanduko isina musono inopihwa pakati pechinyorwa chezvirongwa uye chaiwo desktops.
- GNOME inosanganisira simba-profiles-daemon handler iyo inopa kukwanisa kuchinja pakubhururuka pakati pemagetsi ekuchengetedza simba, simba rekuenzanisa mode, uye maitiro ekushanda kwepamusoro.
- Ese maodhiyo nzizi akaendeswa kune iyo PipeWire midhiya server, inova ndiyo yakasarudzika pachinzvimbo chePulseAudio neJACK. Kushandisa PipeWire kunokutendera kuti upe hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa odhiyo mune yenguva dzose desktop edition, bvisa kupatsanuka uye ubatanidze zvivakwa zvekuteerera kune akasiyana maapplication.
- ΠΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ GRUB, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ RHEL ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π². ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Shift ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π· Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Esc ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ F8. ΠΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ GRUB Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ /boot/grub2/ (ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ» /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° /boot/grub2/grub.cfg), Ρ.Π΅. ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ EFI, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ BIOS.
- Zvikamu zvekutsigira mitauro yakasiyana zvakaiswa mu langpacks, izvo zvinokutendera iwe kusiyanisa nhanho yerutsigiro yemutauro yakaiswa. Semuenzaniso, langpacks-core-font inopa mafonti chete, langpacks-core inopa glibc locale, base font, uye nzira yekuisa, uye langpacks inopa shanduro, mamwe mafonti, uye maduramazwi ekutarisa zviperengo.
- ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Application Streams, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π² RHEL Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ RPM-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈ (ΡΠ³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ rpm-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²), SCL (Software Collection) ΠΈ Flatpak.
- Chengetedzo zvikamu zvakagadziridzwa. Kugovera kunoshandisa bazi idzva reOpenSSL 3.0 cryptographic library. Nekutadza, mamwe emazuva ano uye akavimbika cryptographic algorithms anogoneswa (semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweSHA-1 muTLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 uye Kerberos kunorambidzwa, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES. uye FFDHE-1024 yakaremara) . Iyo OpenSSH package yakagadziridzwa kuita shanduro 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL yakaendeswa kune GDBM backend panzvimbo yeBerkeley DB. NSS (Network Security Services) maraibhurari haachatsigiri iyo DBM (Berkeley DB) fomati. GnuTLS yakagadziridzwa kuita shanduro 3.7.2.
- Yakanyanya kunatsiridza SELinux mashandiro uye kuderedza ndangariro kushandiswa. Mu /etc/selinux/config, tsigiro ye "SELINUX = yakaremara" kuseta yekudzima SELinux yabviswa (iyi kugadzika ikozvino inodzima mutemo kurodha, uye kudzima mashandiro eSELinux ikozvino kunoda kupfuudza "selinux = 0" paramende kune iyo. kernel).
- Yakawedzera kuyedza rutsigiro rweVPN WireGuard.
- Nekusagadzikana, kupinda mukati kuburikidza neSSH sezvo mudzi unorambidzwa.
- Iyo iptables-nft packet filter management maturusi (iptables, ip6tables, ebtables uye arptables utilities) uye ipset zvakabviswa. Ikozvino inokurudzirwa kushandisa nftables kubata firewall.
- Inosanganisira mptcpd daemon itsva yekugadzirisa MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), kuwedzera kweTCP protocol yekuronga kushanda kweTCP yekubatanidza nekuendeswa kwemapakiti panguva imwe chete munzira dzakawanda kuburikidza netiweki yakasiyana-siyana inosanganiswa ne IP kero dzakasiyana. Kushandisa mptcpd kunoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa MPTCP pasina kushandisa iproute2 utility.
- Iyo network-scripts package yabviswa; NetworkManager inofanirwa kushandiswa kugadzirisa network. Tsigiro yeifcfg yekuseta fomati inochengetwa, asi NetworkManager inoshandisa iyo keyfile-based fomati nekukasira.
- Kuumbwa kwacho kunosanganisira mavhezheni matsva evagadziri uye maturusi evagadziri: GCC 11.2, LLVM/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby Git 3.0, Subversion 2.31, binutils 1.14, CMake 2.35, Maven 3.20.2, Ant 3.6.
- Server packages Apache HTTP Server 2.4, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1 yakagadziridzwa.
- DBMS MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2 yakagadziridzwa.
- Kuvaka iyo QEMU emulator, Clang inogoneswa nekusarudzika, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira kune KVM hypervisor, senge SafeStack kudzivirira kubva kuhunyanzvi hwekushandisa hunoenderana nekudzoka-yakatarisana programming (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).
- Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ web-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (CPU, ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ), ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Grafana, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ live-ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΄ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ sudo ΠΈ SSH).
- MuSSSD (System Security Services Daemon), ruzivo rwematanda rwakawedzerwa, semuenzaniso, nguva yekupedzisa basa ikozvino yakabatanidzwa kune zviitiko uye kuyerera kwechokwadi kunoratidzwa. Yakawedzera basa rekutsvaga kuongorora marongero uye nyaya dzekuita.
- Tsigiro yeIMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) yakawedzerwa kuti ione kutendeseka kweanoshanda sisitimu zvikamu uchishandisa siginecha yedhijitari uye hashi.
- Nekumisikidza, imwechete yakabatana cgroup hierarchy (cgroup v2) inogoneswa. Π‘groups v2 inogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso, kudzikamisa ndangariro, CPU uye I / O kushandiswa. Musiyano wakakosha pakati pecgroups v2 uye v1 iko kushandiswa kweakajairwa cgroups hierarchy kune ese marudzi ezviwanikwa, pachinzvimbo cheakaparadzana hierarchies yekugovera CPU zviwanikwa, zvekudzora mashandisirwo endangariro, uye yeI/O. Akaparadzana mahierarchies akatungamira kunetsa mukuronga kudyidzana pakati pevabati uye nekuwedzera kernel resource mutengo pakushandisa mitemo yemaitiro anotsanangurwa mune akasiyana hierarchies.
- Yakawedzerwa rutsigiro rwekuwiriranisa yenguva chaiyo yakavakirwa paNTS (Network Time Security) protocol, iyo inoshandisa zvinhu zveruzhinji kiyi zvivakwa (PKI) uye inobvumira kushandiswa kweTLS uye yakavharidzirwa encryption AEAD (Authenticated Encryption neAssociated Data) yekudzivirira kwekriptographic. kupindirana kwevatengi-server kuburikidza neNTP protocol ( Network Time Protocol). Iyo chrony NTP server yakagadziridzwa kune vhezheni 4.1.
- ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Ansible Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Postfix, Microsoft SQL Server, VPN-ΡΡΠ½Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° timesync. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Ansible Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² LVM (Logical Volume Manager) VDO (Virtual Data Optimizer).
- Experimental (Tekinoroji Preview) rutsigiro rweKTLS (kernel-level kuita kweTLS), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) ye ext4 uye XFS, rutsigiro rwe AMD SEV uye SEV-ES muKVM hypervisor inopihwa.
- ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Red Hat ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ web-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² master, slave, blacklist ΠΈ whitelist.
Source: opennet.ru