Makore anopfuura 100 apfuura, masayendisiti aifarira kugona kwehuropi uye akaedza kunzwisisa kana zvaigoneka kuikanganisa neimwe nzira. Muna 1875, chiremba weChirungu Richard Cato akakwanisa kuona nzvimbo yemagetsi isina simba pamusoro pehuropi hwetsuro netsoko. Ipapo kwakava nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa uye tsvakiridzo, asi muna 1950 chete, Yale University physiology purofesa Jose Manuel Rodriguez Delgado akagadzira iyo Stimosiver mudziyo, waigona kuiswa muuropi uye waidzorwa uchishandisa masaini eredhiyo.
Kudzidziswa kwakaitwa patsoko nekatsi. Saka, kukurudzirwa kweimwe nzvimbo yehuropi kuburikidza ne electrode yakasimwa kwakakonzera katsi kusimudza kumashure kwayo. Sekureva kwaDelgado, mhuka iyi haina kuratidza kusagadzikana panguva yekuedza kwakadaro.
Uye makore 13 gare gare, musayendisiti akapedza - akaisa mastimoseivers muuropi hwenzombe uye akaidzora kuburikidza neinotakurika transmitter.
Saka yakatanga nguva yeneural interfaces uye matekinoroji anokwanisa kuwedzera kugona kwevanhu. Nechekare muna 1972, cochlear implant yakatanga kutengeswa, iyo yakashandura inzwi kuva chiratidzo chemagetsi, yakaendesa kuuropi uye chaizvoizvo yakabvumira vanhu vane kusanzwa kwakanyanya kunzwa. Uye muna 1973, izwi rokuti "brain-computer interface" rakashandiswa zviri pamutemo kekutanga. Muna 1998, musayendisiti Philip Kennedy akaisa yekutanga neural interface mumurwere, muimbi Johnny Ray. Mushure mesitiroko, Johnny akatadza kufamba. Asi nekuda kwekudyara, akadzidza kufambisa chitubu nekufungidzira chete kufamba kwemaoko ake.
Kutevera masayendisiti, pfungwa yekugadzira neural interface yakatorwa nemakambani makuru ebhizinesi nekutanga. Facebook naElon Musk vakatozivisa chinangwa chavo chekugadzira hurongwa huchabatsira kudzora zvinhu nesimba rekufunga. Vamwe vanoisa tariro yavo pane neural interfaces - matekinoroji anotendera vanhu vakaremara kudzoreredza mabasa akarasika, kuvandudza kudzoreredzwa kwemunhu akarwara nesitiroko kana kukuvara kwehuropi. Vamwe havana chokwadi nezvezvinoitika zvakadaro, vachifunga kuti kushandiswa kwavo kuzere nezvinetso zvemutemo uye zvetsika.
Iva sezvazvingaite, kune nhamba yakakwana yevatambi vakakura mumusika. Kana uchitenda , zvimwe zvakambomiswa, asi zvimwe zvacho zvakakurumbira uye zvinokwanisika.
Chii chinonzi neural interface uye chinogona kubatsira sei?
Mhando dzeBrain Waves
Neural interface inzira yekupanana ruzivo pakati pehuropi hwemunhu nemudziyo wemagetsi. Iyi inyanzvi inobvumira munhu kuti awirirane nenyika yekunze zvichienderana nekunyora basa remagetsi europi - electroencephalogram (EEG). Chido chemunhu chekuita chimwe chiito chinoratidzwa mukuchinja kweEEG, iyo inotsanangurwa nekombiyuta.
Neurointerfaces inogona kuva unidirectional kana bidirectional. Iyo yekutanga inogona kugamuchira masaini kubva kuuropi kana kutumira kwairi. Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kutumira uye kugamuchira masaini panguva imwe chete.
Pane nzira dzakawanda dzekuyera zviratidzo zvehuropi. Dzakakamurwa kuva mhando nhatu.
- non-invasive. Masensa anoiswa mumusoro kuyera kugona kwemagetsi kunogadzirwa nehuropi (EEG) uye magnetic field (MEG).
- Semi-invasive. Electrodes anoiswa panzvimbo yakashama yehuropi.
- Invasive. Microelectrodes inoiswa zvakananga mu cerebral cortex, kuyera basa reimwe neuron.
Chinhu chakakosha cheiyo neural interface ndechekuti inokutendera kuti ubatanidze zvakananga kuuropi. Izvi zvingaite sei mukuita? Neural interfaces, semuenzaniso, inogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kana kushandura zvakanyanya hupenyu hwevanhu vakaoma mitezo. Vamwe havagone kunyora, kufamba kana kutaura. Asi panguva imwe cheteyo, pfungwa dzavo dziri kushanda chaizvo. Iyo neural interface inobvumira vanhu ava kuita zvimwe zviito nekuverenga zvinangwa vachishandisa ma electrode akabatana nehuropi.
Imwe sarudzo yekushandisa neural interface yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti eAmerica akagadzira cyber prosthesis inokwanisa kuvandudza ndangariro dzevanhu ne30%. Mudziyo wacho unogadzira tsinga dzinobatsira murwere kuumba ndangariro itsva uye kuyeuka zviso zvehama. Zvinotarisirwa kuti budiriro ichabatsira kurwisa senile dementia, chirwere cheAlzheimer uye mamwe matambudziko ekurangarira.
Pamusoro pehutano, neural interfaces inogona kushandiswa pakukura kwemunhu, yebasa uye varaidzo, pamwe nekudyidzana nevamwe. Saka, ndezvipi zvinhu zvinonakidza zvinogona kupa neurotechnology munzvimbo idzi?
Kuzvipira
Zvichida nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa yekushandiswa kweneural interfaces uye marudzi ese emashandisirwo ndiko kusimudzira kwechero kugona kwevanhu. Dzidzo dzakasiyana dzakapihwa kune izvi, masisitimu ekuvandudza kugona kwepfungwa, masisitimu ekuchinja maitiro, masisitimu ekudzivirira kushushikana, ADHD, masisitimu ekushanda ne psycho-emotional states, zvichingodaro. Rudzi urwu rwekuita rinotova neshoko rayo, "Brain fitness".
Chii chiri musimboti wepfungwa yacho? Somugumisiro wezvidzidzo zvakawanda, mamwe mazano akasimbiswa akaumbwa pamusoro pekuti izvi kana kuti basa rehuropi rinoenderana sei nemamiriro ekuziva kwevanhu. Algorithms yakaonekwa yekutarisa nhanho yekuteerera, kuisa pfungwa uye kufungisisa, uye kuzorora kwepfungwa. Wedzera kune izvi kukwanisa kuverenga EEG uye electromyography (EMG), uye mugumisiro mufananidzo wemamiriro ezvinhu emunhu iye zvino.
Uye kana iwe uchida kudzidza nzira yekukurudzira imwe psycho-emotional mamiriro, munhu anozvirovedza pachake achishandisa mudziyo une neural interface yakabatana. Kune huwandu hukuru hwezvirongwa zvekuona EEG uye psycho-emotional nyika; isu hatizovatsananguri vese. Kudzidzira kudana munhu kune inodiwa mamiriro ekuziva kunoitwa uchishandisa biofeedback EEG teknolojia (biofeedback inobva pa electroencephalography).
Zvazvinoita pakuita: Vabereki vanoda kuvandudza mashandiro emwana wavo muzvidzidzo uye kukunda ADHD (kunyanya kushaya hanya). Kuti uite izvi, shandisa purogiramu inokosha (somuenzaniso, kubva ), kusarudza presets kudzidzisa nyika dzinodiwa: kufunga, kuisa pfungwa, kuzorora, kufungisisa, kudzivirira hyperconcentration. Sarudza chirongwa chekudzidziswa kwemazinga. Uye vanoivhura.
Chirongwa ichi chinopa kudzidziswa kwemwana kwaanoda kuchengetedza mafungu eAlfa neBeta pamusoro peimwe nhanho. Masaisai haafaniri kuwira pasi peimwe nhanho. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vhidhiyo inosarudzwa nevabereki inoridzwa pahwindo rechirongwa. Semuenzaniso, katuni yako yaunofarira. Mwana anongotarisa katuni, anotarisisa mazinga eAlfa neBeta mafungu uye hapana chimwe chaanoita. Tevere, biofeedback inouya mukutamba. Basa remwana nderekuchengetedza mazinga eAlpha neBeta panguva yese yekudzidziswa.
Kana imwe yemazinga inowira pasi pechiratidzo chinodiwa, iyo cartoon inokanganiswa. Munguva yezvidzidzo zvekutanga, mwana achaedza kudzoka zvine musoro kune yaaida kuti atarise katuni. Asi mushure menguva yakati, uropi huchadzidza kuzvimiririra kudzokera kune iyi nyika kana ikawira kunze kwayo (chero bedzi iyo cartoon inonakidza kumwana, uye maonero ekuona "akasununguka" kune uropi). Nekuda kweizvozvo, mwana anokudziridza kugona kukonzeresa mamiriro anodiwa ekuisa pfungwa, pamwe nekukwanisa kuchengetedza pfungwa pane imwe nhanho.
Zvinotaridzika zvinotyisa, asi usakurumidza kutya uye kudana zviremera zvekuchengetedza. Kune zvakare nyore mhinduro dzinobva pamitambo. Semuyenzaniso, kubva kuNeuroSky. Basa remutambi nderekuita kuti svosve risundire chimwe chinhu chakananga musvosve. Asi kuti svosve rifambe risina kumira, zvinodikanwa kuchengetedza imwe nhanho yekuisa pamusoro peimwe nzvimbo pachiyero chinoenderana.
Ukaisa pfungwa pazviri kuita, svosve rinosunda chinhu. Pakangodonha mwero weconcentration, svosve rinomira uye unopedza nguva, uchiwedzera mhedzisiro yako. Nenhanho imwe neimwe, mutambo unowedzera kuoma sezvo iyo inodiwa nhanho yekuisa pfungwa inowedzera. Kunewo zvimwe zvinotsausa.
Nekuda kwekudzidziswa nguva dzose, mushandisi anovandudza kugona kuchengetedza mwero wekutarisa uye kutarisisa pane basa riripo, zvisinei nekukanganisa kwekunze kana kwemukati. Pano zvese zvakafanana mumitambo, hazvigoneke kuwana muviri wemitambo nekuenda kunzvimbo yekusimbisa muviri kakati wandei kana kudya gaba remapuroteni. Tsvagiridzo mundima yebiofeedback EEG yakaratidza kuti mhedzisiro yekudzidziswa kwerudzi urwu inongoonekwa mushure memazuva makumi maviri ezvirongwa zvenguva dzose zvemaminitsi makumi maviri imwe neimwe.
Kuvaraidza
Neuroheadsets inopawo mukana wekunakidzwa. Asi ese mitambo uye varaidzo maapplication zvakare maturusi ekuzvisimudzira. Paunenge uchitamba mitambo kuburikidza neural interface, iwe unoshandisa conscious state of your consciousness kudzora mavara. Uye nokudaro dzidza kuvadzora.
Mutambo wevazhinji Kanda marori Nepfungwa Dzako wakaita ruzha rwakanyanya kare muzuva. Hunhu hunodzorwa zvinoenderana neyakajairwa munhu wekutanga kupfura chirongwa, asi iwe unogona kurwisa vamwe vatambi chete nerubatsiro rwekuedza kwepfungwa. Kuti uite izvi, kutariswa kwemutambi uye kufungisisa paramita kunoratidzwa pamutambo wekutarisa.
Kukanda bhokisi, rori, kana chero chimwe chinhu kubva munharaunda yemutambo kune mupikisi, unofanirwa kuisimudza mumhepo uchishandisa simba rako repfungwa wobva waikandira kune anopikisa. Inogonawo "kubhururuka" kwauri, saka uyo anonyanya kushandisa kugona kuisa pfungwa uye kufungisisa anokunda skirmish. Zvaifadza zvikuru kurwisana nesimba repfungwa nevanopikisa chaivo. Pakati pemitambo ichangoburwa tinogona kutaura kubva kuMyndPlay.
Vagadziri vanopawo sarudzo dzakanyarara dzemitambo. Semuyenzaniso, akati wandei akakurumbira emitambo application panguva imwe chete. Zvakare zvakakodzera kutaurwa ndiwo mutambo MyndPlay . Zviri nyore: iwe unofanirwa kuita mapfuti matatu kubva pauta uye kukora iyo yakanyanya nhamba yemapoinzi. Papfuti yega yega unogona kukwira kusvika gumi mapoinzi. Uchishandisa zvinoonekwa, mutambo unonyudza iwe munharaunda yayo, mushure meiyo hunhu hwako hunogona kutanga kunanga pane chinangwa. Chiratidzo chezinga rekutarisa chinoonekwa pahwindo remutambi. Iyo yakakwirira yekuisa pfungwa, inoswedera kune gumi museve ucharova. Yechipiri pfuti inoda kuti iwe upinde mumamiriro ekufungisisa kuti urove. Yechitatu pfuti inoda kuisa pfungwa zvakare. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mutambo unoratidza zvakajeka kugona kunonakidza kweneural interfaces.
Pamusoro pemitambo, kune zvakare interactive neurofilms. Fungidzira: iwe wakagara pasi pasofa, wakapfeka headset uye wakabatidza firimu rinopindirana nezve skaters. Pane imwe nhanho, imwe nguva inomuka apo skater yakawedzera uye yave kuda kusvetuka. Panguva ino, iwe unofanirwa kuve skater iwe pachako kuitira kuti utarise pakusvetuka uye kuchengetedza iyo yekusimbisa nhanho yekuziva kudzamara hunhu apedza kusvetuka. Nekutarisisa kwakaringana (kuenzaniswa nehupenyu chaihwo uye nhanho inozodiwa muchokwadi), skater mufirimu anozobudirira kuita kusvetuka uye chirongwa chinozoenda kune inotevera inopindirana forogo. Kana iyo yekuisa pfungwa yaive so-saka, ipapo skater inodonha, uye iyo firimu ichatevera imwe nyaya yenyaya.
Yakatogadzirwa nenzira yakafanana muchimiro cheGuy Ritchie, pamwe nemamwe mafirimu akati wandei. Muchokwadi, kuronga uye kupera kwefirimu zvakananga zvinoenderana nekuedza kwako. Uye zvinotaridzika zvinonakidza.
Yakareruka uye ine matavi logic yekuvandudza chirongwa
Application kubasa
Pamusoro pezvirongwa zvekudzidzisa uye zvevaraidzo, vagadziri vakagadzira huwandu hukuru hwezvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kushandiswa nehunyanzvi. Muenzaniso chirongwa cheMindRec, chakagadzirirwa kurapwa, mitambo, nyanzvi dzepfungwa uye nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshanda nevamiriri vemasangano ezvemitemo.
Inoshandiswa sei? Munhu anoisa neuroheadset, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inotanga purogiramu uye inotanga purogiramu. Munguva yechirongwa, ruzivo runotevera runotariswa uye rwunorekodhwa mundangariro yekombuta, kureva: nhanho yekuisa pfungwa, kuteerera, mwero wekufungisisa, mbishi EEG chiratidzo, mumhando dzinoverengeka dzekuona panguva imwe chete, kubva pa0 kusvika 70 Hz. . Zviratidzo zvakakamurwa kuita frequency renji izvo zvinoumba spectrum yechiratidzo chikuru. Kuparara kunogadzirwa kuita 8 mazinga: Delta, Theta, Low Alpha, High Alpha, Low Beta, High Beta, Low Gamma, High Gamma. Kana zvichidikanwa, zvinyorwa zveodhiyo uye mavhidhiyo ezviito zvemuongorori wepfungwa anoitwa.
Izvo zvakarekodhwa zvinogona kuongororwa, kuona zvese zvakaratidzwa munguva chaiyo panguva yechikamu. Kana chiremba wepfungwa asina kuona chimwe chinhu pakarepo, saka paanenge achidzidza zvakare chikamu kana kudzidziswa, anogona kudzidza shanduko muuropi wave maitiro uye ozvienzanisa nemashoko ekuteerera. Ichi chishandiso chakakosha kwazvo kune chero nyanzvi mumunda.
Imwe sarudzo ndeye neuromarketing. Iyo neuroheadset inobvumidza iwe kuita tsvakiridzo yekushambadzira nekuti inoratidza manzwiro emunhu kune kumwe kushambadza kunosimudzira. Izvi zvinonyanya kushanda, sezvo panguva yekuongorora uye mibvunzo vanhu havawanzo kutendeseka mumhinduro dzavo. Uye neurostudy ichakubatsira iwe kuona mhinduro chaiyo, yakatendeseka uye isingasaruri. Nekuunganidza boka rekutarisa uye kuita bvunzo uchishandisa neuroheadset, unogona kuwana mibairo iri pedyo neicho chaicho sezvinobvira.
Kudyidzana nemidziyo yekunze
Imwe nzvimbo inonakidza yekushanda neuroheadsets ndeye kure kure kutonga kwekunze zvishandiso. Inonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevana, semuenzaniso, mitambo yemijaho inobvumira makwikwi pakati pevaviri, vatatu uye vana vatori vechikamu. Heino muenzaniso unozivikanwa wemitambo yakadai:
Iwe unoda kutamba uchitenderedza nechimwe chinhu here? Ndapota, hezvino zvimwe zviitiko zvave zvakakurumbira.
Puzzlebox Orbit Helicopter
Chikopokopo chetoyi chinodzorwa nesimba rekufunga. Iyo yakajairwa vhezheni inokutendera iwe kuti udzore kukwira kweherikoputa, asi kune akawanda ekuwedzera anoshandura ichi chitoyi kuita chine simba muuropi hwekusimba muchina. Ongorora .
Zen Lamp
Mwenje unoratidza yako psycho-emotional mamiriro muchimiro chekupenya kweimwe ruvara. Yakanakira kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekufungisisa.
Kumanikidza Mudzidzisi II
Chinhu chidiki chinosekesa. Inogadzira holographic mufananidzo wenzvimbo yemutambo uye zvinhu mukati mepiramidhi inoonekera. Uye mutambi, achishandisa mirairo yeuropi, anodzora zvinhu izvi.
Necomimi
Nzeve dzekatsi dzakanaka dzave kurova pasi rese. Chigadzirwa chacho chinozvimiririra zvakakwana uye hachidi kubatana nekombuta kana smartphone. Mushandisi anoisa nzeve, odzitenderedza uye anowana mukana wekuratidza manzwiro ake (psycho-emotional state) nekufambisa nzeve idzi. Nenzira, chigadzirwa chakafanana, , haana kuva akakurumbira kunyange munyika yokumusha kwake, Japan. Kwakaiswa mahedhifoni mune iyi kesi, unogona kuzvisarudzira wega.
Neuro-headset - varaidzo kana chishandiso chinobatsira?
Paunenge uchiverenga chinyorwa, zvingaite senge neural interfaces uye mahedhifoni anoitirwa kunyanya kuvaraidza munhu kana kuseka kushushikana kwake mupfungwa. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. A neuroheadset, pamwe chete nesoftware yakakodzera, inogona kubatsira kukudziridza nhengo mushure mekukuvara kwakanyanya uye kuderedza mhedzisiro yekukuvara kwakanyanya. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti ari kushingaira kushandisa neurotechnology kubatsira vanhu.
Semuenzaniso, muna 2016, masayendisiti ekuAmerica kubva kuJohns Hopkins University akagadzira neural interface inobatsira kudzora zvigunwe zvega zvebiomechanical prosthesis. Kwapera gore, vamwe vavo vekuAustria kubva kuYunivhesiti yeGraz vakagadzira hurongwa hwekunyora mimhanzi vachishandisa simba rekufunga. Yakagadzirirwa vanhu vane zvipo zvemimhanzi vakaremara.
Nyanzvi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia vachishandisa neural interface, neuromuscular stimulation uye kumiswa akaoma mutezo kubva muchiuno zvichidzika. Uye vatsvakurudzi veBrazil, pamwe chete nevamwe vanobva kuU.SA, Switzerland neGermany, vakakwanisa zvishoma muvarwere vanoshandisa neural interface, chaiyo chaiyo uye exoskeleton. Budiriro iri kuenderera mberi yekudyidzana nevarwere vane locked-in syndrome. Iyo tekinoroji ichabatsira kuona varwere vakadaro, kutaurirana navo, uye kudzoreredza kutonga pamusoro pemuviri.
Facebook yatanga basa pane isiri-invasive neural interface iyo inobatsira vashandisi kutaipa pasina kiibhodhi. Nissan yakagadzira huropi-muchina interface yekuverenga pfungwa uchityaira kuvandudza nguva dzekuita. Uye Elon Musk anotoda kubatanidza uropi nekombuta kuitira kuti arege kutora nyika nehungwaru hwekugadzira.
Makambani eRussia haasati akwanisa kuzvirumbidza nezvakawanda zvakabudirira mumunda weurourotechnologies. Zvisinei, Rostec nguva pfupi yadarika yakaratidza pre-kugadzirwa sampuli yemudziyo unozobatsira kuchinjanisa ruzivo pakati pehuropi nechinhu chekunze. Ngowani iyi yakagadzirwa neInstitute of Electronic Control Machines (INEUM) yakatumidzwa zita iri. I. S. Brook. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti neural interface ichaita kuti zvikwanise kudzora zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye zvemagetsi: prosthetics, mota.
Chii chakamirira neural interface musika?
Maererano ne , musika wepasi rose wekombuta uchasvika $2022 bhiriyoni panosvika 1,72. Ikozvino nzvimbo huru yekushandiswa kweneural interfaces mushonga, asi nzvimbo dzevaraidzo, pamwe nemauto nemaindasitiri nzvimbo, dziri kushingaira kukura. A neuro-headset yekudzora robhoti yekurwa haichisiri ingori fungidziro inotapira yevanhu vepamusoro vakapfeka yunifomu, asi idambudziko rinogadziriswa zvachose.
Nekuda kwekuti neural headsets inopa yakavhurika nharaunda inogona kushandiswa kugadzira yako yega software, yakavanzika neuroprogramming iri kusimukira. Semuyenzaniso, mumwe wevatungamiriri vemusika, NeuroSky, inowanikwa kune vanogadzira mahara zvachose. Uye semhedzisiro, akawanda uye akawanda maapplication ari kuoneka anoshandisa kugona kwepuratifomu iyi.
Ngationei kuti danho rekutanga kwekutanga kweiyo neural interfaces uye uropi machipisi anotarisana kwete nerutsigiro chete, asiwo kushoropodzwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, neural interfaces inogona kuvandudza kurapa kwekukuvadzwa kwehuropi, kuremara, pfari kana schizophrenia. Kune rumwe rutivi, matekinoroji akadaro anogona kuwedzera kusaenzana kwevanhu.
Pane zvinonetsa kuti parizvino hapana pamutemo kana hutsika hwaro hwekuunza ma electrode mumunhu ane hutano. Mukuwedzera, iyo neural interface inogona kuita kuti uropi hwemunhu huve chinhu icho hurumende, vashambadziri, hackers, reptilians uye vamwe vanhu vachada kupinda, izvo munhuwo zvake asingakwanisi kufara nazvo. Uye kazhinji, iyo neural interface uye mahedhifoni anogona kushandura hunhu hwemunhu, kukanganisa psyche yake uye chiitiko semunhu, uye kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwevanhu sevanhu venyama.
Kazhinji, zviri pachena kuti neurotechnologies icharamba ichikura. Asi hazvibviri kufanotaura kuti rini pavachave vanowanikwa zvechokwadi uye vanotonyanya kushanda.
Chii chimwe chinonakidza pane blog?
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Source: www.habr.com